华南海相下组合层序地层格架与油气勘探

在建立区域层序地层格架的基础上,指出区域性主力烃源岩及盖层主要形成于超层序的海侵体系域;高品质的区域性储层通常与超层序的高水位期-低水位期相一致。华南下组合海相碳酸盐岩油气纵向上总体存在3套生储盖组合,并将其划分为界面型、低位型、海侵型、高位型和综合型5种类型,不同类型的生储盖组合特征及成藏地质特征存在差异。提出礁滩相灰岩-白云化或白云岩-古岩溶为最有利储层,古隆起-后期构造圈闭为最有利部位,川东南-黔北地区为最有希望尽快取得突破的新区块的认识。

华南海雾研究进展

从海雾的气候特征、生消机制、微物理化学特征、遥感监测和模式预报等方面,回顾近年来开展的华南地区海雾研究。结果表明:华南海雾研究已经取得了许多重要的研究成果,但对于华南海雾的年际、年代际特征,华南不同地区的海雾微物理化学特征以及海面海雾与陆面海雾观测对比研究还不够,遥感监测及模式预报方面还有一定欠缺。为了对华南海雾有更加深入的认识,这些方面的研究需要进一步加强。

16、17世纪的华南海商与天主教传播

16、17世纪,随着全球化贸易体系在亚洲海域的进一步扩张,在果阿、长崎、马尼拉、宿务等地形成了一个以海外贸易网络为依凭的早期华南海商天主教群体。这批活跃于东南亚水域的早期华南海商教徒——"濂水人",在跨文化交流史上占有特殊的地位。其所驾轻就熟的海上商贸航路,曾经一度是活跃的传教航路,在推动天主教入华传播方面发挥了重要作用。作为重要的文化中间人,华南海商教徒也积极参与到这场全球化背景下多元知识传播与交流中,成为推动跨文化接触的一个重要媒介。

张汉华 南海的水产养殖生物技术专家

张汉华1984年毕业于山东海洋学院（现中国海洋大学），毕业后至今一直在中国水产科学研究院南海水产研究所工作，主要从事海洋生物分类学、海洋生态、水产养殖、底栖生物、浮游生物、规模化养殖技术、贝类苗种培育技术等方面的科研工作。1998年5月晋升为副研究员，2002年1月开始任南海水产研究所水产种质资源与增养殖研究室责任科学家，2006年任职南海水产研究所水产养殖研究学科研究员，水产养殖与生物技术研究室主任。

Gravity Flow on Slope and Abyssal Systems in the Qiongdongnan Basin,Northern South China Sea

新地震数据的学习在架并且在 Qiongdongnan 盆(QDNB ) 的深渊的设定上以内部建筑学和分发允许沉积严肃流动的鉴定。六种严肃流动类型被认出：(1 ) 有基础、一致的 truncational 的 turbidite 隧道压垂沿着架边和斜坡的关系，包括旁边地转移、使河床升高得垂直地的隧道建筑群；(2 ) 有塑造汤勺的形态学的滑坡在架裂缝上滑动步并且从变丑产生了糟糕巩固并且高水位线内容沉积；(3 ) 商业萧条在架斜坡上被限制，由一个异常斜坡坡度或由差错活动被触发；(4 ) turbidite 表建筑群(TSC ) 被归功于到盆地板扇子和斜坡扇子起源，偶尔由混浊水流喂深海洋的存款；(5 ) 沉积飘动在更低的斜坡盆地板发生，并且盖住约 400 km2 的一个区域，在越过海床流动的水流下面被产生；并且(6 ) 在深水区域的中央峡谷表示严肃流动的一种例外的类型碎片流动， turbidite 隧道，和 TSC 的一个协会创作了。它介绍平面 multisegment 和垂直多相的特征。在峡谷与好 petrophysical 性质联系的 Turbidite 能在 QDNB 被当作一个潜在的探索目标。

Rare earth elements distribution in marine sediments of Malaysia coasts

In the east coast Peninsular Malaysia region,sediments are transported by several rivers from the east Malaysia into the South China Sea estuary.In the vicinity of the five river estuaries core sediments were collected in order to investigate rare earth elements(REEs) profile.Core sediments were divided into strata of between 2 to 4 cm intervals and prepared for analyzing by ICP-AES.REE concentrations of 54.3 μg/gr at 24-26 cm in EC4 increased to 114.1 μg/gr at 20-22 cm in EC5.The measured concentration of LREEs and Fe normalized enrichment factors indicated that sediments were not enriched with light rare earth elements derived from effluents of anthropogenic activities.Results of the total concentration were used to establish baseline data in environmental pollution assessment and to develop the correlations between the Ce/Ce and Eu/Eu anomalies and the distribution patterns of some light rare earth elements(LREEs) and the heavy rare earth elements(HREEs).The chondrite-normalized ratios of REEs showed LREEs enrichment and flat HREE depletion.

