中世纪南方式印度教神庙建筑与雕刻艺术

笈多王朝时期,婆罗门教在各君王的大力推崇下重新恢复活力,商羯罗改革后,婆罗门教发展为更为成熟的新婆罗门教(印度教),其宗教艺术随之蓬勃发展。神庙作为印度教精神文化的集中体现,在各地区开始大肆兴建。文章从文化的视角主要对南方式印度教神庙的建筑艺术和雕刻艺术进行概要的分析。

Study on Dryland Weed Species under Different Land Use Patterns in Southwest of Guangxi Province——A Case Study of Longzhou County

With Longzhou County as example, the weed species, distributions, domi- nant populations and diversity indexes in corn, sugarcane, pineapple, banana and mango fields under different land use patterns in southwest Guangxi were investi- gated. The results showed that there were 27 families 54 species of weeds in sampling area. Eleven species were Gramineae and ten species were Compositae. There were eight families 13 species in corn fields, ten families 20 species in sug- arcane fields, 12 families 18 species in pineapple fields, ten families 11 species in banana fields and nine families 14 species in mango fields. Bidens bipinnata, Eupa- torium odoratum and Emilia sonchifolia of Compositae were generally occurred with serious harm. Roegneria kamoji, Stellaria media and Bothriochloa intermedia of Gramineae were widely occurred. Weed community made up of Compositae ＋ Gramineae ＋ Oxalidaceae was the main form of dryland weed. The Pielou uniformi- ty of the five use patterns in the studying area were 0.967, 0.964, 0,947, 0.969 and 0.962, respectively, which were high.

Land Use and Land Cover Change on Slope in Qiandongnan Prefecture of Southwest China

This study uses DEM （Digital Elevation Model） data and remote sensing maps of the study area in 1993, 1999, and 2009 to analyze the slope gradient change of land use patterns in Qiandongnan Prefecture, Guizhou province, China. The land use data were classified into five types, forest, farmland, grassland, water and built-up, the slope gradients were divided into four grades. Indices for analyzing land use features were defined by their proportions, transformation matrixes, land use degree and changes The results showed that all land use types can be found at every gradient. Generally, with the slope degree increased, the area of forest being augmented as well, while the area of the other land use types （farmland, grassland and build-up） declined. Moreover, a mass of farmland were shifted from other land use types from o° to 25°, while a quantity of forest were transformed from the other land use types on 〉 25° from 2993 to 2009. In terms of land use degree and changes, the area of farmland and buildup land use types decreased when slope degree increased. Finally, we calculated the five landscape pattern metrics： Patch Density （PD） value, Largest Patch Index （LPI）, Shannon＇s Diversity Index （SHDI）, Area-Weighted Mean Shape Index （AWMSI） and Contagion Index （CONTAG）. The results of metricsanalysis showed that PD values, SHDI values and CONTA values had a similar variation trend, that is, they decreased when slope degree increased. There was no obvious variation trend on LPI value.

The Highest and Best Use of Agricultural Land in a Multifunctional Land Market, Evidence from South Africa

Agricultural land has conventionally been perceived primarily as a production factor. For this reason the highest and best use （HBU） of such land was considered to be agricultural production for income purposes. The transition towards a multifunctional agricultural land market, where alternative uses--such as for lifestyle purposes--is evident, has challenged this view. Lifestyle buyers of farms often focus on a variety of characteristics of agricultural land which are not necessarily related to income but usually more intangible and subjective, which pose a measurement problem for valuers. The continued use of familiar traditional farming characteristics when valuing agricultural properties where lifestyle motivations are present, and the exclusion of less measurable characteristics, means that the market sales comparison method cannot be executed accurately. This study used a mixed methods research strategy to determine whether valuers use characteristics mainly related to agricultural production as HBU in valuations of agricultural properties bought for lifestyle purposes, and to identify the value attributes of farms that attract lifestyle buyers （and whether these differ from production oriented buyers）. This was done in an intensive and extensive agricultural area within the Western Cape Province of South Africa. Results indicate that valuers use familiar production related characteristics when valuing farms bought for lifestyle purposes, while lifestyle and production oriented buyers also interpret the value attributes of agricultural properties differently. For this reason a multiple perspective approach to agricultural land valuations where the HBU is uncertain is proposed.

ECHAM5-Simulated Impacts of Two Types of El Nio on the Winter Precipitation Anomalies in South China

The authors used an atmospheric general circulation model （AGCM） of European Centre Hamburg Model （ECHAM5.4） and investigated the possible impacts of eastern Pacific （EP） and central Pacific （CP） El Ni（n）o on the winter precipitation anomalies in South China.A composite analysis suggested much more rainfall during the mature phase of EP El Ni（n）o than in the case of CP El Ni（n）o,and their corresponding observed wet centers to be located in the southeast coast and the region to the south of the Yangtze River,respectively.Results obtained on the basis of model-sensitive run imply that the modelsimulated rainfall anomalies agree well with the observation,and the magnitude of simulated rainfall anomalies were found to be reduced when the amplitude of sea surface temperature anomaly （SSTA） forcing of EP and CP El Ni（n）o was cut down.These results imply that the rainfall anomaly in South China is very sensitive not only to the type of El Ni（n）o but also to its intensity.

Simulation of Extreme Climate Events over China with Different Regional Climate Models

During phase II of the Regional Climate Model Inter-comparison Project （RMIP） for Asia, the Asian climate was estimated from July 1988 to December 1998 using six climate models. In this paper, the abilities of six climate models to simulate several important ex- treme climate events in China during the last years of the last century were analyzed. The modeled results for the intensity of the precipitation anomaly over the Yang- tze-Huaihe Valley during the summers of 1991 and 1998 were weaker than the observed values. The positive pre- cipitation anomaly responsible for a catastrophic flood in 1991 was well reproduced in almost all simulation results, but the intensity and range of the precipitation anomaly in 1998 were weaker in the modeled results. The spatial dis- tribution of extreme climate events in 1997, when severe drought affected North China and flood impacted South China, was reproduced by most of the regional models because the anomaly of the large-scale background field was well-simulated, despite poor simulation of high temperature areas in the north during the summer by all models.

