壳聚糖-海藻酸钠协同相互作用及其凝胶化的研究

研究了壳聚糖与海藻酸钠在总浓度为 4％、壳聚糖质量分数（r）为 0.8,温度为80℃、盐离子浓度为1.2mol·L-1时,它们之间的协同相互作用可达到最大值,同时探讨了制备温度（Tp）、盐离子浓度、恒温时间（t）、壳聚糖的分子量（Mv）和脱乙酰度（DD）对凝胶化的影响.结果表明,多糖之间的协同相互作用大小主要与壳聚糖质量分数、温度及盐离子浓度等有关,并根据红外光谱分析了两种多糖分子之间的相互作用机理.

黄原胶与魔芋胶协同相互作用及其凝胶化的研究

黄原胶和魔芋胶都是非凝胶多糖，但将二者按一定比例混合可以出现协同相互作用，得到凝胶．当黄原胶与魔芋胶的比例为７０／３０（ｍ／ｍ），总糖浓度为１．０％时协同效应达到最大值．混合多糖胶凝化能力不仅与混合比例有关，还与黄原胶的转变温度和体系盐离子浓度有关．

魔芋葡甘聚糖与结冷胶协同相互作用及凝胶化研究

魔芋葡甘聚糖与结冷胶按一定比例共混得到凝胶,测定凝胶强度,并用红外光谱仪对多糖分子间的相互作用机理进行分析。当总糖浓度为1.0%(wt),魔芋胶与结冷胶共混比例为40/60,制备温度为80℃,体系盐离子(Ca2+)浓度为6.0 mmol/L时可得到协同相互作用最大值,这是多糖分子间相互作用,发生了聚合交联,产生了协同增效作用。

卡拉胶与槐豆胶协同相互作用及其凝胶化

讨论了卡拉胶与槐豆胶（ＬＢＧ）形成凝胶的共混比例、最佳膨化温度和膨化熟成时间，以及制备温度和体系盐离子浓度对凝胶化的影响．

治疗传染病及寄生虫病药物

9711736 氧氟沙星和头孢噻肟抗临床常见病原体的协同相互作用/Jenkins S G//Infection.-1995,23(3).-154～162军医图9711737 饮酒对四环素动力学的影响/Seitz C//Int J Clin Pharmacol Therap.-1995,33(8).-462～464

Trade-offs and Synergies of Ecosystem Services in the Taihu Lake Ba- sin of China

Understanding the spatial interactions among multiple ecosystem services is crucial for ecosystem services management. Ecosystem services, including crop production, freshwater supply, aquatic production, net primary production, soil conservation, water conservation, flood regulation, forest recreation, were measured at 1-km grid scale covering the Taihu Lake Basin(TLB) of China. Our objective is to get a comprehensive understanding of the spatial distributions, trade-offs, synergies of multiple ecosystem services across the TLB. Our results found that: 1) majority of ecosystem services were clustered in space and had a similar spatial distribution pattern with the geographical resource endowment. Most of the landscape contributed a high supply of no services, one or two, and a low supply of three to seven services. 2) There were high correlation between forest recreation and freshwater supply and regulating services. Aquatic production had low correlation with other services. 3) The changes of provisioning services led to trade-offs between regulating services and cultural services in the TLB, while synergies mainly occurred among the provisioning service. 4) The spatial relationships of multiple services are consistent at 1-km spatial scale, counties and provinces. This research could help integrate multiple ecosystem services across scales and serve as a reference for decision making.

Boosting chiral carboxylic acid hydrogenation by tuning metal-MO_(x)-support interaction in Pt-ReO_(x)/TiO_(2) catalysts

Engineering the surface microenvironment by tuning the binary interactions between a supported metal with a secondary metal oxide(MO_(x))or support has been a common method for improving the catalytic performance of supported metal catalysts.However,few studies have investigated the ternary interactions among the metal,MO_(x),and support.Here,we report for the first time the formation of metal-MO_(x)-support interaction(MMSI)in reducible TiO_(2)-supported PtReO_(x) catalysts,affording 87% yield and 100% ee in the tandem hydrogenation of an aqueous chiral cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid into the corresponding diol;the catalytic activity is eight times higher than that obtained with non-reducible support counterparts in the same reaction via traditional batch synthesis with multiple steps and unfriendly reagents.Detailed experimental and computational studies suggest that the TiO_(2) crystalline phase-dependent density of the oxygen vacancies induces different Pt-ReO_(x)-TiO_(2) interactions,which dominate the electron transfer therein and tune the adsorption strength of the carbonyl moiety of the substrate/intermediate,thus promoting the hydrogenation activity and selectivity.In addition,the strong MMSI endows the optimal rutile TiO_(2) supported PtReO_(x) catalyst with an outstanding lifetime of 400 h in a fixed-bed reactor under acidic aqueous conditions and ensures efficient applications in the selective hydrogenation of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids and functional carboxylic acids.This work provides a promising strategy for the development of efficient and stable supported catalysts for the selective hydrogenation of diverse C-O and C=O bonds.

