华中型地方猪品种资源变化分析

为了解华中型猪品种资源变化的情况,查阅20世纪80年代和21世纪初出版的猪品种志相关资料及相关文献,阐述了华中型猪品种的自然条件、社会经济条件的变化,对该地区猪的品种数量、产地分布、群体规模、体尺体重、繁殖性能和生产性能等性状进行比较,分析了社会经济、自然条件和地方猪性能变化对猪品种资源的影响。比较结果显示华中型地方猪品种减少,龙游乌猪、福州黑猪在2011出版的《中国畜禽遗传资源志—猪志》中已无记载;地方猪数量减少;其体尺体重、繁殖性能、生产性能均有不同程度的变化。

Comparative study of the chromosome karyotypes of two species of grasshoppers in Megaulacobothrus Caudell (Orthoptera: Acridoidea)

The chromosome karyotypes of Chorthippus （Megaulacobothrus） aethalinus （Zubovsky） and Ch. （M.） chinensis Tarbinsky were compared. Results show that the chromosome numbers of the two species fit 2n （♂） = 17 = 16 ＋ XO, in which three pairs of autosomal and sex chromosomes were terminal chromosomes, and the other five pairs of autosomes were metacentric chromosomes. These are diagnosis characters for Chorthippus. However, these two species can be distinguished by the different chromosome formula （CF） and the relative length （RL）. The CF in Ch. （M.） aethalinus is K （2n, ♂） = 6m ＋ 11t = 6L ＋ 6M ＋ 4S ＋ XO, whereas that of Ch. （M.） chinensis is K （2n, ♂） = 6m ＋ 11t = 6L ＋ 8M ＋ 2S ＋ XO. In addition, we also found that the relative lengths of sex chromosomes in the two species were different from each other. The sex-chromosome of Ch. （M.） aethalinus is located at the fifth position and its relative length is 8.33% whereas that of Ch. （M.） chinensis is at the eighth position and its relative length is 5.53%. These results show that significantly different genetic features exist for the two species of Chorthippus.

我国地方猪种资源

我国地方猪种丰富多样，是一个巨大的基因库。前后调查了100多个品种，根据其起源、自然地理条件、社会经济条件以及外形和生态特点，归纳为华北型、华南型、华中型、江海型和高原型六大类型，每个类型中包括许多各具特色的地方品种，仅载入《中国猪品种志》的品种就达48个。品种内还有许多地方类群或地方品系，据不完全统计，约有近百个。

A Study of the E-C Translation for the Modal Verbs in the Berne Convention

The Berne Convention plays a very important role in the protection of the copyright in its member states. Good Chinese translation for the Berne Convention will undoubtedly improve the implementation of it in China. One of the key factors that affect the translation of the Berne Convention is the translation for the modal verbs, because they are concerning the rights conferred to or obligations imposed on authors or countries of the Union. Based on the statistics of the modal verbs used in the Berne Convention, this paper discovers that ＂shall＂ and ＂may＂ are the most frequently used modal verbs among the ones in English language and they are translated into many types of phrases in Chinese, but not all of them are accurate or appropriate, because the expressions used in the Copyright Law of the People＇s Republic of China to indicate rights, obligations or prohibitions are not all those that ＂shall＂ or ＂may＂ are translated into. Some suggestions can be put forward to improve the current Chinese translation for ＂shall＂ or ＂may＂ in the Berne Convention.

Impact of microzooplankton and Calanus sinicus(Brodsky,1962) on phytoplankton in the Yellow Sea during early summer

Dilution incubations and Calanus sinicus addition incubations were simultaneously conducted at five stations in the Yellow Sea in June of 2004 to evaluate the impact of microzooplankton and Calanus sinicus on phytoplankton based on the Chlorophyll a(Chl-a) levels.The Chl-a growth rates(k) ranged from 0.60-1.67 d-1,while microzooplankton grazed the Chl-a at rates(g) of 0.29-0.62 d-1.The addition of C.sinicus enhanced the Chl-a growth rate(Z) by 0.004-0.037 d-1 ind.-1 L.C.sinicus abundance ranged from 84.1-160.9 ind.m-3,which occupied 90.7%-99.1% of the copepod(>500 μm) population.The in-situ increase in phytoplankton by C.sinicus community was estimated to be 0.000 4-0.005 9 d-1.These results showed that microzooplankton were the main grazers of phytoplankton,while C.sinicus induced a slight increase in the levels of phytoplankton.

Sustainable fisheries in shallow lakes:an independent empirical test of the Chinese mitten crab yield model

Next to excessive nutrient loading,intensive aquaculture is one of the major anthropogenic impacts threatening lake ecosystems.In China,particularly in the shallow lakes of mid-lower Changjiang(Yangtze) River,continuous overstocking of the Chinese mitten crab(Eriocheir sinensis) could deteriorate water quality and exhaust natural resources.A series of crab yield models and a general optimum-stocking rate model have been established,which seek to benefit both crab culture and the environment.In this research,independent investigations were carried out to evaluate the crab yield models and modify the optimum-stocking model.Low percentage errors(average 47%,median 36%) between observed and calculated crab yields were obtained.Specific values were defined for adult crab body mass(135 g/ind.) and recapture rate(18%and 30%in lakes with submerged macrophyte biomass above and below 1 000 g/m^2)to modify the optimum-stocking model.Analysis based on the modified optimum-stocking model indicated that the actual stocking rates in most lakes were much higher than the calculated optimum-stocking rates.This implies that,for most lakes,the current stocking rates should be greatly reduced to maintain healthy lake ecosystems.

