南意大利的诺曼征服

诺曼人对南意大利的征服，直至建立西西里王国，是１１、１２世纪地中海世界纷繁历史的一个侧面。诺曼人倚恃其出色的军事和外交才能，适时地利用了当时意大利半岛上罗马教廷、拜占廷帝国、德意志皇帝、阿拉伯贵族以及本地王公豪强诸种势力错综交织的复杂格局，频频出击，步步为营，形成为一种引人瞩目的政治存在，并对中世纪欧洲历史文化产生相当的影响。

加里波迪让南意大利统一于撒丁王国是错误的吗?

本文针对多年来国内外一些学者把加里波迪在1860年让南意大利统一于撒丁王国的做法的种种批评指责意见提出异议,认为:1.加氏让南意大利统一于撒丁王国的做法顺从民意;2.此举是从当时意大利社会的主要矛盾和革命的首要任务去考虑问题的;3.是根据意大利国情和以往革命经验教训而选择的统一道路;4.是为国家民族利益着想和避免意大利内讧而作出的正确决策。所以加里波迪的这一正确做法,不是“政治上的软弱性和不彻底性”的表现,而恰说明他是个伟大的爱国主义者,和杰出而有远见的资产阶级革命家和政治家。

论南意大利归并撒丁王国的历史必然性

本文针对六十年代以来国内一些大学教材中把南意大利归并撒丁王国说成是加里波第的软弱和局限性所“拱送”加富尔的观点,拟从资产阶级革命时代的领导阶级、意大利政治势力对比、南意大利当时的客观历史情况以及加里波第本人的追求和愿望诸方面论述南意大利统一于撒丁王国旗帜下是当时意大利乃至整个世界的客观形势所决定,是历史的必然,加里波第是顺应时代潮流,实事求是地同意南方的归并。

试论意大利封建社会发展的历史特点

自476年西罗马帝国灭亡至1861年意大利王国建立,是意大利历史上的封建时代。意大利封建社会的历史既体现了人类社会发展的共同规律,又具有本民族的特色。意大利封建社会的特色是什么?笔者试作探讨,以就教于史学界的同志们。

论布匿战争性质的转换

本文对布匿战争的性质是“帝国主义战争”的传统观点提出歧见。在理论上明确了近代帝国主义与古代帝国涵义的区别。以时段论分析的方法，简述了三次布匿战争的进程，论证了第一次布匿战争从双方来看都是非正义的“帝国主义战争”；第二次布匿战争迦太基方面是侵略性的，而罗马方面带有自卫的性质；第三次布匿战争罗马蓄意要消灭迦太基，无疑是非正义的，而迦太基为了保卫国家的生存，展开了英勇顽强的斗争，是值得赞颂的。总之，分时段评论布匿战争的性质才是客现的、公正的、全面的。

吹毛求疵录——读朱寰主编《世界中古史》(欧洲部分)

继上两篇讨论朱本《世界中古史》关于美、非、亚洲部分的疏失(共31处)之后,本篇接下支辨析该书欧洲部分的内容,见于该书第一章、第二章、第七至第十二章。辨析的问题,原则上仍只限于史实、概念和逻辑方面的明显疏失,尽量不牵涉复杂的学术争论和主观价值判断。辨析的文句,皆引自该书修订本1986年版(吉林文史出版社),只标页码,不另一一说明出处。

世界广播电视教育纵览（二）

世界广播电视教育纵览（二）张瑞麟三、意大利的电视教育意大利电视由意大利广播电视公司（ＲＡＤＩＯＴＥＬＥＶＩＳＩＯＮＥＩＴＡＬＩＡＮＡ，简称“ＲＡＩ”）专利经营。１９５８年ＲＡＩ首次播出一组电视教学节目，命名为“电视学校”（ＴＥＬＥＳＣＯＵＬＡ）。它按...