An Ocean Reanalysis System for the Joining Area of Asia and Indian-Pacific Ocean

An ocean reanalysis system for the joining area of Asia and Indian-Pacific Ocean (AIPO) has been developed and is currently delivering reanalysis data sets for study on the air-sea interaction over AIPO and its climate variation over China in the inter-annual time scale.This system consists of a nested ocean model forced by atmospheric reanalysis,an ensemble-based multivariate ocean data assimilation system and various ocean observations.The following report describes the main components of the data assimilation system in detail.The system adopts an ensemble optimal interpolation scheme that uses a seasonal update from a free running model to estimate the background error covariance matrix.In view of the systematic biases in some observation systems,some treatments were performed on the observations before the assimilation.A coarse resolution reanalysis dataset from the system is preliminarily evaluated to demonstrate the performance of the system for the period 1992 to 2006 by comparing this dataset with other observations or reanalysis data.

The Impact of Collaborative Reading on Iranian EFL Learners Development of Reading Comprehension

This research was carried out in Iranian EFL （English as a foreign language） reading comprehension classes in an attempt to answer three research questions： （1） Does collaborative reading lead to greater comprehension of a text than private reading？; （2） If so, what strategies are used by the students during collaborative reading？; and （3） In what ways might these strategies contribute to the higher level of comprehension？. A quasi-experimental design was used to answer the first question. The participants were pre-tested and streamed into two classes of equal reading comprehension abilities. The intervention consisted of four texts of equal length, comprising two rated in a pilot study as conceptually difficult/linguistically easy, and two rated as conceptually easy/linguistically difficult. The subjects in each class were involved in reading the two types of texts collaboratively and privately for four sessions. After reading the text, the subjects were asked to answer in writing 10 comprehension questions. Collaborative reading resulted in consistently and significantly higher scores than private reading for all four texts. Qualitative methods were employed to answer the last two questions. Group interactions during collaborative reading were tape recorded and transcribed, and 10 students selected at random from the two classes were interviewed in depth. Analysis of the group interaction transcripts revealed that the participants were using five major strategies in co-constructing meaning from the texts. These strategies included brainstorming, clarifying the language, summarizing, paraphrasing, and interaction management. Other minor （i.e., infrequent） strategies were also identified, such as making PCU/NCU （positive/negative claim to understand）, eliciting confirmation, and confirming.

jadR* and jadR2 act synergistically to repress jadomycin biosynthesis

The biosynthesis of antibiotics is controlled by cascade regulation involving cluster-situated regulators (CSRs) and pleiotropic regulators. Three CSRs have been identified in the jadomycin biosynthetic gene cluster, including one OmpR-type activator (JadR1) and two TetR-like repressors (JadR* and JadR2). To examine their interactions in jadomycin biosynthesis, a series of mutants were generated and tested for jadomycin production. We noticed that jadomycin production in the jadR*-jadR2 double mutant was increased dramatically compared with either single mutant. Transcriptional analysis showed that jadR* and jadR2 act synergistically to repress jadomycin production by inhibiting the transcription of jadR1. Furthermore, jadR* and jadR2 reciprocally inhibit each other. The complex interactions among these three CSRs may provide clues for the activation of the jadomycin gene cluster, which would otherwise remain silent without stimulation from stress signals.

Tectonomicrobiology:A new paradigm for geobiological research

Geomicrobiology is a sub-discipline of geobiology and emphasizes the interaction between microorganisms and their environment on Earth. There is a need to explicitly emphasize the biogeochemical processes performed by microorganisms associated with Earth's tectonic activities, especially under the framework of the modern theory of plate tectonics. Tectonomicrobiology aims to create a better synergy between microbial and active tectonic processes. This explicit synergy should also foster better communications between solid Earth scientists and life scientists in terms of holistic Earth system dynamics at both tectonic and micro-scales.

Governing Climate Change Risks： Implications for Mitigation and Adaptation

This article analyzed climate change risks from the perspective of con- temporary environmental risks and how they have been internalized by policy. In order to do so, the main characteristics of this type of risk were analyzed based on the contributions from social theory authors on contemporary environmental risks. Next, the implications of these characteristics for the production of policy responses to climate change risks were discussed. The two main types of policy responses to climate change in the literature were presented： mitigation and adaptation. Finally, their interaction, differences and possibilities for synergy were analyzed. Under- standing climate change as a contemporary environmental risk, the way it was presented in this article, implies a radical change in the development bases of society, since greenhouse gases emissions from human activities contribute to the aggravation of global warming. Climate change challenges the traditional ways of governing in many ways, since climate change policy should involve the ques- tioning of the current processes of development. Profound changes in ways of thinking and established political action are needed.