Land Use Change Effects on Discharge and Sediment Yield of Song Cau Catchment in Northern Vietnam

The purpose of this paper is to implement ＂Soil and Water Assessment Tool （SWAT）＂ model to examine the effects of land use change scenarios; associated with crop rotations and special cultivation techniques most susceptible to erosion; exert on runoff discharge and sediment yield from Song Cau catchment in Northern Viet Nam. All scenarios＇ simulations resulted in a decrease of soil losses and sediment yield comparing to the current land use status. SWAT successfully predicted soil losses from different HRUs that caused significant sediment yield, and it predicted explicitly the consequences of non-structural mitigation measures against erosion.

Probability and reliability analysis of pillar stability in South Africa

A deterministic approach is frequently used in engineering design. In this quantitative design methodology, a safety factor, which is typically a strength-to-stress ratio, is derived as an index for the stability assessment of the engineering design. In underground coal mining applications such as pillar design,however, the inputs of pillar design are variables. This is widely overlooked in the deterministic approach. A probabilistic approach assessing the probability of failure or reliability of a system might be an alternative to the conventional quantitative methodology. This approach can incorporate the degree of uncertainty and deviations of variables and provide more versatile and reliable results. In this research, the reliability of case histories from stable and failed pillars of South Africa presented by Merwe and Mathey is examed. The updated Salamon and Munro strength formula(S-M formula) and Merwe and Mathey strength formula(M-M formula) are evaluated through a probabilistic approach. It is concluded that stable pillar cases have a reliability value greater than 0.83 while the reliability value of failed pillar cases are slightly larger than 0.50. There seems to be a positive relation between safety factor and reliability. The reliability of a pillar increases with pillar width but decreases with depth of cover, pillar height and entry width. The reliability analysis also confirms that M-M strength formula has a better distinction between the stable and failed pillar cases.

Proximal development,systematic taxonomy,and dispersal pattern of the Early-Middle Ordovician graptolite Acrograptus from South China

Based on the well-preserved specimens from the Nanba section in Yiyang, Hunan Province, the definition of the graptolite ge- nus Acrograptus is revised here. The revised Acrograptus is a dichograptid form with stipes subborizontal to deeply declined, sicula long and slender; th 11 budding from the top of the metasicula, proximal development of isograptid type with th 12 as the dicalycal theca; asymmetric proximal end resulting from the divergence of thl1 and thl2 from the sicula at different levels; slender crossing canals composed of extremely slender Acrograptus is assigned to the subfamily Sigmagraptinae prothecae of thlt and thl2. According to the revised definition, of the family Dichograptidae, including six species, i.e., A. affinis （Nicholson）, A. filiformis （Tullberg）, A. gracilis （Tornquist）, A. nicholsoni （Lapworth）, A. pusillus （Tullberg）, and A. saukros （Ni）. During the Early-Middle Ordovician, these six species were widely distributed in South China, especially in the Upper Yangtze Region as well as the central and eastern Jiangnan Region. This study further indicates that Acrograptus first appeared in a deep-water setting on the Jiangnan Slope in South China during early Floian （Tetragraptus approximatus Biozone）, and subsequently expanded into the shallow-water region on the Yangtze Platform due to a remarkable dispersion event in middle Floian （Pendeograptus fruticosus Biozone）. It is here indicated that the dispersal of Acrograptus may be directly controlled by the large-scale transgression event occurring in middle Floian.

Experimental study on seismic characteristics of typical mortisetenon joints of Chinese southern traditional timber frame buildings

The seismic characteristics of four typical mortise-tenon joints of Chinese southern traditional timber frame buildings were researched, including Yanwei mortise-tenon joint （including dropping Yanwei mortise-tenon joint）, Shizigutou mortise-tenon joint, Ban mortise-tenon joint and Mantou mortise-tenon joint. Experiments on thirteen specimens were carried out. Failure modes, hysteresis curves, skeleton curves and rotational stiffness were studied. The results provided a theoretical basis for seismic research, protection and maintenance of Chinese southern traditional timber flame buildings.

Effect of Land Use on Soil Erosion and Nutrients in Dianchi Lake Watershed, China

Soil erosion and loss of soil nutrients have been a crucial environment threat in Southwest China. The land use and its impact on soil qualities continue to be highlighted. The present study was conducted to compare soil erosion under four land use types(i.e.,forestland, abandoned farmland, tillage, and grassland) and their effects on soil organic carbon(SOC), total nitrogen(TN) and total phosphorus(TP) in the Shuanglong catchment of the Dianchi Lake watershed, China. There were large variations in the erosion rate and the nutrient distributions across the four land use types. The erosion rates estimated by137 Cs averaged 2 133 t km-2year-1under tillage and abandoned farmland over the erosion rate of non-cultivated sites, and the grasslands showed a net deposition. For all sites, the nutrient contents basically decreased with the soil depth. Compared with tillage and abandoned farmland, grassland had the highest SOC and TN contents within 0–40 cm soil layer, followed by forestland. The significant correlations between137 Cs, SOC and TN were observed. The nutrient loss caused by erosion in tillage was the highest. These results suggested that grassland and forestland would be beneficial for SOC and TN sequestration over a long-term period because of their ability to reduce the loss of nutrients by soil erosion. Our study demonstrated that reduction of nutrient loss in the red soil area could be made through well-managed vegetation restoration measures.