A new type of internal solitary waves with a re-appearance period of 23 h observed in the South China Sea

The South China Sea (SCS), in particular the northern SCS, is one of ocean areas where energetic internal solitary waves (ISWs)occur most frequently (Cai et al., 2012; Zheng, 2017). Based on the re-appearance period (RP) at an observation station, Ramp et al.(2004) divided the ISWs into two types:Type-a and Type-b. Type-a ISWs arrive regularly at the same time every day, i.e., the RP is about 24 h, and Type-b ISWs arrive about one hour late every day, i.e., the RP is about 25 h. The discovery of the Types-a and b

The spatiotemporal features of submesoscale processes in the northeastern South China Sea

The spatiotemporal features of submesoscale processes(SMPs) in the northeastern South China Sea(SCS) are analyzed based on a high-resolution simulation from 2009 to 2012. The simulation results show that the SMPs with a vertical relative vorticity that matches the local planetary vorticity are ubiquitous in the upper ocean of the northeastern SCS. The SMPs distribution shows an asymmetry due to centrifugal instability, with stronger positive vorticity than negative vorticity. Meanwhile, the SMPs demonstrate an obvious seasonal variation. The SMPs are strong and active in winter but weak and inactive in summer. An investigation of the SMPs generation mechanisms reveals that flow straining and mixed layer depth account for this seasonal variation. The strong flow straining and deep mixed layer depth in winter favor the SMP generation via frontogenesis and mixed layer instability.

Rheological properties and viscosity reduction of South China Sea crude oil

The rheological properties of South China Sea(SCS) crude oil were studied. A group of synthetic long-chain polymers, including octadecyl acrylate-maleic anhydride bidodecyl amide copolymer(VR-D),octadecyl acrylate-maleic anhydride bioctadecyl amide copolymer(VR-O) and octadecyl acrylate-maleic anhydride phenly amide copolymer(VR-A), were employed to serve as viscosity reducers(VRs). Their performance was evaluated by both experimental and computational methodologies. The results suggest that the SCS crude oil has low wax content yet high resin and asphaltene contents, which lead to high viscosity through formation of association structures. Additionally, the SCS crude oil appears to be a pseudoplastic fluid showing linear shear stress-shear rate dependence at low temperature. Interestingly, it gradually evolves into a Newtonian fluid with exponential relationship between shear stress and shear rate at higher temperature. Synthetic VRs demonstrate desirable and effective performance on improvement of the rheological properties of SCS crude oil. Upon the introduction of 1000 ppm VR-O,which is synthesized by using octadecylamine in the aminolysis reaction, the viscosity of SCS crude oil is decreased by 44.2% at 15 °C and 40.2% at 40 °C. The computational study suggests significant energy level increase and shear stress decrease for VR-containing crude oil systems.

Effects of the East Asian Summer Monsoon on Tropical Cyclone Genesis over the South China Sea on an Interdecadal Time Scale

Tropical cyclone (TC) genesis over the South China Sea (SCS) during 1965-2004 was analyzed. The locations of TC genesis display evident seasonal changes, with the mean position of formation situated north of 15 °N in summer (June-July-August) and south of 15 °N in autumn (September-October-November). The TC genesis in summer underwent dramatic interdecadal variations, with more and less TC frequency during 1965-1974/1995-2004 and 1979-1993, respectively. In contrast, a significant interannual variation of TC genesis with a period of ～4 years was observed in autumn. This study investigated the relationship of SCS TC genesis to the East Asian jet stream (EAJS) and the western North Pacific subtropical high (WNPSH) on an interdecadal time scale. Analysis and comparison of the impacts of the EAJS and the WNPSH on vertical wind shear changes indicate that changes in the WNPSH and EAJS intensity rather than EAJS meridional location are responsible for changes in TC genesis on an interdecadal time scale. Corresponding to a weaker EAJS, anomalous Rossby wave energy at upper levels displays equatorward propagation at midlatitudes and poleward propagation in the subtropics. This induces anomalous convergence and divergence of wave activity fluxes in East Asia around 30 °N and the SCS, respectively. The anomalous divergence of wave activity fluxes reduces easterlies at upper levels over the SCS, which is favorable to TC genesis.

