Since 2000, we have published fifteen studies on the Chinese upscale gated communities （in Chinese ＂haohua bieshu qu＂ or ＂shehua bieshu qu＂）. This research was based on various field surveys around big or medium...Since 2000, we have published fifteen studies on the Chinese upscale gated communities （in Chinese ＂haohua bieshu qu＂ or ＂shehua bieshu qu＂）. This research was based on various field surveys around big or medium cities like Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, or Suzhou, and a theoretical framework. It also led us to carry out a statistical approach by elaborating a complete database on all the China＇s high-end gated communities. The main aim of the current article is to focus the analysis on the China＇s most luxurious zones of villas （e.g., Longhu Yiheyuan villas in Beijing, Ziyuan villas in Shanghai... ）. Indirectly, it appears an efficient way to get information on the still mysterious world of the China＇s very very rich people, their imaginary, their values, and their dreams. This analysis will be developed through two complementary approaches and parts. Firstly, we will discuss the general notion of luxury in China; we also will highlight the specific features of hyper-rich and hyper-luxury in China. It will describe the social stratification of the rich, their spatial distribution and patterns of consumption. In a more holistic approach, the analysis will put into perspective the special status of the rich in a socialist market economy and their very ambivalent image in the Chinese society. Secondly, it will focus on the notion of ＂residential hyper-luxury＂. Through field surveys, the analysis will compare the China＇s most expensive gated communities and elaborate a typology of hyper-luxurious gated communities by underlining their uniqueness and extreme nature.展开更多
The authors explore the intraseasonal oscillation(ISO)of rainfall anomalies in South China,the related circulation regimes,and discuss the possible causes of the large variability of the positive rainfall anomalies ov...The authors explore the intraseasonal oscillation(ISO)of rainfall anomalies in South China,the related circulation regimes,and discuss the possible causes of the large variability of the positive rainfall anomalies over South China during the winter of the 1982/83,1997/98 and 2015/16 super EI Nino events.Case-by-case analysis shows that the 10–20-day ISO associated with the successive heavy rainfall events lead to the positive anomalies of winter rainfall in the three winters.Meanwhile,the 20–50-day ISO is relatively stronger in the winter of 1982/83 and 2015/16 but weaker in the winter of 1997/98.Except for a different speed,the anomalies of the 200-hPa wave train associated with the two ISOs both propagate eastward along the westerly jet between 20 N and 30 N.In the winter of 1982/83 and 2015/16,when the upper-level subseasonal wave trains in different periods pass through South China,the in-phase enhancement of upper-level divergences and the pumping effect could induce the persistent heavy rainfall events,which facilitate the stronger seasonal-mean rainfall.Although the 10–20-day ISO alone in the winter of 1997/98 could cause the higher-frequency rainfall events,the weaker 20–50-day ISO attenuates the anomalies of the South China winter rainfall.Therefore,the joint effects of the 10–20-and 20–50-day ISOs are critical for the larger amount of above-normal rainfall over South China during the mature phase of super EI Nino events.展开更多
中转特惠Transfer Promotion全国近50个城市经北京至苏黎世当日即可中转;中转时间超过6小时,海航提供免费住宿。上海、广州、深圳、重庆、成都、杭州、大连、昆明、南京、武汉等城市经由北京中转苏黎世国内航段经济舱免费。Fly to Shang...中转特惠Transfer Promotion全国近50个城市经北京至苏黎世当日即可中转;中转时间超过6小时,海航提供免费住宿。上海、广州、深圳、重庆、成都、杭州、大连、昆明、南京、武汉等城市经由北京中转苏黎世国内航段经济舱免费。Fly to Shanghai,Nanjing,Guangzhou,Shenzhen,Wenzhou,Hangzhou via Beijing at no extra cost.展开更多
The land fallow policy was adopted by central and local governments to encourage the abandonment of water-intensive crops, such as winter wheat, in groundwater over-exploited areas. At the same time, since the 1990s, ...The land fallow policy was adopted by central and local governments to encourage the abandonment of water-intensive crops, such as winter wheat, in groundwater over-exploited areas. At the same time, since the 1990s, many households in the North China Plain （NCP） have chosen to replace the winter wheat and summer maize double-cropping system with the spring maize single-cropping system. Therefore, it is crucial to identify target land parcels for winter wheat abandonment and to design reasonable and proper standards for ecological compensation prior to the implementation of the land fallow policy in the NCP. In this study, multi-level Iogit models were used with household survey data in order to detect determinants across land parcel, household and village levels on household cropping system decisions; the opportunity costs for winter wheat abandonment were also calculated using cost-benefit analysis. The results show that： （1） land quality and irrigation condition at parcel level are two essential elements influencing household cropping system decisions. Nearly 70% of the total area of poor land and more than 90% of the total area of unirrigated land has suffered winter wheat abandonment. Target land parcels for the land fallow policy should be those that are irrigated and of high quality. （2） There were no significant differences between net profits from spring maize and summer maize under similar farming conditions, and the opportunity cost for winter wheat abandonment should be equal to the net profit of winter wheat. （3） The primary purpose of the land fallow policy is to induce groundwater recovery and restoration as a preliminary stage. A higher level of 350 yuan/mu is recommended as subsidy for ecological compensation at this stage. Later, the primary purpose of the policy should be a transition to a balance between exploitation and supplementation of water resources, and a lower level of 280 yuan/mu is recommended as a subsidy at this stage.展开更多
