腹腔镜胃袖状切除联合单吻合口十二指肠回肠旁路术手术相关问题及研究进展

对于极重度肥胖病人的最优减重术式选择,一直是困扰减重代谢外科医生的难点之一。对于这类病人,常用的腹腔镜胃袖状切除术(laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy,LSG)可能存在部分病例无法达到理想体重和复胖等问题,腹腔镜胃旁路手术(laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass,LRYGB)也面临着大体重病人手术困难、吻合口溃疡以及维生素微量元素摄入不足等困境。

胰十二指肠切除手术后护理总结

目的总结分析胰十二指肠切除后护理。方法对我院11例胰十二指肠切除手术后护理工作进行回顾性总结分析。结果：1例发生术后出血，经及时抢救与悉心护理，均治愈出院。结论胰十二指肠切除术后严密观察，积极预防并及早发现并发症，做好各引流管的护理，是患者术后顺利康复的重要保证。

十二指肠破裂22例临床治疗体会

目的:讨论总结十二指肠损伤的临床治疗方法及效果。方法:回顾性分析22例十二指肠破裂患者手术治疗的临床资料,采用单纯缝合及十二指肠引流术、十二指肠裂口空肠补片术、损伤肠段切除术治疗,观察其疗效。结果:治愈出院19例,伤口感染1例,腹腔感染1例,十二指肠瘘2例,多器官功能衰竭1例。结论:十二指肠损伤早期诊断、早手术及适当的术式是关键。

Pancreaticoduodenectomy for advanced gastric cancer with pancreaticoduodenal region involvement

AIM：To characterize the factors of the improved survival following combined pancreaticoduodenectomy（PD） and gastrectomy for the treatment of advanced gastric cancer with pancreaticoduodenal region involvement.METHODS：From 1995 to 2004,53 patients with primary gastric cancer were diagnosed with synchronous（n = 44） or metachronous（n = 9） pancreaticoduodenal region involvement.Of these,17 patients（32%） underwent total gastrectomy（TG） or distal subtotal gastrectomy（SG） combined with PD simultaneously.The preoperative demographic,clinical information,clinicopathologic features and the surgical results of these 17 patients were considered as factors influencing survival and were analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method with log-rank comparison.RESULTS：The actual 1-and 3-year survival rates of these 17 patients after resection were 77% and 34%,respectively,and three patients survived for more than 5 years after surgery.The tumor-free resection margin（P = 0.0174） and a well-differentiated histologic type（P = 0.0011） were significant prognostic factors on univariate analysis.No mortality occurred within one mo after operation,postoperative weight loss of different degree was present in all the patients with TG and 12 cases had other complications.There were 9（53%） cases of recurrence in 5-48 mo after operation.The survival rate in the palliative and explorative group was significantly（P = 0.0064） lower than in the combined PD group.CONCLUSION： Judicious use of en bloc PD and gastrectomy and strictly preventing postoperative complications may improve the long-term survival for advanced gastric cancer patients with pancreaticoduodenal region involvement. Well-differentiated histology and negative resection margin are the most important predictors of long survival.