Meso-scale eddy in the South China Sea simulated by an eddy-resolving ocean model

Mesoscale eddies(MEs) in the South China Sea(SCS) simulated by a quasi-global eddy-resolving ocean general circulation model are evaluated against satellite data during 1993–2007. The modeled ocean data show more activity than shown by the satellite data and reproduces more eddies in the SCS. A total of 345(428) cyclonic eddies(CEs) and 330(371) anti-cyclonic eddies(AEs) generated for satellite(model) data are identified during the study period, showing increase of ~24% and ~12% for the model data, respectively. Compared with eddies in satellite, the simulated eddies tend to have smaller radii, larger amplitudes, a slightly longer lifetime, faster movement and rotation speed, a slightly larger nonlinear properties(U/c) in the model. However, the spatial distribution of generated eddies appears to be inhomogeneous, with more CEs in the northern part of SCS and fewer AEs in the southern part. This is attributed to the exaggerated Kuroshio intrusion in the model because the small islands in the Luzon Strait are still not well resolved although the horizontal resolution reaches(1/10)°. The seasonal variability in the number and the amplitude of eddies generated is also investigated.

Methane seepage intensities traced by sulfur isotopes of pyrite and gypsum in sediment from the Shenhu area,South China Sea

The northern slope of the South China Sea is a gas-hydrate-bearing region related to a high deposition rate of organic-rich sediments co-occurring with intense methanogenesis in subseafloor environments.Anaerobic oxidation of methane(AOM) coupled with bacterial sulfate reduction results in the precipitation of solid phase minerals in seepage sediment,including pyrite and gypsum.Abundant aggregates of pyrites and gypsums are observed between the depth of 667 and 850 cm below the seafloor(cmbsf) in the entire core sediment of HS328 from the northern South China Sea.Most pyrites are tubes consisting of framboidal cores and outer crusts.Gypsum aggregates occur as rosettes and spheroids consisting of plates.Some of them grow over pyrite,indicating that gypsum precipitation postdates pyrite formation.The sulfur isotopic values(δ^(34) S) of pyrite vary greatly(from –46.6‰ to –12.3‰ V-CDT) and increase with depth.Thus,the pyrite in the shallow sediments resulted from organoclastic sulfate reduction(OSR) and is influenced by AOM with depth.The relative high abundance and δ^(34) S values of pyrite in sediments at depths from 580 to 810 cmbsf indicate that this interval is the location of a paleo-sulfate methane transition zone(SMTZ).The sulfur isotopic composition of gypsum(from–25‰ to –20.7‰) is much lower than that of the seawater sulfate,indicating the existence of a 34 S-depletion source of sulfur species that most likely are products of the oxidation of pyrites formed in OSR.Pyrite oxidation is controlled by ambient electron acceptors such as MnO_2,iron(Ⅲ) and oxygen driven by the SMTZ location shift to great depths.The δ^(34) S values of gypsum at greater depth are lower than those of the associated pyrite,revealing downward diffusion of 34 S-depleted sulfate from the mixture of oxidation of pyrite derived by OSR and the seawater sulfate.These sulfates also lead to an increase of calcium ions from the dissolution of calcium carbonate mineral,which will be favor to the formation of gypsum.Overall,the mineralogy and sulfur isotopic composition of the pyrite and gypsum suggest variable redox conditions caused by reduced seepage intensities,and the pyrite and gypsum can be a recorder of the intensity evolution of methane seepage.

The winter western boundary current of the South China Sea:physical structure and volume transport in December 1998

The unique survey in December 1998 mapped the entire western boundary area of the South China Sea(SCS),which reveals the three-dimensional structure and huge volume transport of the swift and narrow winter western boundary current of the SCS(SCSwwbc) in full scale. The current is found to flow all the way from the shelf edge off Hong Kong to the Sunda Shelf with a width around 100 km and a vertical scale of about 400 m. It appears to be the strongest off the Indo-China Peninsula, where its volume transport reached over 20×10~6 m^3/s. The current is weaker upstream in the northern SCS to the west of Hong Kong. A Kuroshio loop or detached eddy intruded through the Luzon Strait is observed farther east where the SCSwwbc no more exists. The results suggest that during the survey the SCSwwbc was fed primarily by the interior recirculation of the SCS rather than by the"branching" of the Kuroshio from the Luzon Strait as indicated by surface drifters, which is likely a near-surface phenomenon and only contributes a minor part to the total transport of the SCSwwbc. Several topics related to the SCSwwbc are also discussed.

