离子色谱法测定南海海水中的硝酸盐和磷酸盐及其对地球化学意义的初探

根据2010年"西太平洋海域海洋灾害对气候变化的响应"航次,从南海海域选取E断面4000m水深全层次站位,采用氧化银沉淀法,结合免化学试剂离子色谱技术分析了该站海水中的NO-3-N、PO3-4-P,NO-3、PO43-的检出限分别为4.84和17.1μg/L,回收率分别为94.5%和101.2%,相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为0.27%和0.15%,结果令人满意。并对其地球化学意义进行了初步分析探讨,为南海及周边海域海洋环境的研究提供了基础数据。

HPAM南海海水溶液磁处理增粘条件优化及性能评价

利用表观粘度测量法,研究部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)南海海水溶液磁处理后的增粘规律,并对增粘后的HPAM南海海水溶液进行抗剪切性能、抗氧降解性能、磁记忆性和模拟岩心驱油性能评价。结果表明:在磁处理温度为30℃、磁场强度为60 mT、磁处理时间为1.5 h和磁处理搅拌速度为800 r/min的条件下,质量浓度为2 000 mg/L的HPAM南海海水溶液的粘度由14.2 mPa·s增至18.1 mPa·s,增粘率达27.5%;磁处理增粘的HPAM南海海水溶液,在30℃下抗50~200目筛网的剪切性能和抗氧鼓泡降解性能明显优于同温度下未经磁处理的HPAM南海海水溶液,且磁记忆时间达9 d。在HPAM南海海水溶液驱油结束后,继续注入3.9 PV经磁处理增粘的HPAM南海海水溶液,注入压力提高了35 k Pa,图像显示波及体积进一步扩大,采收率得到进一步提高。

南海海水缺氧可能对广东海洋渔业造成重大损失

我国海洋专家经研究证实,南海珠江口海区,底层海水已出现季节性缺氧现象。 中国科学院南海海洋研究所研究人员韩舞鹰、马克美日前发表一份报告指出,目前珠江口底层缺氧海水缺氧程度在加剧,而且发生范围正在不断扩大,成为制约珠江口经济持续发展的重要环境问题。 两位专家认为,近年来,珠江口地区经济飞速发展,生活污水、工业污水不断排入,使海洋生态发生了变化。污水中的有机物在海水中被氧化分解,从而消耗海水中的溶解氧,造成海水贫氧或缺氧现象。1985年7月测得珠江口底层海水溶解氧含量最低为1.76毫克每立方分米;

小南海库区生态系统生产总值变化预测与分析

目前处于研究论证阶段的小南海水电站是长江重庆河段内集交通、能源、水利等多重功能为一体的重大基础设施工程,是位于超大城市主城区的大型枢纽工程项目,受到广泛关注。为了系统地评估和预测该项目建设可能的生态效益和影响,参考生态系统生产总值的研究框架和方法,通过构建库区生态系统生产总值评估指标体系,综合运用影子价格法、机会成本法等方法预测水电站建设给库区生态系统生产总值带来的影响。结果表明:①水电站建设不仅可以助力重庆市防洪、供水和航运,还将推动生态系统生产总值提升和生态价值“外溢”,总体上水电站建设前后生态系统生产总值共增加56.86亿元,生态产品价值、生态调节服务价值和生态文化服务价值总量均呈现上升趋势。②水电价值升高趋势较为明显,预计提升50.88亿元/a,其次是休闲旅游价值,预计提升0.34亿元/a;自然景观价值提升约2.30亿元/a;水源涵养、洪水调蓄价值分别提升2.32亿元/a和1.28亿元/a。③水电站建设导致坝址上游水位抬升,林草面积被少量侵占,将对土壤保持价值有轻微影响,建议同步实施一江两岸青山工程水土保持措施,保障库区水土保持效益的维持与提升。从生态、经济、社会多维度评估权衡小南海水电站建设可能造成的库区生态系统结构和生态系统生产总值的变化,可以为水电站建设后的库区生态空间生态修复与绿色发展方向提供指引。