Risk factors of pancreatic leakage after pancreaticoduodenectomy

AIM: To analyze the risk factors for pancreatic leakage after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) and to evaluate whether duct-to-mucosa pancreaticojejunostomy could reduce the risk of pancreatic leakage. METHODS: Sixty-two patients who underwent PD at our hospital between January 2000 and November 2003 were reviewed retrospectively. The primary diseases of the patients included pancreas cancer, ampullary cancer, bile duct cancer, islet cell cancer, duodenal cancer, chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic cystadenoma, and gastric cancer. Standard PD was performed for 25 cases, PD with extended lymphadenectomy for 27 cases, pylorus-preserving PD for 10 cases. A duct-to-mucosa pancreaticojejunostomy was performed for patients with a hard pancreas and a dilated pancreatic duct, and a traditional end-to-end invagination pancreaticojejunostomy for patients with a soft pancreas and a non-dilated duct. Patients were divided into two groups according to the incidence of postoperative pancreaticojejunal anastomotic leakage: 10 cases with leakage and 52 cases without leakage. Seven preoperative and six intraoperative risk factors with the potential to affect the incidence of pancreatic leakage were analyzed with SPSS10.0 software. Logistic regression was then used to determine the effect of multiple factors on pancreatic leakage. RESULTS: Of the 62 patients, 10 (16.13%) were identified as having pancreatic leakage after operation. Other major postoperative complications included delayed gastric emptying (eight patients), abdominal bleeding (four patients), abdominal abscess (three patients) and wound infection (two patients). The overall surgical morbidity was 43.5% (27/62). The hospital mortality in this series was 4.84% (3/62), and the mortality associated with pancreatic fistula was 10% (1/10). Sixteen cases underwent duct-to-mucosa pancreaticojejunostomy and 1 case (1/16, 6.25%) devel-oped postoperative pancreatic leakage, 46 cases underwent invagination pancreaticojejunostomy and 9 cases (9/46, 19.6%) developed postoperative pancreatic leakage. General risk factors including patient age, gender, history of jaundice, preoperative nutrition, pathological diagnosis and the length of postoperative stay were similar in the two groups. There was no statistical difference in the incidence of pancreatic leakage between the patients who received the prophylactic use of octreotide after surgery and the patients who did not undergo somatostatin therapy. Moreover, multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that none of the above factors seemed to be associated with pancreatic fistula. Two intraoperative risk factors, pancreatic duct size and texture of the remnant pancreas, were found to be significantly associated with pancreatic leakage. The incidence of pancreatic leakage was 4.88% in patients with a pancreatic duct size greater than or equal to 3 mm and was 38.1% in those with ducts smaller than 3 mm (P = 0.002). The pancreatic leakage rate was 2.94% in patients with a hard pancreas and was 32.1% in those with a soft pancreas (P = 0.004). Operative time, blood loss and type of resection were similar in the two patient groups. The incidence of pancreatic leakage was 6.25% (1/16) in patients with duct-to-mucosa anastomosis, and was 19.6% (9/46) in those with traditional invagination anastomosis. Although the difference of pancreatic leakage between the two groups was obvious, no statistical signific-ance was found. This may be due to the small number of patients with duct-to-mucosa anastomosis. By further analyzing with multivariate logistic regression, both pancreatic duct size and texture of the remnant pancreas were demonstrated to be independent risk factors (P= 0.007 and 0.017, OR = 11.87 and 15.45). Although anastomotic technique was not a significant factor, pancreatic leakage rate was much less in cases that underwent duct-to-mucosa pancreaticojejunostomy. CONCLUSION: Pancreatic duct size and texture of the remnant pancreas are risk factors influencing pancreatic leakage after PD. Duct-to-mucosa pancreaticojejunostomy, as a safe and useful anastomotic technique, can reduce pancreatic leakage rate after PD.

Effect of preoperative biliary drainage on outcome of classical pancreaticoduodenectomy

AIM: To investigate the role of preoperative biliary drainage (PBD) in the outcome of classical pancreaticodu odenectomy. METHODS: A 10-year retrospective data analysis was performed on patients (n = 48) undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy from March 1994 to March 2004 in department of surgery at SMS medical college, Jaipur, India. Demographic variables, details of preoperative stenting, operative procedure and post operative complications were noted. RESULTS: Preoperative biliary drainage was performed in 21 patients (43.5%). The incidence of septic complications was significantly higher in patients with biliary stent placement (P < 0.05, 0 vs 4). This group of patients also had a significantly higher minor biliary leak rate. Mortality and hospital stay in each group was comparable. CONCLUSION: Within this study population the use of PBD by endoscopic stenting was associated with a high incidence of infective complications. These findings do not support the routine use of biliary stenting in patients prior to pancreatico-duodenectomy.

