沈葆桢督江时期的南北洋关系(1875-1879)

沈葆桢总督两江期间,是湘系督抚把持江督和南洋大臣的间隔时期,亦是南北洋关系变动的关键时期。其间,南洋无论在筹建近代水师,还是在协饷北洋淮军、整顿江南制造总局和轮船招商局局务上,均能与北洋和衷共济,支持北洋,即使偶有分歧,仍合作居多。在海防塞防之争中,沈葆桢虽表示将持平相待,但实则偏向北洋。但在吴淞铁路案的交涉上,沈葆桢主张强硬,李鸿章则主张周旋,沈、李的外交态度,凸显南北洋关系的分歧。沈葆桢督江期间,北洋洋务、海防逐渐后来居上,对晚清内外权力格局的变动产生重大影响。

南北洋大臣的设立及其与总理衙门的关系

1861年1月,清政府为适应《北京条约》签订后中外关系的新局势,设立了主管外交和通商的中央机关——总理各国事务衙门(简称:总理衙门、总署),派恭亲王奕訢、大学士桂良、军机大臣文祥三人为该衙门“管理”大臣。这是有史以来中国封建王朝所设立的第一个专门的中央外交机关,是清末外务部的前身。同一时期,清政府还在上海、天津两地设有南北洋通商大臣。南北洋大臣与总理衙门在工作和人事上都有着十分密切的关系。清代官方典籍和现今史著对南北洋大臣的设立原委、职责及其与总理衙门的关系,大多语焉不详,或有讹误。不少史著认为南北洋大臣与总理衙门同时设立,且为总署的下属机构,是论均不确实,对此有必要以历史文件为依据加以考察澄清。

南北洋舰队援闽的不可行性——从中法两国舰队的战略部署分析

马江战役之前,法国舰队灵活多变的军事部署使中国各支海军在实际操作中不能集中兵力;张佩纶轻敌主战,将原来散处各处的福建舰队的弱舰集中到马江与法方的强舰对峙,本意是先发制人,因受到清政府的阻挠反而成为法舰的靶子。所以,在当时的情况下,援闽的中国船只越多,损失就会越大,南北洋舰队未能援闽也有其合理性。

唐宋莆田南北洋的开发与妈祖信仰的传播发展

介绍唐宋莆田南北洋开发的历史过程,宋代木兰陂建成后,莆田南北洋大开发完全改变了莆田的社会、经济、文化面貌,农业一岁三熟,科举文教大兴,不仅为妈祖信仰的传播、发展提供了必要的经济条件、文化支撑和宗教土壤,而且直接促成宋代妈祖信仰的快速传播和大放异彩。

浅析莆田南北洋水环境的整治

通过分析莆田南北洋水环境的现状、主要功能、洪涝灾害及成因等方面,说明整治南北洋河道的必要性,并提出相应的措施和对策。

莆田市南北洋海堤险工隐患成因分析及除险加固工程措施

该文介绍莆田市南北洋海堤多年运行出现的病情、成因分析以及海堤除险加固的多种工程措施,为后期堤防加固工作提供一定的借鉴。

莆田市南北洋河道管理存在的问题及对策

该文阐述了莆田市南北洋河道的基本情况,分析了目前南北洋河道管理中存在的主要问题,在此基础上提出了新时期提高南北洋河道管理水平的思路及对策,供参考。

木兰溪南北洋河道运行调度与管理刍议

木兰陂建于北宋时期,为福建省唯一的世界灌溉工程遗产,其南北节制闸引水灌溉的南北洋平原,总面积约425 km^(2)。区内河流流程短、落差大,一旦遭遇台风暴雨,会迅速形成洪峰;若同时遭遇天文大潮,海水沿溪上溯,加之强降雨带来的区间涝水,极易形成洪、涝、潮碰头,导致两岸漫溢,带来严重的洪涝灾害。文章分析了日常河道运行管理存在的问题与应对措施,并提出了科学的防洪调度方案。

莆田南北洋河网水污染及防治对策

该文在分析莆田南北洋河网水污染原因的基础上,结合莆田市防治水污染实践,提出了宣教防污、节水减污、管道截污、绿化拦污、清淤除污、调水冲污、依法治污、监管止污等8个防治对策,供参考。

明朝南北洋海疆经略比较研究——以郑和、亦失哈为考察中心

明代是我国海疆开始出现重大变化的重要时期。明初,来自北元势力的侵扰与倭寇的入侵,使得统治者将边疆经略上升为国家政策的重要环节。明成祖朱棣继位后,为了维护海疆安宁,分别派遣郑和与亦失哈出使南北洋。明王朝出于不同的目的,运用不同的手段方式进行经略,实现了各民族关系的融合,使得国家政权稳固,边疆安定。

刘坤一与第二次四明公所事件交涉

总理衙门成立以后,清政府重要的对外政策都是由总理衙门大臣和后来设在南京及天津的南北洋大臣决定的。在李鸿章担任两江总督之后,南洋大臣一般都是由两江总督兼任,导致两江总督的外交权力更加吃重。而外国的外交官们也热衷于采用'自上而下'的方式,即直接与中央政府或高官打交道,~①这使得两江总督在外交事务中扮演了更为重要的角色。