被告席上的安德雷奥蒂——意大利一位资深政治家被控与黑手党有染

吻一下仅仅是一个接吻吗?不,在意大利事情并不那么简单。3月初西西里首府巴勒莫法官起诉朱利奥·安德雷奥蒂,一位曾在1972——1992年七度担任总理的意大利资深政治家。

Yield Response to Deficit Irrigation and Partial Root-Zone Drying in Processing Tomato （Lycopersicon esculentum Mill,）

Due to the global expansion of irrigated areas and the limited availability of irrigation water, it is necessary to optimize water use in order to maximize crop yields under water deficit conditions. To evaluate the yield response of two processing tomato hybrids （Ercole and Genius） grown under different irrigation treatments, a field trial was conducted during the 2008 growing season in Southern Italy. Three irrigation treatments were used： the restitution of 70% of maximum evapotranspiration （ETc） both under ＂Deficit Irrigation＂ （70DI） and ＂Partial Root-zone Drying＂ （70PRD） strategies; full irrigated （FI： 100% ETc）. The two water deficit irrigation treatments （DI and PRD） showed stomatal conductance values lower than FI treatment and saved a substantial amount of water maintaining reasonable marketable yield. Moreover, PRD strategy showed slightly higher ＂Water Use Efficiency＂ （WUE） values than DI. Finally, ＂yield response factor＂ （Ky） showed always values less than unity, indicating the possibility to adopt, within certain limited condition, both DI and PRD in field-grown processing tomato cultivated in Southern Italy. In conclusion, in our experimental conditions, deficit irrigation practices seem to be acceptable relatively to processing tomato yield aspects and Ky could be promoted as a useful indicator for irrigation in water deficit conditions.

Forest structure of a maple old-growth stand: a case study on the Apennines mountains(Southern Italy)

In Europe, very small forest areas can be considered to be old-growth, and they are mainly located in Eastern Europe. The typical structures of old growth forests infrequently occur in Mediterranean mountainous environments, since they have been affected by human activities for centuries. This study focused on a remote and almost pure Italian maple stand located in southern Italy, which has not been managed for long time due to its inaccessibility. The effects of natural evolution on the forest stand were evaluated through the analysis of the spatial and chronological structure and the regeneration patterns, then estimating the amounts and quality of deadwood occurrence. Across the whole stand, all the trees with DBH （diameter at breast height） larger than 50 cm （LLT, large living trees） were measured （DBH and height） and age was also determined through a dendrochronological approach. The diameters observed ranged between 50 and 145 cm with ages of 12o to ~5o years. The Latham index calculated for trees within the sample plot highlighted a multilayered canopy with a dominant layer of largeliving trees （age 〉 120 years）. The size-class distribution of stems had a reverse-J shape, and basal area was 52 m2 ha-1. Deadwood was exclusively constituted by standing dead trees and CWD and its volume was on average 31 m3 ha-1. Pure Italian maple forests are generally rare in Europe, and it was unexpected to find a forest stand characterized by a so complex structure with old growth attributes. The study of complex forest stand, even if small, could give precious information on the forest evolution, clarifying also diverse auto-ecological traits of tree species that usually are not common in our forests.

Magical, Ambiguous and Salacious： Naples in the English Travel Memoirs （1816-1841）

Through an analysis of the accounts of English travellers in Naples between 1816 and 1841, the objective of this paper is to attempt to identify an image of the city and its inhabitants without following the direction of the usual negative stereotypes common to much of the literature associated with the ＂Grand Tourist＂, a literature to which scholars and readers from the 16th to the 19th century were used. The research also aims to demonstrate through previously unknown and unheeded sources that there were not only those English travellers on their Grand Tour of the post-Restoration Bourbon Mezzogiorno （southern Italy） looking for an opportunity of comparing their own civilization （which was considered far superior） to a more fragile reality. There were also other British people who had identified, with a critical eye and spirit of observation, the existence of a Naples and a south Italy which did not merely represent the sum of stereotypes and fallacies handed down through the centuries, and thus refusing the obvious, predictable and false approach given by their own countrymen.

＂A Perfect Heroine in Foreign Travel.＂ Female Mobile Identities and Southern Italy in the 19th Century Non-feminist Periodical Press

This essay focuses on the interaction between the publication of female travel writing about the South of Italy in non-feminist 19th century British periodicals, and the circulation of a transgressive model of femininity centred on the concepts of mobility, vitality and visibility. The choice of Southern Italy, an anti-tourist destination that since the era of the Grand Tour had been considered dangerous for men, let alone for women, magnifies female heroic attitudes and contaminates female conventional domestic purity enhancing the concept of an unfixed female identity. The publication of a travelogue, a mostly non-fictional genre, on an innovative and reactive medium, was a manifest act of transgression with respect to fixed social order, which gave visibility and credibility to a different model of femininity, an anti-Angel icon. A new form of narration displays adventurous women able to cross the private sphere and to write/publish authentic accounts of their transitional experience in a public, male-dominated sphere.