胆囊结石并胆总管结石患者行微创手术和开腹手术的疗效比较

目的比较微创手术、开腹手术治疗胆囊结石并胆总管结石的效果。方法胆囊结石并胆总管结石患者155例,依据胆总管结石直径分为A组(结石直径10～20mm)78例、B组(结石直径<10mm)77例。A组行微创手术38例,开腹手术40例;B组行微创手术46例,开腹手术31例。微创术式为内镜十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术/内镜十二指肠乳头球囊扩张术+腹腔镜胆囊切除术,开腹术式为胆囊切除+胆总管切开取石T管引流术。比较2组住院时间、手术时间、术中出血量、胆总管结石清除率及并发症发生情况。结果 A组行微创手术者手术时间[(104.23±37.70)min]较行开腹手术者[(181.08±34.19)min]短,术中出血量[(17.24±9.49)mL]较行开腹手术者[(90.25±51.35)mL]少(P<0.05),住院时间[(20.08±5.61)d]、结石清除率(94.7%)、并发症发生率(10.5%)与行开腹手术者[(17.55±6.81)d、100.0%、10.0%]比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);B组行微创手术者手术时间[(102.68±18.69)min]较行开腹手术者[(154.54±44.16)min]短,术中出血量[(15.67±10.94)mL]较行开腹手术者[(60.00±29.69)mL]少(P<0.05),住院时间[(16.59±7.11)d]、结石清除率(97.8%)、并发症发生率(2.2%)与行开腹手术者[(15.10±2.86)d、100.0%、0]比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论对胆总管结石并胆囊结石并患者,行内镜十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术/内镜十二指肠乳头球囊扩张术+腹腔镜胆囊切除术可取得与胆囊切除+胆总管切开取石T管引流术相同的效果,且具有手术时间短、术中出血量少的优势。

Pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy:A comparison between the two pancreaticojejunostomy methods for approximating the pancreatic parenchyma to the jejunal seromuscular layer:Interrupted vs continuous stitches

AIM： The purpose of this study is to find a better operative technique by comparing interrupted stitches with continuous stitches for the outer layer of the pancreaticojejunostomy, i.e. the stitches between the stump parenchyma of the pancreas and the jejunal seromuscular layer, and other risk factors for the incidence of pancreatic leakage.METHODS： During the period January 1997 to October 2004, 133 patients have undergone the end-to-side and duct-to-mucosa pancreaticojejunostomy reconstruction after pancreaticoduodenectomy with interrupted suture for outer layer of the pancreaticojejunostomy and 170 patients with a continuous suture at our institution by one surgeon.RESULTS： There were no significant differences between the two groups in the diagnosis, texture of the pancreas, use of octreotide and pathologic stage. Pancreatic fistula occurred in 14 patients （11%） among the interrupted suture cases and in 10 （6%） among the continuous suture cases （P = 0.102）. Major pancreatic leakage developed in three interrupted suture patients （2%） and zero continuous suture patients （P = 0.026）. In multivariate analysis, soft pancreatic consistency （odds ratio, 5.5; 95% confidence interval 2.3-13.1） and common bile duct cancer （odds ratio, 3.7; 95%CI 1.6-8.5） were＇predictive of pancreatic leakage.CONCLUSION： Pancreatic texture and pathology are the most important factors in determining the fate of pancreaticojejunal anastomosis and our continuous suture method was performed with significantly decreased occurrence of major pancreatic fistula. In conclusion, the continuous suture method is more feasible and safer in performing duct-to-mucosa pancreaticojejunostomy.

Is delayed gastric emptying so terrible after pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy? Prevention and management

AIM： To explore some operative techniques to prevent the occurrence of delayed gastric emptying （DGE） alter pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy （PPPD）.METHODS： One hundred and eighty-six patients in a single medical center who accepted PPPD were retrospectively studied. The incidence of DGE was investigated and the influence of some operative techniques on the prevention of DGE was analyzed.RESULTS： During the operative process of PPPD, the methods of detached drainage of pancreatic fluid and bile and gastric fistulization were used. Postoperatively, six patients suffered DGE among the 186 cases; the incidence was 3.23% （6/186）. One of them was complicated with intraabdominal infection at the same time, and two with pancreatic leakage.CONCLUSION： Appropriate maneuvers during operation are essential to avoid postoperative DGE in PPPD. The occurrence of DGE is avoidable. It should not be used as an argument to advocate hemigastrectomy in PPPD.

