1994年分税制改革后,中央政府采取了攫取与援助两只手来实现宏观经济的稳定与经济的持续增长。基于新税收集权假说和粘蝇纸假说,本文提出了四个有关"两只手"的假说来解释"中国税收持续超GDP增长"的现象。通过构造...1994年分税制改革后,中央政府采取了攫取与援助两只手来实现宏观经济的稳定与经济的持续增长。基于新税收集权假说和粘蝇纸假说,本文提出了四个有关"两只手"的假说来解释"中国税收持续超GDP增长"的现象。通过构造分省的中央政府真实攫取之手和援助之手的平衡面板数据,并利用系统GMM估计方法和Acemoglu et al.(2003)给出的用于识别渠道相对重要性的方法,本文证实了所提的假说。具体而言,本文有三个重要发现:第一,尽管两只手有时会相互抑制,但是两只手治理模式对于中国税收持续超GDP增长现象的确具有正向推动作用,而且其解释力至少为52%。第二,尽管在提高税收净流出地区的税收占GDP比重方面,主要渠道是税收征管效率而非高税行业的发展,但是两只手治理模式的确调动起了地方政府大力发展高税行业的积极性。第三,与税收净流出地区不同,在提高税收净流入地区的税收占GDP比重方面,两只手治理模式是将高税行业的发展而非税收征管效率的提高作为其主要渠道的。此外,本文还从两个方面提出了完善两只手治理模式的政策建议。展开更多
Several malfunctions of the shield tunneling machine （STM） caused by structural interference have been encountered in actual tunnel excavation. This paper is focusing on providing an effective method to avoid the st...Several malfunctions of the shield tunneling machine （STM） caused by structural interference have been encountered in actual tunnel excavation. This paper is focusing on providing an effective method to avoid the structural interference based on making the reachable and the required workspaces of the thrust system match each other. The main structure of the thrust mechanism is analyzed, and coordinate systems are built up to describe the pose and workspace of the thrust mechanism. Constraint conditions are derived and the formulation of each constraint condition is carried out to facilitate the analysis of the reachable workspace of the thrust mechanism. Meanwhile, a reachable workspace determination algorithm is introduced based on interval analysis method. The mathematical model for determining the required workspace of the thrust mechanism is presented based on the analysis of the process when the STM excavates along a specific tunnel axis. Two applications are included to show how to avoid these problems by choosing reasonable parameters of the designed tunnel axis and the key structural parameters of the thrust mechanism based on workspace matching.展开更多
文摘1994年分税制改革后,中央政府采取了攫取与援助两只手来实现宏观经济的稳定与经济的持续增长。基于新税收集权假说和粘蝇纸假说,本文提出了四个有关"两只手"的假说来解释"中国税收持续超GDP增长"的现象。通过构造分省的中央政府真实攫取之手和援助之手的平衡面板数据,并利用系统GMM估计方法和Acemoglu et al.(2003)给出的用于识别渠道相对重要性的方法,本文证实了所提的假说。具体而言,本文有三个重要发现:第一,尽管两只手有时会相互抑制,但是两只手治理模式对于中国税收持续超GDP增长现象的确具有正向推动作用,而且其解释力至少为52%。第二,尽管在提高税收净流出地区的税收占GDP比重方面,主要渠道是税收征管效率而非高税行业的发展,但是两只手治理模式的确调动起了地方政府大力发展高税行业的积极性。第三,与税收净流出地区不同,在提高税收净流入地区的税收占GDP比重方面,两只手治理模式是将高税行业的发展而非税收征管效率的提高作为其主要渠道的。此外,本文还从两个方面提出了完善两只手治理模式的政策建议。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51605071)National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2013CB035400)the special grade of the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No. 2016T90218)
文摘Several malfunctions of the shield tunneling machine （STM） caused by structural interference have been encountered in actual tunnel excavation. This paper is focusing on providing an effective method to avoid the structural interference based on making the reachable and the required workspaces of the thrust system match each other. The main structure of the thrust mechanism is analyzed, and coordinate systems are built up to describe the pose and workspace of the thrust mechanism. Constraint conditions are derived and the formulation of each constraint condition is carried out to facilitate the analysis of the reachable workspace of the thrust mechanism. Meanwhile, a reachable workspace determination algorithm is introduced based on interval analysis method. The mathematical model for determining the required workspace of the thrust mechanism is presented based on the analysis of the process when the STM excavates along a specific tunnel axis. Two applications are included to show how to avoid these problems by choosing reasonable parameters of the designed tunnel axis and the key structural parameters of the thrust mechanism based on workspace matching.