文摘Since 2000, we have published fifteen studies on the Chinese upscale gated communities （in Chinese ＂haohua bieshu qu＂ or ＂shehua bieshu qu＂）. This research was based on various field surveys around big or medium cities like Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, or Suzhou, and a theoretical framework. It also led us to carry out a statistical approach by elaborating a complete database on all the China＇s high-end gated communities. The main aim of the current article is to focus the analysis on the China＇s most luxurious zones of villas （e.g., Longhu Yiheyuan villas in Beijing, Ziyuan villas in Shanghai... ）. Indirectly, it appears an efficient way to get information on the still mysterious world of the China＇s very very rich people, their imaginary, their values, and their dreams. This analysis will be developed through two complementary approaches and parts. Firstly, we will discuss the general notion of luxury in China; we also will highlight the specific features of hyper-rich and hyper-luxury in China. It will describe the social stratification of the rich, their spatial distribution and patterns of consumption. In a more holistic approach, the analysis will put into perspective the special status of the rich in a socialist market economy and their very ambivalent image in the Chinese society. Secondly, it will focus on the notion of ＂residential hyper-luxury＂. Through field surveys, the analysis will compare the China＇s most expensive gated communities and elaborate a typology of hyper-luxurious gated communities by underlining their uniqueness and extreme nature.
基金jointly supported by the Special Fund for Public Welfare Industry[grant number GYHY20140619]the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant numbers41475057,41775052 and 41505049]the Basic Scientific Research and Operation Foundation of CAMS[grant numbers2015Z001 and 2017R001]
文摘The authors explore the intraseasonal oscillation(ISO)of rainfall anomalies in South China,the related circulation regimes,and discuss the possible causes of the large variability of the positive rainfall anomalies over South China during the winter of the 1982/83,1997/98 and 2015/16 super EI Nino events.Case-by-case analysis shows that the 10–20-day ISO associated with the successive heavy rainfall events lead to the positive anomalies of winter rainfall in the three winters.Meanwhile,the 20–50-day ISO is relatively stronger in the winter of 1982/83 and 2015/16 but weaker in the winter of 1997/98.Except for a different speed,the anomalies of the 200-hPa wave train associated with the two ISOs both propagate eastward along the westerly jet between 20 N and 30 N.In the winter of 1982/83 and 2015/16,when the upper-level subseasonal wave trains in different periods pass through South China,the in-phase enhancement of upper-level divergences and the pumping effect could induce the persistent heavy rainfall events,which facilitate the stronger seasonal-mean rainfall.Although the 10–20-day ISO alone in the winter of 1997/98 could cause the higher-frequency rainfall events,the weaker 20–50-day ISO attenuates the anomalies of the South China winter rainfall.Therefore,the joint effects of the 10–20-and 20–50-day ISOs are critical for the larger amount of above-normal rainfall over South China during the mature phase of super EI Nino events.
文摘中转特惠Transfer Promotion全国近50个城市经北京至苏黎世当日即可中转;中转时间超过6小时,海航提供免费住宿。上海、广州、深圳、重庆、成都、杭州、大连、昆明、南京、武汉等城市经由北京中转苏黎世国内航段经济舱免费。Fly to Shanghai,Nanjing,Guangzhou,Shenzhen,Wenzhou,Hangzhou via Beijing at no extra cost.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41571095,No.41271119
文摘The land fallow policy was adopted by central and local governments to encourage the abandonment of water-intensive crops, such as winter wheat, in groundwater over-exploited areas. At the same time, since the 1990s, many households in the North China Plain （NCP） have chosen to replace the winter wheat and summer maize double-cropping system with the spring maize single-cropping system. Therefore, it is crucial to identify target land parcels for winter wheat abandonment and to design reasonable and proper standards for ecological compensation prior to the implementation of the land fallow policy in the NCP. In this study, multi-level Iogit models were used with household survey data in order to detect determinants across land parcel, household and village levels on household cropping system decisions; the opportunity costs for winter wheat abandonment were also calculated using cost-benefit analysis. The results show that： （1） land quality and irrigation condition at parcel level are two essential elements influencing household cropping system decisions. Nearly 70% of the total area of poor land and more than 90% of the total area of unirrigated land has suffered winter wheat abandonment. Target land parcels for the land fallow policy should be those that are irrigated and of high quality. （2） There were no significant differences between net profits from spring maize and summer maize under similar farming conditions, and the opportunity cost for winter wheat abandonment should be equal to the net profit of winter wheat. （3） The primary purpose of the land fallow policy is to induce groundwater recovery and restoration as a preliminary stage. A higher level of 350 yuan/mu is recommended as subsidy for ecological compensation at this stage. Later, the primary purpose of the policy should be a transition to a balance between exploitation and supplementation of water resources, and a lower level of 280 yuan/mu is recommended as a subsidy at this stage.
