半干旱黄土高原退化生态系统的修复与生态农业发展

首先分析了半干旱黄土高原区域生态系统的特点,指出:这里地带性植被极度退化,土壤质量严重恶化,治理难度大,可持续发展受到严重威胁。然后,进行生态系统退化关键驱动力的分析,认为,在不同时期,农民的利益驱动始终是土地利用格局和生态系统演化/退化的关键驱动力。在寻求分析退化生态系统修复的突破口时,认为提高作物产量和经济效益,解决农民的需求是具有可操作性的途径。而实现这一途径必须提高单产,以减轻更广大土地面积上的生产力需求压力。通过集水、覆盖等措施改善农田水分条件,再配合地膜、化肥,在对农田进行合理管理的情况下,粮食单产可获得持续大幅度的提高。在此基础上,提出了实现区域可持续发展的途径——集水型生态农业及其景观配置模式。在这一模式中,经济作物、粮食作物、人工草地和天然草地在一个完整的景观单元内合理配置,形成完整的景观复合生态系统。对这一模式的深入研究和正确实施将推动半干旱黄土高原退化生态系统的修复,并为西部开发中经济建设和生态建设并举提供理论与实践指导。

地面覆盖影响中国半干旱黄土高原地区桃果实生长第三阶段光合和叶绿素荧光特性

据《Scientia Horticuhurae》的一篇研究报道（http//dx．doi．org／10．1016／j．scienta．2015．08．012），来自甘肃农业大学的Chenbing Wang等人研究了地面覆盖对中国半干旱黄土高原桃果实生长第三阶段光合和叶绿素荧光特性的影响。研究人员于2011年和2012年比较了塑料薄膜覆盖（PFM）、秸秆覆盖（SM）和无覆盖（CT）桃果园果实快速生长阶段（第三阶段）的土壤含水量，分析了快速叶绿素荧光（ChlF）、光合性能、果实产量和品质。

半干旱黄土高原生态区不同土地利用类型土壤可培养微生物群落分析

对半干旱黄土高原生态区山地干草原、耕地和河谷荒地等不同利用类型土壤可培养微生物进行了研究,结果发现山地干草原土壤可培养细菌、放线菌、真菌数量分别为6.43×10~6cfu·g^(-1)、2.68×10~6cfu·g^(-1)和0.11×10~6cfu·g^(-1),耕地分别为9.27×10~6cfu·g^(-1)、5.33×10~6cfu·g^(-1)和0.07×10~6cfu·g^(-1),河谷荒地分别为2.35×10~6cfu·g^(-1)、2.36×10~6cfu·g^(-1)和0.08×10~6cfu·g^(-1)。山地干草原可培养细菌包括厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和α变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)的芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、微杆菌属(Microbacterium)、节杆菌属(Arthrobacter)和农杆菌属(Agrobacterium),优势菌属为芽孢杆菌属(69.23%),耕地为厚壁菌门、放线菌门、α变形菌纲和γ变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)的芽孢杆菌属、农杆菌属、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)、节杆菌属、假单胞菌属(Peseudomonas),河谷荒地包括厚壁菌门和放线菌门的节杆菌属、葡萄球菌属和类芽孢杆菌属(Paenibacillus),以葡萄球菌属为主(50.00%)。不同类型土壤放线菌以链霉菌属(Atreptomyces)为主,其余包括链孢囊菌属(Streptosporangium)、链轮丝菌属(Streptoverticillium)和小单孢菌属(Micromonspora)。霉菌以青霉属(Penicillium)为主,其余包括曲霉属(Aspergillus)、芽枝霉属(Cladosporium)、毛霉属(Mucor)、镰孢霉属(Coniothecium)和交链孢霉属(Alternaria)。

黄土高原半干旱地区刺槐人工林密度与地上生物量效应

以黄土高原半干旱地区的山西省方山县人工刺槐林为对象,采用树干解析与称重法,设立标准地对10个不同密度人工刺槐林进行了生长与生物量调查,分析密度对单木和林分生物量的效应。结果表明:18年刺槐林分的地上现存生物量与测树指标D2H和D有很好的相关性,其中树干和叶的生物量与D2H关系密切,而枝条生物量与D关系密切。刺槐单木总生物量及各部分生物量都是密度的幂函数,但是对林分而言,低密度林分和高密度林分的总生物量都比较高,而处于中间密度林分的生物量较低;林分现存总生物量也呈同一趋势。从总生物量来说,林分的水分利用效率与密度不存在线性关系,但是其干材的水分生产效率是随着密度降低而增加的,反映出不同密度水分利用效率的经济价值不同。