Effect of preoperative biliary drainage on surgical results after pancreaticoduodenectomy in patients with distal common bile duct cancer:Focused on the rate of decrease in serum bilirubin

AIM: To examine if the rate of decrease in serum bilirubin after preoperative biliary drainagecan be used as a predicting factor for surgical complications and postoperative recovery after pancreaticoduodenectomy in patients with distal common bile duct cancer.METHODS: A retrospective study was performed in 49 consecutive patients who underwent pancrea-ticoduodenectomy for distal common bile duct cancer. Potential risk factors were compared between the complicated and uncomplicated groups. Also, the rates of decrease in serum bilirubin were compared pre- and postoperatively. RESULTS: Preoperative biliary drainage (PBD) was performed in 40 patients (81.6%). Postoperative morbidity and mortality rates were 46.9% (23/49) and 6.1% (3/49), respectively. The presence or absence of PBD was not different between the complicated and uncomplicated groups. In patients with PBD, neither the absolute level nor the rate of decrease in serum bilirubin was significantly different. Patients with rapid decrease preoperatively showed faster decrease during the first postoperative week (5.5 ± 4.4 μmol/L vs -1.7 ± 9.9 μmol/L, P = 0.004).CONCLUSION: PBD does not affect the surgical outcome of pancreaticoduodenectomy in patients with distal common bile duct cancer. There is a certain group of patients with a compromised hepatic excretory function, which is represented by the slow rate of decrease in serum bilirubin after PBD.

Does antecolic reconstruction decrease delayed gastric emptying after pancreatoduodenectomy?

Delayed gastric emptying(DGE) is a frequent complication after pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy(PpPD).Kawai and colleagues proposed pylorus-resecting pancreatoduodenectomy(PrPD) with antecolic gastrojejunal anastomosis to obviate DGE occurring after PpPD.Here we debate the reported differences in the prevalence of DGE in antecolic and retrocolic gastro/duodeno-jejunostomies after PrPD and PpPD,respectively.We concluded that the route of the gastro/duodeno-jejunal anastomosis with respect to the transverse colon;i.e.,antecolic route or retrocolic route,is not responsible for the differences in prevalence of DGE after pancreatoduodenectomy(PD) and that the impact of the reconstructive method on DGE is related mostly to the angulation or torsion of the gastro/duodeno-jejunostomy.We report a prevalence of 8.9% grade A DGE and 1.1% grade C DGE in a series of 89 subtotal stomach-preserving PDs with Roux-en Y retrocolic reconstruction with anastomosis of the isolated Roux limb to the stomach and single Roux limb to both the pancreatic stump and hepatic duct.Retrocolic anastomosis of the isolated first jejunal loop to the gastric remnant allows outflow of the gastric contents by gravity through a "straight route".

Pseudoaneurysm of gastroduodenal artery following radical gastrectomy for gastric carcinoma patients

We report a rare case of postoperative pseudoaneurysm of the gastroduodenal artery following radical gastrectomy.Surgical trauma to the gastroduodenal artery during regional lymphadenectomy was considered as the cause of the postoperative pseudoaneurysm. The pseudoaneurysm was successfully managed by ligating the bleeding vessel. We should consider the possibility of pseudoaneurysm formation in a patient with gastrointestinal bleeding in the postoperative period following radical gastrectomy with regional lymph node and perivascular lymphatic dissection.