A shift in the upper-ocean temperature trends in the South China Sea since the late 1990s

In this paper, the interdecadal variability of upper-ocean temperature in the South China Sea(SCS) is investigated based on several objectively analyzed data sets and two reanalysis data sets. The trends of the SCS sea surface temperature(SST) have changed from warming to cooling since the late 1990 s. A heat budget analysis suggests that the warming of the surface mixed layer during 1984–1999 is primarily attributed to the horizontal heat advection and the decrease of upward long wave radiation, with the net surface heat flux playing a damping role due to the increase of upward latent and sensible heat fluxes. On the other hand, the cooling of the surface mixed layer during 2000–2009 is broadly controlled by net surface heat flux, with the radiation flux playing the dominant role. A possible mechanism is explored that the variation of a sea level pressure(SLP) over the North Pacific Ocean may change the prevailing winds over the SCS, which contributes to the change of the SST in the SCS through the horizontal heat advection and heat fluxes.

Rare earth elements and yttrium in ferromanganese deposits from the South China Sea:distribution,composition and resource considerations

Ferromanganese nodules and crusts contain relatively high concentration of rare earth elements(REE) and yttrium(REY),with a growing interest in exploitation as an alternative to land-based REY resources.On the basis of comprehensive geochemical approach,the abundance and distribution of REY in the ferromanganese nodules from the South China Sea are analyzed.The results indicate that the REY contents in ferromanganese deposits show a clear geographic regularity.Total REY contents range from 69.1×10^(–6) to 2 919.4×10^(–6),with an average value of 1 459.5×10^(–6).Especially,the enrichment rate of Ce content is high,accounting for almost 60% of the total REY.This REE enrichment is controlled mainly by the sorption of ferromanganese oxides and clay minerals in the nodules and crusts.Moreover,the total REY are higher in ferromanganese deposits of hydrogenous origin than of diagenetic origin.Finally,Light REE(LREE) and heavy REE(HREE) oxides of the ferromanganese deposits in the study area can be classified into four grades: non-enriched type,weakly enriched type,enriched type,and extremely enriched type.According to the classification criteria of rare earth resources,the Xisha and Zhongsha platform-central deep basin areas show a great potential for these rare earth metals.

Comparison between the Response of the Northwest Pacific Ocean and the South China Sea to Typhoon Megi(2010)

The upper-ocean responses to Typhoon Megi(2010)are investigated using data from ARGO floats and the satellite TMI.The experiments are conducted using a three-dimensional Princeton Ocean Model(POM)to assess the storm,which affected the Northwest Pacific Ocean(NWP)and the South China Sea(SCS).Results show that the upwelling and entrainment experiment together account for 93% of the SST anomalies,where typhoon-induced upwelling may cause strong ocean cooling.In addition,the anomalous SST cooling is stronger in the SCS than in the NWP.The most striking feature of the ocean response is the presence of a two-layer inertial wave in the SCS—a feature that is absent in the NWP.The near-inertial oscillations can be generated as typhoon wakes,which have maximum flow velocity in the surface mixed layer and may last for a few days,after the typhoon's passage.Along the typhoon tracks,the horizontal currents in the upper ocean show a series of alternating negative and positive anomalies emanating from the typhoon.