黄土高原半干旱地区气溶胶光学厚度变化特征的初步分析

利用“兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站”2006年8月至2007年4月的CE-318全自动跟踪太阳光度计观测资料，分析了黄土高原半干旱地区气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）的变化特征。结果表明，黄土高原半干旱地区气溶胶光学厚度谱基本满足Angstrom关系；在可见光和近红外波段，随着波长的增大，气溶胶光学厚度是减小的；黄土高原半干旱地区AOD日变化类型主要有单峰型、稳定型、上升型3种。逐日变化特征显示，降水对气溶胶粒子具有明显的湿清除作用，霾的出现导致AOD明显增大；AOD日均值主要集中在0．140．4之间，日极大值在08～11时（北京时，下同）出现的频率最多，H极小值在12～13时、14～17时出现的频率最多。气象条件对AOD有明显的影响，在南风情况下AOD大，东风情况下AOD小，霾与晴天相比，AOD明显增大；对同一波段，风向差别引起的AOD的差异较晴天与霾相比引起的AOD的差异要小。

黄土高原半干旱地区气溶胶特性

利用2006年8月～2007年7月兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站CE-318数据产品,对气溶胶光学厚度,大气可降水量及Angstrom波长指数的日变化及季节变化特征进行了分析.同时分析了常规温压湿资料、PW及Angstrom波长指数与气溶胶光学厚度的关系.对CE-318反演得到的PW与微波辐射计由神经网络算法得到的水汽总量进行了相关性分析,认为二者对水汽总量测量能力相当.

黄土高原干旱半干旱地区立地难度较大的条件下造林技术要点

在黄土高原干旱半干旱地区中,干旱地区成为影响黄土高原区域经济的主要因素,在立地难度较大的条件下,要合理运用科学技术提高造林技术能力,实现荒山绿林目标。分析了黄土高原干旱半干旱地区立地难度较大的条件下造林技术要点,阐述了黄土高原干旱半干旱地区造林苗木要求和种植技术要求,提出有效的干旱地区造林苗木防护要求,从而解决黄土高原干旱半干旱地区问题,促进黄土高原区域的经济发展。

浅析黄土高原半干旱山区紫花苜蓿人工草地管理技术

根据甘肃省会宁县气候特点,对黄土高原半干旱山区人工草地管理技术进行了论述,为黄土高原半干旱山区实施退耕还林还草、建设和保护生态环境、发展草地畜牧业、增加农民收入,提供草地建设的管理经验。简述了会宁县紫花苜蓿草地资源概况、紫花苜蓿人工草地监测情况、紫花苜蓿的特性及紫花苜蓿人工草地管理措施,供参考。

黄土区地膜覆盖对麦田土壤微生物体碳的影响

研究了1999年(丰水年)和2000年(干旱年)旱地条件下不同时间覆膜(不覆膜、覆膜30 d、覆膜60d和全程覆膜)对春小麦(Triticum aestivum)农田土壤微生物体碳的影响。结果表明,1999年土壤微生物体碳平均为335.3 mg·kg^(-1)干土,2000年平均为259.3 mg·kg^(-1)干土,前者高出后者29.37％。2年中最高微生物体碳均出现在全程覆膜处理。1999年,土壤微生物体碳在覆膜60d时即接近最高值,该处理籽粒产量也最高。2000年,由于春小麦生育后期降水丰富,在整个生育期中,微生物体碳增长表现为“增长-平稳甚至出现下降-再增长”的梯形方式,到生育后期,各处理之间才出现显著差异,全程覆膜处理的微生物体碳后期大幅度增加,与1999年接近。2年中各处理的C/N处于7.732～9.042之间,远低于11.3的临界值,C/P处于300.8～719.6之间,均高于300的临界值,不利于土壤微生物体碳的增加,微生物和作物对土壤有效态氮和磷的吸收处于竞争状态,表明该农田生态系统有机质严重不足,已经构成了限制作物生产力发挥的重要因素,长期地膜覆盖和大量使用化肥将加剧这一问题的严重性。