“七五”普法之花别样红——省水利厅推进“七五”普法工作综述

治国凭圭臬,安邦靠准绳,法律是治国、治水之重器,普法是法律知识的宣传、学习,是守法、用法、执法的前提和基础。2016—2020年“七五”普法规划开展以来,我省水利系统法治宣传教育紧紧围绕水利建设与发展大局,深入宣传宪法、水法律、法规,以领导干部、国家工作人员和青少年为普法重点,以“法律六进”为载体,以落实“谁执法谁普法”普法责任制为抓手,将法治宣传与法治实践相结合,不断创新普法方式,广大水利干部职工法治思维和依法办事能力进一步提高,公民法治意识和法治素养不断提升,水利法治宣传教育取得显著成效。

North Atlantic forcing of autumn drought in Southwest China

Drought often lasts long and is thus closely related to slowly varying external forcing such as sea surface temperature(SST).Here,based on observed precipitation and SST data along with NCEP-DOE reanalysis data,the possible impacts of North Atlantic SST on drought formation in Southwest China are investigated.Results show that northeast-southwest-orientated dipole SST anomalies in the mid-high latitudes of the North Atlantic are closely related to autumn drought in Southwest China;the linear correlation coefficient between them reaches 0.48 during 1979-2020,significant at the 0.001 level.The dipole SST anomalies trigger southeastward-propagating Rossby waves and induce barotropic cyclonic circulation anomalies over India and the western Tibetan Plateau.This enhances the upward motion in northern India and the western Tibetan Plateau and causes a compensating downdraft,reduced precipitation,and consequent drought formation in Southwest China.

OPERATIONAL ENSEMBLE FORECASTING AND ANALYSIS OF TROPICAL CYCLONES OVER THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC(INCLUDING THE SOUTH CHINA SEA)

Based on the tropical cyclone data from the Central Meteorological Observatory of China, Japan Meteorological Agency, Joint Typhoon Warning Center and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts （ECMWF） during the period of 2004 to 2009, three consensus methods are used in tropical cyclone （TC） track forecasts. Operational consensus results show that the objective forecasts of ECMWF help to improve consensus skill by 2%, 3%-5% and 3%-5%, decrease track bias by 2.5 kin, 6-9 km and 10-12 km for the 24 h, 48 h and 72 h forecasts respectively over the years of 2007 to 2009. Analysis also indicates that consensus forecasts hold positive skills relative to each member. The multivariate regression composite is a method that shows relatively low skill, while the methods of arithmetic averaging and composite （in which the weighting coefficient is the reciprocal square of mean error of members） have almost comparable skills among members. Consensus forecast for a lead time of 96 h has negative skill relative to the ECMWF objective forecast.

Seismic stratigraphy of the Qiongdongnan deep sea channel system,northwest South China Sea

Based on more than 4000 km 2D seismic data and seismic stratigraphic analysis, we discussed the extent and formation mechanism of the Qiongdongnan deep sea channel. The Qiongdongnan deep sea channel is a large incised channel which extends from the east boundary of the Yinggehai Basin, through the whole Qiongdongnan and the Xisha trough, and terminates in the western part of the northwest subbasin of South China Sea. It is more than 570 km long and 4–8 km wide. The chaotic (or continuous) middle (or high) amplitude, middle (or high) continuity seismic facies of the channel reflect the different lithological distribution of the channel. The channel formed as a complex result of global sea level drop during early Pliocene, large scale of sediment supply to the Yinggehai Basin, inversion event of the Red River strike-slip fault, and tilted direction of the Qiongdongnan Basin. The large scale of sediment supply from Red River caused the shelf break of the Yinggehai Basin to move torwards the S and SE direction and developed large scale of prograding wedge from the Miocene, and the inversion of the Red River strike-slip fault induced the sediment slump which formed the Qiongdongnan deep sea channel.

An enhanced influence of sea surface temperature in the tropical northern Atlantic on the following winter ENSO since the early 1980s

Previous studies have revealed a connection between springtime sea surface temperature （SST） in the tropical northern Atlantic （TNA） and the succeeding wintertime El Nino-Southern Oscillation （ENSO）. The present analysis demonstrates that the linkage between springtime TNA SST and the following ENSO experiences an obvious interdecadal change around the early 1980s, with the connection being weak before but significant after. After the early 1980s, springtime positive TNA SST anomalies induce an anomalous cyclone over the northeastern subtropical Pacific and an anomalous Walker circulation with a descending branch over the tropical central-eastern Pacific. This leads to anomalous cold SST in the northeastern Pacific and an anomalous anticyclone over the western-central tropical Pacific, with anomalous easterlies to the equatorward side. As such, springtime TNA SST anomalies are followed by wintertime ENSO after the early 1980s. In contrast, before the early 1980s, anomalous cold SST in the northeastern Pacific and related anomalous easterlies over the western-central tropical Pacific are weak, corresponding to springtime positive TNA SST anomalies and resulting in a weak linkage between springtimeTNA SST and the succeeding wintertime ENSO. Further investigation implies that the change in the TNA SST-ENSO relationship is probably due to a change in springtime mean precipitation over the tropical Atlantic and South America.