Wine and Its Legality -A Survey to Know the Consumer Opinions on the Activities of Sicilian Wine Companies Operating on Lands Confiscated from the Mafia

The current guidelines of the European Union Common Agricultural Policy face the agricultural sector in the position of the backbone for the economic development of rural areas and regions with difficult economic differentiation. The EU Common Agricultural Policy defines agriculture as ＂multifunctional＂ and among the different roles and functions expected, there is also the ＂social function＂, defined as the ability that the farm has to generate services with respect to a population with risk of social exclusion. This paper investigated all the agricultural initiatives with social impacts that were carried in the lands confiscated from the organized crime （called mafia）, mainly in the South of Italy and especially in Sicily. Through an Italian law, these lands could be used with social purposes by a particular kind of associations which might exercise an agricultural activity with the aim to produce food products, sell them in the market and offer employment opportunities in the agricultural sector. In particular, in Sicily, the activity of the ＂Social Cooperative Placido Rizzotto-Libera Terra＂ and its winery ＂Cantina Centopassi＂ which received honors and awards tbr its production of wine obtained from the earliest harvests and for its social work in that territory were well known. This work, which was part of a much broader study on ＂wine and legality＂, aimed to know the opinion of Sicilian wine consumers and their knowledge about this topic with particular reference to the Cantina Centopassi.

Religious and Cultural Significance of the Citron （Citrus medica L. ＇Diamante＇） from Calabria （South Italy）： A Biblical Fruit of the Mediterranean Land

The history and geographical origin of citron （Citrus medica L.） is still unknown but most of authors agree that it originated in Southeast Asia. There are different opinions about the exact period and the steps by which it was brought from its country of origin to the Mediterranean basin where it is cultivated in Corsica, Crete and in southern Italy （Calabria region）. In particulary, Citrus medica ＇Diamante＇ grows, almost exclusively, in a restricted area of the Tyrrhenian cost of the region Calabria, called ＂Riviera dei Cedri＂, a relevant local economic district. This citron has been and is, still being used by Jews for worship during the Feast of Tabernacles, a very important religious ritual, where it plays a prominent part; in fact, for this holiday of Sukkot, the use of the authentic citron that grows in Calabria region is recommended, because it is not grafted. In this paper, the fascinating history of C. medica and its spread from the centers of origin to the Mediterranean is reported with the aim to investigate the religious and cultural significance of the C. medica ＇Diamante＇, an exclusive and historical heritage of the Calabria region.

Spanish Last Names in the Naples Periphery

The purpose of this study is to shed light on the southern part of Italy where Catalonians ruled. Great numbers of Spaniards, principally the Catalonians, headed to that country. This affected the language, and, in turn, the history of people＇s last names. At first, some of the Spanish last names were used as nicknames for Italians. The method 1 used to get the data from primary sources was from spending time in Italy for four consecutive summers and visiting towns in the Naples area while I collected surnames found on houses. The Catalonians came to rule Sardinia, and their language and subsequently Spanish were official on the island. The linguistic influence of Spanish does not stop with surnames. A list of Spanish and Basque surnames which is redolent of the history of southern Italy and Sicily is appended. The geolinguistics interest lies in the way that the study of language, both ordinary words and proper nouns, offers important clues to the lives and movements of people of ages past, reflects political and economic aspects and also explains the ethnic origin of people who live in Sicily and Italy today or are descendants of Italians who have been important immigrants in the Americas, in Australia, and indeed around the world.

Historical and Traditional Notes on Collecting Crop Genetic Resources in Central Part of Calabria Region

A collecting expedition has been carried out in the central part of Calabria region, south Italy; it has been concentrated on Reventino, Serre, Occitan and Albanian areas that were covered in certain coinciding sites in the past. In totality, 50 accessions belonging to 14 taxa were collected from 8 collecting sites, representing mainly highly variable old landraces of vegetables and cereals and, especially, of pulses; most of them that appear severely threatened by genetic erosion are still cultivated, at certain level, by old farmers and directly used by their families. A comparison of the results of the previous missions that have been carried out in Calabria region that preserve valuable crop genetic resources on farm shows the large degree of genetic erosion for all crops collected. The results stressed the need to conserve a considerable amount of material endangered and the necessity of our ongoing care for their preservation either on farms or ex situ in genebanks. The complementarity of both conservation methods is needed.