覆膜对春小麦农田微生物数量和土壤养分的影响

研究了黄绵土区不同覆膜时期对旱作麦田土壤微生物数量及其与土壤碳、氮、磷含量的关系。丰水的 1 999年 ,土壤微生物数量增长早 ,延续时间长 ,覆膜 60 d微生物数量最高 (3 3 .93 8× 1 0 6 /g dry soil) ,其次为全程覆膜 (3 2 .2 5 9× 1 0 6 ) ;干旱的 2 0 0 0年微生物平均数量只有 1 999年的 3 6.5 % ,在后期有一定降水后微生物数量才出现高峰 ,以全程覆膜数量最高(1 4.83 6× 1 0 6 ) ,覆膜 60 d次之 (1 1 .5 2 9× 1 0 6 )。 1 999年各类群微生物数量同土壤有机碳之间均呈显著或极显著负相关。2 0 0 0年相关系数几乎全面下降 ,氨化细菌、硝化细菌和反硝化细菌 ,甚至微生物总量同土壤有机碳之间都已不再显著相关。 1 999年土壤全氮同氨化细菌、硝化细菌、亚硝化细菌、解磷细菌及微生物总量均呈显著或极显著负相关 ,2 0 0 0年只与氨化细菌、亚硝化细菌、微生物总数显著负相关。土壤速效磷含量在 1 999年与解磷细菌显著负相关 ,而在 2 0 0 0年相关已不再显著。两年试验结束后 ,全程覆膜处理有机质下降 2 1 .2 % ,覆膜 60 d处理下降 1 7.2 % ,覆膜 3 0 d和不覆膜处理下降相对较小 (4 .3 %和 6.7% )。由于施用化肥 ,土壤全氮有明显升高。速效磷在 1 999生长季和随后的休闲期都有升高 ,在干旱的 2 0 0 0?

Soil Microbial Activity During Secondary Vegetation Succession in Semiarid Abandoned Lands of Loess Plateau

To show the vegetation succession interaction with soil properties, microbial biomass, basal respiration, and enzyme activities in different soil layers （0-60 cm） were determined in six lands, i.e., 2-, 7-, 11-, 20-, and 43-year-old abandoned lands and one native grassland, in a semiarid hilly area of the Loess Plateau. The results indicated that the successional time and soil depths affected soil microbiological parameters significantly. In 20-cm soil layer, microbial biomass carbon （MBC）, microbial biomass nitrogen （MBN）, MBC/MBN, MBC to soil organic carbon ratio （MBC/SOC）, and soil basal respiration tended to increase with successional stages but decrease with soil depths. In contrast, metabolic quotient （qCO2） tended to decrease with successional stages but increase with soil depths. In addition, the activities of urease, catalase, neutral phosphatase, β-fructofuranosidase, and earboxymethyl cellulose （CMC） enzyme increased with successional stages and soil depths. They were significantly positively correlated with microbial biomass and SOC （P 〈 0.5）, whereas no obvious trend was observed for the polyphenoloxidase activity. The results indicated that natural vegetation succession could improve soil quality and promote ecosystem restoration, but it needed a long time under local climate conditions.

Soil Organic Carbon,Carbon Fractions and Nutrients as Affected by Land Use in Semi-Arid Region of Loess Plateau of China

Cropland (CP),native grassland (NG) and two shrub land treatments which were converted from cropland in 1985:seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) (ST),and branchytamarisk (Tamarix ramosissima) (BT) were investigated to evaluate effects of land use conversion on soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil nutrients in the semi-arid region of the Loess Plateau of China.Total organic carbon (TOC),light fraction organic carbon (LFOC),heavy fraction organic carbon (HFOC),total N (TN),nitrate nitrogen (NO 3-N) and nitrite nitrogen (NO 2-N),ammonium nitrogen (NH + 4-N),total P,and available P (AP) were measured.The results showed that SOC in NG,ST and BT were 12.7%,27.7% and 34.8% higher than that of the cropland,respectively.LFOC,light fraction (LF) dry matter,ratio of TOC to TN (C/N) and the ratio of TOC to AP (C/P) were higher in the shrub land or native grassland than in the cropland.Cropland had the highest TN,the sum of NO 3-N and NO 2-N,TP and AP due to the use of chemical fertilizers.TOC significantly correlated with LFOC,HFOC and C/N.LFOC significantly correlated with dry matter of the LF and C/N.TN,the sum of NO 3-N and NO 2-N and AP were significantly negatively correlated with TOC and LFOC.Therefore,land use conversion from cropland to shrub land,or maybe grassland,contributed to SOC sequestration and improved soil nutrients stabilization.