FEATURES AND COMPARISONS OF THE QUASI-BIENNIAL VARIATIONS IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC MONSOON SUBSYSTEMS

The National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis data, Climate Diagnostics Center Merged Analysis of Precipitation (CMAP) results, and NOAA Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature (SST), have been utilized in this paper to study the quasi-biennial variations in Asia-Pacific monsoon subsystems and associated SST anomalies (SSTA) and wind anomalies. Four monsoon indices are computed from NCEP/ National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) reanalysis to represent the South Asian monsoon (SAM), South China Sea summer monsoon (SCSSM), Western North Pacific monsoon (WNPM) and East Asian monsoon (EAM), respectively. The quasi-biennial periods are very significant in Asia-Pacific monsoons (as discovered by power spectrum analysis), and for SAM and EAM---with moderate effects by El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)---the quasi-biennial periods are the most important factor. For SCSSM and WNPM (once again due to the effects of ENSO), the quasi-biennial periods are of secondary durations. There are obvious interdecadal variations in the quasi-biennial modes of the Asia-Pacific monsoon, so in the negative phase the biennial modes will not be significant or outstanding. The wind anomalies and SSTA associated with the biennial modes are very different in the SAM, WNPM and EAM regions. Since the WNPM and SCSSM are very similar in the biennial modes, they can be combined into one subsystem, called SCS/WNPM.

Does the Asian monsoon modulate tropical cyclone activity over the South China Sea?

To investigate whether the Asian monsoon influences tropical cyclone (TC) activity over the South China Sea (SCS), TCs (including tropical storms and typhoons) over the SCS are analyzed using the Joint Typhoon Warning Center dataset from 1945 to 2009. Results show an increasing trend in the frequencies of TC-all (all TCs over the SCS) and TY-all (all typhoons over the SCS), due mainly to an increase in the number of TCs moving into the SCS after development elsewhere. Little change is seen in the number of TCs that form in the SCS. The results of wavelet analysis indicate that the frequency of typhoons (TY) shows a similar oscillation as that of TCs, i.e., a dominant periodicity of 8-16 years around the 1970s for all TC activity, except for TC-mov (TCs that moved into the SCS from the western North Pacific). To examine the relationship between typhoon activity and the summer monsoon, a correlation analysis was performed that considered typhoons, TCs, and five monsoon indexes. The analysis reveals statistically significant negative correlation between the strength of the Southwest Asian summer monsoon and typhoon activity over the SCS, which likely reflects the effect of the monsoon on TC formation in the western North Pacific (WNP) and subsequent movement into the SCS. There is a statistically significant negative correlation between TY-loc (typhoons that developed from TCs formed over the SCS) and the South China Sea summer monsoon and Southeast Asian summer monsoon.

THE SOUTH CHINA SEA SUMMER MONSOON AND THE SEASONAL MODALITY AND WEST EXTENDING OF THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE PACIFIC SUBTROPICAL HIGH

Based on the 4-layer dbl wavelet packet and shannon entropy decomposition /reconstruction method and the NCEP/NCAR daily reanalysis data set, the correlation between the South China Sea summer monsoon and the Northern Hemisphere Pacific subtropical high seasonal modality/shift xvas studied and discussed, and a corresponding summer monsoon frequency-band energy criterion was defined and introduced for diagnosing the Pacific subtropical high’s modality/shift. A few new phenomena and correlation between the South China Sea summer monsoon and the Northern Hemisphere Pacific subtropical high were also revealed and presented.

Seismic sequence and depositional evolution of slope basins in mid-northern margin of the South China Sea

As one of the biggest marginal seas in the western Pacific margin, the South China Sea （SCS） experienced continental rifting and seafloor spreading during the Cenozoic. The northern continental margin of the SCS is classified as a passive continental margin. However, its depositional and structural evolution remains controversial, especially in the deep slope area. The lack of data hindered the correlation between continental shelf and oceanic basin, and prevented the establishment of sequence stratigraphic frame of the whole margin. The slope basins in the mid-northern margin of SCS developed in the Cenozoic; the sediments and basin infill recorded the geological history of the continental margin and the SCS spreading. Using multi-channel seismic dataset acquired in three survey cruises during 1987 to 2004, combined with the data of ODP Leg 184 core and industrial wells, we carried out the sequence stratigraphic division and correlation of the Cenozoic in the middle-northern margin of SCS with seismic profiles and sedimentary facies. We interpreted the seismic reflection properties including continuity, amplitude, fi＇equency, reflection terminals, and 15 sequence boundaries of the Cenozoic in the study area, and correlated the well data in geological age. The depositional environment changed from river and lake, shallow bay to open-deep sea, in correspondence to tectonic events of syn-rifting, early drifting, and late drifting stages of basin evolution.