Pancreatic cancer–Curative resection

Resecting pancreatic cancer is the only chance for cure for this devastating disease . It increases survival significantly and may also contribute to a better quality of life . While median survival for patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer is only about 4-8 months, resective surgery improves prognosis to a median survival of 14-20 months and 5-year survival rates of up to 25% . A few studies compared curative resection versus incomplete （R1 and R2） resections whereas only one randomized trial was conducted comparing surgery versus chemoradiation . All these studies confirmed the survival benefit seen in the retrospective data analyses：

Impact of surgical volume on nationwide hospital mortality after pancreaticoduodenectomy

AIM:To evaluate the impact of surgical volume on nationwide hospital mortality after pancreaticoduodenectomy(PD) for periampullary tumors in South Korea.METHODS:Periampullary cancer patients who underwent PD between 2005 and 2008 were analyzed from the database of the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service of South Korea.A total of 126 hospitals were divided into 5 categories,each similar in terms of surgical volume for each category.We used hospital mortality as a quality indicator,which was defined as death during the hospital stay for PD,and calculated adjusted mortality through multivariate logistic models using several confounder variables.RESULTS:A total of eligible 4975 patients were enrolled in this study.Average annual surgical volume of hospitals was markedly varied,ranging from 215 PDs in the very-high-volume hospital to < 10 PDs in the verylow-volume hospitals.Admission route,type of medical security,and type of operation were significantly different by surgical volume.The overall hospital mortality was 2.1% and the observed hospital mortality by surgical volume showed statistical difference.Surgical volume,age,and type of operation were independent risk factors for hospital death,and adjusted hospital mortality showed a similar difference between hospitals with observed mortality.The result of the HosmerLemeshow test was 5.76(P = 0.674),indicating an acceptable appropriateness of our regression model.CONCLUSION:The higher-volume hospitals showed lower hospital mortality than the lower-volume hospitals after PD in South Korea,which were clarified through the nationwide database.

65 CASES OF PRESERVING PYLORUS PANCREATODUODENECTOMY：EXPERIENCE AND PROBLEMS

Sixty-five patients with neoplasm (62 cases) or pancreatitis (3 cases) were treated with preserving pylorus pancreatoduodenectomy (PPPD) from 1984 to 1991. One postoperative death occurred. Follow-up studies were performed in 35 patients who had been treated by PPPD or the standard Whipple's procedure; they were questioned carefully concerning clinical symptoms. Further studies were porformed in 20 patients with or without pylorus preservation (10 patients, respectively). Nutritional status and gastrointestinal digestive and absorptive functions were evaluated by detemination of serum components, gastric analysis, barium emptying time, D-xylose absorption test,14CO2 breath test, PABA, and other methods. The results demonstrated malnutrition and postgastrectomy syndromes in some patients after the standard Whipple' s procedure, but not in those with PPPD. The quality of life was better in the latter. Pylorus preservation may be the main reason for this above difference. Delayed gastric emptying in the early postoperative period was a complication in some patients(21%) treated by PPPD.We recommend PPPD for pancreatoduodenectomy.

胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的LC、LCBDE联合治疗研究

目的:探讨腹腔镜下胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)联合腹腔镜胆总管探查术(laparoscopic common bile duct exploration,LCBDE)治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的临床效果。方法:选择2018年5月-2020年2月在笔者所在医院收治的152例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者作为观察对象,将其随机分为两组,每组76例。A组采用LC+LCBDE治疗,B组采用内镜逆行胰胆管造影(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)/内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术(endoscopic sphincterotomy,EST)+LC治疗,比较两组临床疗效。结果:A组手术时间、术后排气时间、住院费用分别为(131.63±13.37)min、(26.24±3.26)h、(2.02±0.15)万元,均优于B组的(154.35±18.21)min、(37.02±3.68)h、(3.07±0.16)万元,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。B组术中出血量少于A组,下床时间早于A组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。但两组住院时间、完全取石率和中转开腹率比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后,两组TBIL、ALT、AST、AMS均较术前明显改善(P<0.05),但两组术后TBIL、ALT、AST、AMS比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组术后并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:在胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的手术治疗中,LC+LCBDE与ERCP/EST+LC两种术式均能获得理想疗效,且安全性良好,临床可根据医院的医疗条件与患者病情选择手术方式。