Relationship Between Microbial Community and Soil Properties During Natural Succession of Abandoned Agricultural Land

The changes of microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN) and microbial community in the topsoil of the abandoned agricultural land on the semi-arid Loess Plateau in China during the natural succession were evaluated to understand the relationship between microbial community and soil properties. MBC and MBN were measured using fumigation extraction, and microbial community was analyzed by the method of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). The contents of organic C, total N, MBC, MBN, total FAME, fungal FAME, bacterial FAME and Gram-negative bacterial FAME at the natural succession sites were higher than those of the agricultural land, but lower than those of the natural vegetation sites. The MBC, MBN and total FAME were closely correlated with organic C and total N. Furthermore, organic C and total N were found to be positively correlated with fungal FAME, bacterial FAME, fungal/bacterial and Gram-negative bacterial FAME. Natural succession would be useful for improving soil microbial properties and might be an important alternative for sustaining soil quality on the semi-arid Loess Plateau in China.

A Case Study of a Typical Dust Storm Event over the Loess Plateau of Northwest China

Enhanced observational meteorological elements,energy fluxes,and the concentration of dust aerosols collected from the Semi-Arid Climate Observatory and Laboratory(SACOL) during a typical dust storm period in March 2010 at Lanzhou were used in this paper to investigate the impact of dust aerosols on near surface atmospheric variables and energy budgets.The results show that the entire dust storm event was associated with high wind velocities and decreasing air pressure,and the air changed from cold and wet to warm and dry and then recovered to its initial state.The response of energy fluxes occurred behind meteorological elements.At high dust concentration periods,the net radiation was significantly less in the daytime and higher at night,while the heat fluxes displayed the same trend,indicating the weakening of the land-atmosphere energy exchange.The results can be used to provide verification for numerical model results in semi-arid areas.

Contribution of plant traits to the explanation of temporal variations in carbon and water fluxes in semiarid grassland patches

Aims Accurate prediction of spatiotemporal variations in carbon and water fluxes of heterogeneous landscape is critical to comprehensively address the effects of climate change and vegetation dynamics on landscape and regional carbon and water cycling.Methods A field study was conducted to characterize the seasonal variations in gas fluxes and explore their relationships with abiotic and biotic factors in a small grassland landscape.Daytime carbon and water fluxes including net ecosystem exchange,gross ecosystem productivity,ecosystem respiration and evapotranspiration(ET)were measured for three types of grassland patches over a growing season using the closed chamber method.The key plant trait variables were measured,based on which community weighted mean(CWM)and functional variance(FDvar)were calculated.Important Findings The results showed that the temporal variations in the carbon and water fluxes were regulated by meteorological,soil and community functional variables.Inclusion of the CWM and FDvar of plant trait measures greatly improved the degree of explanation of the predict models.Specific leaf area and leafδ^(13)C content(Lδ^(13)C)were the most important trait variables in affecting the variations of the gas fluxes.CWMs indices had greater importance than FDvar indices in predicting the variation of the C fluxes but FDvar indices were more important for ET than C fluxes.Our findings demonstrated that mass ratio hypothesis and the complementary effects hypothesis are not mutually exclusive but have different relative importance for different ecosystem processes.Community functional traits played important roles in predicting the spatiotemporal variations of carbon and water fluxes in semiarid grassland.

水库野钓鲫鱼良方

本人喜爱到自然水库钓鱼，更喜爱钓鲫鱼。由于我们这里属黄土高原半干旱地区，水源少，很少有专业养殖业场地，因此我们这里的钓鱼爱好者只能到周围一些六七十年代建的小水库去野钓。由于这类水库水广鱼稀，一天下来大多收获甚少，相比较近两年我每次出钓均有不小战果，其根源主要在于饵料上，但是否带有局限性，不敢肯定，现奉献给各钓友以供参考。