Main Factors on Energy Efficiency in East China during 1995-2010： An Analysis Based on the SBM-Tobit Model

Applying the slacks-based measure （SBM）-Tobit two-stage model, this paper analyzes energy efficiency in eastern China. First, the SBM model featured in taking non- desired output in calculation was employed to evaluate the energy efficiency in eastern China from 1995 to 2010. The results show that Tianjin, Shanghai and Guangdong have the highest energy efficiency while Hebei has the lowest. Next, we used the panel Tobit model to perform a regression on factors affecting energy efficiency. Our results show that optimizing industrial structure, improving energy structure and enhancing the level of economic reform can contribute to improving energy efficiency. Government influence and technological progress, on the other hand, affect energy efficiency insignificantly. The influence of socio-economic development on the energy efficiency goes from negative to positive, which adheres to the Kuznets curve hypothesis. Our findings are that the socio-economic development in eastern China has not yet passed the ＂turning point of the Kuznets curve ＂.

Impact Assessment of Climate Change on Algal Blooms by a Parametric Modeling Study in Han River

The potential impact of climate change on international and domestic concern. This study aims water eutrophication and ecosystems is of great to analyze the impact of climate change on algal bloom problems in large river systems by utilizing a parametric river eutrophication model that is established using indicators of climate change, hydrological regimes, water quality and nutrient loads. Specifically, the developed parametric modeling method is based on statistical and simulation methods including： Multiple Linear Regressions （MLR）, Multiple Non-linear Regressions （MNR）, Artificial Neural Network （ANN） based on Back-propagation （BP） algorithms, as well as an integrated river eutrophication model. The developed model was applied to Han River, which is one of the major sources of fresh water in Wuhan City, China. The impacts of climate change and human activities on the occurrence mechanisms of algal blooms in the Hart River were identified by scenarios analysis. The individual assessment result indicates that the waste nutrient P load has the most significant impact （14.82%）, followed by the flow rate （5.56%） and then by temperature （3.7%）. For the integrated climate change assessment, it has been found that there is a significant impact （20.37%） when waste load increases and flow rate decreases at the same time. This is followed by increases but flow rate decreases, increase of both waste load and the impact is predicted to be 11 temperature （15.82%）. If temperature 11%. The final results point to human activities as a significant influence on water quality and the Han River ecosystem, temperature is also one of the main factors which directly contribute to algal blooms in Han River. The results in present study are expected to give theoretical supports for further relevant research on water eutrophication.

A New Model to Evaluate the Economic Effects of Floods and Its Application to China

We set forth the macroeconomics evaluation of floods （MEF） model, a new model to assess and evaluate the impact of floods on GNP growth. This model points to a new, more concrete approach to measure the economic impact of floods. Up to now, the measurement has been subject to a great deal of uncertainty. The main contribution of the model is to significantly reduce this uncertainty by mea- suring the impact with four well-defined, economically intuitive indicators. To illuminate and demonstrate its promise, we employ the model to evaluate and analyze the impact of two major floods on the economy of the People＇s Republic of China. Our MEF-model analysis indicates that the floods of Zhangshu and Jiangxi in 2010 caused greater economic damage than the floods of Central South China in 1931. Going forward, MEF-model simulations are a valuable tool for estimating the effect of potential future floods in the PRC and elsewhere.

Spatiotemporal distribution and historical evolution of polders in the Dongting Lake area, China

Dongting Lake is the largest lake in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River in China. For centuries, people inhabiting the Dongting Lake area have been reclaiming land and constructing dams for flood resistance, agricultural production, and rural settlement, forming geographical entities known as polders. In this study, the regional spatial distributions of polders in the Dongting Lake area in 1949, 1998, and 2013 were obtained using historical maps and modern remotely sensed data, revealing changes since the establishment of the People's Republic of China. Nanxian County was then selected to demonstrate polder changes at the county level, because it has undergone the most dramatic changes in the area. Different polder change models for the Datonghu, Yule, and Renhe polders were analyzed for eight periods: 1644(the early Qing Dynasty), 1911(the late Qing Dynasty), 1930(the Republic of China), 1949(the People's Republic of China), 1963, 1970, 1998, and 2013. Three resulting polder evolution models are: 1) reclaiming polders from lakes, 2) integrating polders by stream merging, and 3) abandoning polders for flood release. The polder evolution models demonstrate the wisdom of local people in using land resources according to the specific regional conditions. Throughout their long-term historical evolution, the spatial distribution of polders in the Dongting Lake area tended to be homogeneous, and the degree of human disturbance tended to be stable. However, a shift occurred, from pure polder area growth or removal to more comprehensive management and protection of the regional environment.

An Economic Model of the Wartime Economy： An Application to a Possible Sino-Japanese Conflict

This paper introduces a new economic model of a wartime economy, the war economic capability model--WEC-Model. The WEC-Model assesses the eco- nornic impact of an armed conflict in three different stages： （1） initial armed conflict and diplomatic negotiations; （2） military armed conflict; and （3） winners and losers in the post-armed conflict stage. The analysis makes use of new indicators such as economic desgrowth （-δ）, armed conflict intensity （αi）, armed conflict losses （-π）, economic wear （Л）, level of armed conflict tension （ζ）, level of diplomatic nego- tiations （η）, and total economic leaking （Ωt. To illustrate the model, we apply it to evaluate an imaginary armed conflict between the People＇s Republic of China and Japan.