Identity, Traditions and Lack of Environmental Behaviour

Place memories （traditions）, transmitted through art and the stories of a community, are key elements for the construction of individual and collective identity, connected to specific places. In this regard the authors examined how the representation of traditions affects place identity and in what ways the cultural heritage of the town might influence environmental forms of behaviour such as plans and projects. To this end the authors investigated the small town of Pagani in southern Italy, which has many ancient cultural traditions linked to specific locations and their rituals such as the festival of Our Lady of the Hens. Our contribution favours a qualitative approach in examining the data gathered and a participative methodology. The statistical analysis of the vocabulary distribution within 83 texts concerning town and its traditions, written by local citizens （52% male and 48% female） of different ages （range： 18-78） revealed a strong place identity. Narrative interviews （14） with key people were then analysed by means of grounded theory. In the perspective of conservation psychology the authors finally focussed on how feelings of impotence and social distrust influence relations between citizens and their local environment.

Homophobia and Labor Market： Some Social-Economic AspectsHomophobia and Labor Market： Some Social-Economic Aspects

The sexual orientation discrimination in the labor market is a cause of failure and a source of inequity in the distribution of income and wealth. Discriminatory treatment of people belonging to a minority group leads to lower wages, and it interferes with their promotions and their productivity. The victims of discrimination are often professionally unvalued, and this can cause their eventual lack of growth for both position and salary, notwithstanding their abilities and creativeness would give a great impulse to the economics. In addition to this, the emotional and physical stress linked to （he concealing strategies of people, who are apt to conceal their homosexuality, increases their feelings of discomfort in the labor market. This paper analyzes the relation between sexual orientation and discrimination in the labor market from the theoretical and empirical points of view. It studies the results of a survey carried out in southern Italy and is based on the sample of 200 gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender （GLBT） employees.

Antioxidant Properties, Polyphenol Content and Colorimetric Characteristics of Different Floral Origin Honeys from Different Areas of Southern Italy

Ninety honey samples of five different floral origins （chestnut, eucalyptus, citrus, multifloral and sulla） from nine areas of southern Italy, were screened to evaluate the polyphenol content by spectrphotometric methods, the antioxidant activity by ABTS （2,2＇ -azino-bis-（3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid？ diamonium salt, FRAP （ferric reducing antioxidant power） and DPPH （I,I-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl） assays, and the colorimetric characteristics by spectrophotometric and CIE （Commission Internationale de I＇Eclairage） L ＊a＊b＊ methods. Moreover, the correlations between the analysed parameters were studied. Overall, the results showed that all the honey samples presented high total phenolic and flavonoid contents （12.23 mg gallic acid equivalent/lOOg honey and 8.16 mg quercetin equivalent/lOOg honey, respectively）, and a high antioxidant activity （59.17%, 66.50% and 349.11 11M Fe （II） for ABTS, DPPH and FRAP assays, respectively）, but those results differ widely according to the honey types, suggesting that honey composition has been influenced by its floral and geographical origin. In particular, the darkest honeys, such as chestnut honey （L ＊ = 59.94; 1.26 AU）, showed the highest polyphenol content and the highest antioxidant activity. Honeys from the areas with major anthropogenic activities and high population density presented the highest antioxidant activity. Correlations between the analysed parameters were statistically significant （P 〈 0.05）, suggesting that the polyphenol content is correlated with the antioxidant activity and colour of honey.

Applying Natural Fertiliers to Herbaceous Crops

Four separate agronomic trials in different years and areas of Capitanata （Southern Italy） were carried out in order to evaluate the application of natural fertilizers （biostimulants） to processing tomato crops （cv Docet and Messapico on organic crop system and cv Docet on conventional crop system）, durum wheat （cv Quadrato in the year） and lettuce （cv Canastra OR/ROS）. The applied formulations were suspension-solutions containing humic and fulvic acids, amino acids and macro elements or amino acids and peptides obtained by chemical hydrolysis of animal epithelium. The following parameters of the quantitative-qualitative of crops were determined： marketable yield, mean weight, dry matter, pH, soluble solids, and color for tomato; grain yield, protein content, gluten content, yellow index and hectoliter weight, for durum wheat; marketable weight, number and surface, dry matter, nitrate content, thickness of leaves for lettuce. The results obtained were generally quite variable.