The 30–60-day Intraseasonal Variability of Sea Surface Temperature in the South China Sea during May–September

This study investigates the structure and propagation of intraseasonal sea surface temperature(SST) variability in the South China Sea(SCS) on the 30–60-day timescale during boreal summer(May–September). TRMM-based SST, GODAS oceanic reanalysis and ERA-Interim atmospheric reanalysis datasets from 1998 to 2013 are used to examine quantitatively the atmospheric thermodynamic and oceanic dynamic mechanisms responsible for its formation. Power spectra show that the 30–60-day SST variability is predominant, accounting for 60% of the variance of the 10–90-day variability over most of the SCS. Composite analyses demonstrate that the 30–60-day SST variability is characterized by the alternate occurrence of basin-wide positive and negative SST anomalies in the SCS, with positive(negative) SST anomalies accompanied by anomalous northeasterlies(southwesterlies). The transition and expansion of SST anomalies are driven by the monsoonal trough–ridge seesaw pattern that migrates northward from the equator to the northern SCS. Quantitative diagnosis of the composite mixed-layer heat budgets shows that, within a strong 30–60-day cycle, the atmospheric thermal forcing is indeed a dominant factor, with the mixed-layer net heat flux(MNHF) contributing around 60% of the total SST tendency, while vertical entrainment contributes more than 30%. However, the entrainment-induced SST tendency is sometimes as large as the MNHF-induced component, implying that ocean processes are sometimes as important as surface fluxes in generating the30–60-day SST variability in the SCS.

A NUMERICAL STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURES WITH DIFFERENT TEMPORAL RESOLUTIONS ON TYPHOON DUJUAN OVER THE SOUTH CHINA SEA

Daily and weekly sea surface temperature data of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager and Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing System sensors are used as forcing of the underlying sea surface in the mesoscale numerical model to simulate Typhoon Dujuan that moved across the South China Sea in 2003. The numerical results show that different SSTs near the typhoon center result in differences in the atmospheric wind field, indicating that the model has a fast and obvious response to SSTs. Different SST influences the intensity and track of Dujuan to some degree and has significant impacts on its precipitation and latent heat flux near the eye. The SST influence on Dujuan is mainly fulfilled by changing the latent heat flux between the ocean surface and the atmosphere above.

CHARACTERISTICS OF INTENSITY CHANGE IN TROPICAL CYCLONES AFFECTING THE SOUTH CHINA SEA FROM 1977 TO 2007

The best track data of tropical cyclones (TCs) provided by Regional Specialized Meteorological Center (RSMC) Tokyo for the South China Sea (SCS) from 1977 to 2007 are employed to study the spatiotemporal variations (for a period of 12 hours) and the rapid (slow) intensification (RI/SI) of TCs with different intensity. The main results are as follows. (1) Over this period, the tropical storms (TSs) and severe tropical storms (STSs) mostly intensify or are steady while the typhoons (TYs) mostly weaken. The stronger a TC is initially, the more observation of its intensification and the less its variability will be; the more observation of its weakening is, the larger its variability will be. (2) The TC intensifies the fastest at 0000 UTC while weakening the fastest at 1200 UTC. (3) In the intensifying state, TSs, STSs, and TYs are mainly active in the northeastern, central-eastern, and central SCS respectively. The weakening cases mainly distribute over waters east off Hainan Island and Vietnam and west off the Philippines. Some cases of TSs and STSs weaken over the central SCS. (4) The RI cases form farther south in contrast to the SI cases. The RI cases are observed in regions where there are weaker vertical shear and easterly components at 200 hPa. The RI cases also have stronger mid-and lower-level warm-core structure and smaller radii of 15.4 m/s winds. The SI cases have slightly higher SST.

Intrusions of Kuroshio and Shelf Waters on Northern Slope of South China Sea in Summer 2015

The northern slope region of the South China Sea(SCS) is a biological hot spot characterized by high primary productivity and biomasses transported by cross-shelf currents, which support the spawning and growth of commercially and ecologically important fish species. To understand the physical and biogeochemical processes that promote the high primary production of this region, we conducted a cruise from June 10 and July 2, 2015. In this study, we used fuzzy cluster analysis and optimum multiparameter analysis methods to analyze the hydrographic data collected during the cruise to determine the compositions of the upper 55-m water masses on the SCS northern slope and thereby elucidate the cross-slope transport of shelf water(SHW) and the intrusions of Kuroshio water(KW). We also analyzed the geostrophic currents derived from acoustic Doppler current profiler measurements and satellite data. The results reveal the surface waters on the northern slope of the SCS to be primarily composed of waters originating from South China Sea water(SCSW), KW, and SHW. The SCSW dominated a majority of the study region at percentages ranging between 60% and 100%. We found a strong cross-slope current with speeds greater than 50 cms^(-1) to have carried SHW into and through the surveyed slope area, and KW to have intruded onto the slope via mesoscale eddies, thereby dominating the southwestern section of the study area.