南海海水光谱反射比特征的研究

本文依据在南海的测量资料,分析了南海海水的光谱反射比的特征及其区域分布,讨论了影响海水光谱反射比的主要环境因素。

小南海水电站日调节非恒定流对通航的影响

为分析小南海水电站日调节对下游航运的影响,使用Saint-Venant偏微分方程组和Preissmann隐格式差分方法,建立了一维非恒定流水动力学模型,并以实测水文数据对模型进行了校核和验证。采用该模型模拟了小南海水电站日调节工况时下游水流条件,并与拟定的通航条件进行了对比分析,结果表明,按照电网载荷拟定的日调节工况运行会造成坝下游水流条件恶化,从而降低枯水期库区通航能力;有必要对电站日调节运行方式进行调整,或者对下游河段进行整治。

考虑上游梯级水库群调度的小南海水电站坝址设计洪水分析

采用同频率地区组成法分析小南海水电站坝址处设计洪水的地区组成,运用BP人工神经网络对坝址河段洪水演进建模,分析不同典型年上游梯级水库群防洪调度对小南海水电站设计洪水的影响。分析结果表明:上游梯级水库群调度对小南海水电站设计洪水的影响明显,尤其对稀遇洪水的削减程度显著;以金沙江来水为主的洪水受梯级水库群防洪调度的影响较大,以岷江来水为主的洪水受梯级水库群防洪调度的影响较小。

南海北部表层海水微生物多样性及部分真菌活性物质研究

为探究南海北部表层海水微生物的多样性及部分真菌代谢产物的活性,采取平板涂布稀释的方法对南海北部8个站位表层海水样品进行分离,基于16S rRNA和ITS序列测定对纯培养的微生物进行初步鉴定,共分离到162株细菌和43株真菌。其中162株细菌分属于4个门,5个纲,15个目,21个科,35个属的61个种,变形菌门和放线菌门为优势门;43株真菌分属于子囊菌门和担子菌门的5个纲,7个目,7个科,7个属的14个种,曲霉属为优势属。从分离得到的真菌中选取16株真菌进行培养,对其粗提物进行组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制活性、抗肿瘤活性和抑菌活性筛选,结果表明:在100μg·mL^(-1)浓度下具有组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制活性,抑制率在44%~54%之间;在60μg·mL^(-1)浓度下对人宫颈癌细胞的抑制率在2%~37%之间;在200μg·mL^(-1)浓度下对嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)和维氏气单胞菌(Aeromonas Vickers)两株指示菌未显示抑菌效果。研究结果表明,南海局部地区表层海水可培养微生物多样性高;对部分真菌的活性测试结果为后续筛选天然产物来源的海洋药物提供了一定的参考。

小南海水电站左岸剪切带颗粒分析试验研究

在小南海水电站左岸剖面剪切带70多组试样的颗分试验结果中,选取某一段剖面的颗粒分析试验进行研究,得出该地区的红层碎屑岩中,随着小于0.002 mm的颗粒含量逐渐增加,小于某粒径的颗粒的质量百分含量与该粒径的对数值表现出越来越好的线性关系。令拟合曲线为y=alg(x)+b,当小于0.002 mm的颗粒的质量百分数逐渐减小时,拟合曲线中的a值和b值表现出先增大后减小的趋势,且分界点颗粒的质量百分数在15%左右。黏粒含量与各矿物成分无明显相关性,但是随着黏粒含量增多,蒙脱石呈现减少的趋势。

小南海水库浸没对建筑物的影响探讨

为探讨水库浸没对建筑物的影响,对小南海水库蓄水后重庆市江津区沿江建筑区受浸没影响问题进行了研究,分析了水库浸没对建筑物地基的影响机理,以及地下水位上升对建筑物地基稳定影响深度。根据对浸没建筑物地基土体物理力学特性试验,建立了地基弹塑体结构计算模型,用于确定建筑物基础安全深度。结果表明,小南海水库蓄水对库区建筑物影响是一个全面、长期的过程。浸没对浅埋基础影响明显,对筏板基础危害更大,对桩基建筑物,特别是端承摩擦桩和摩擦力桩基有一定影响。以低液限黏土为地基的浅埋基础建筑物,浸没将影响地基承载力,危及建筑物安全。

重庆小南海水电站施工组织设计研究

介绍了重庆小南海水电站施工组织设计专题研究的主要技术问题,通过研究结论的对比,进一步证明技术先行在工程规划阶段的重要性。

水电开发背景下的生物多样性保护法律对策研究——以小南海水电站为例

近年来,水电开发工程暴露出的问题越来越受到关注。小南海水电站的建设,经济与环保十年的拉锯战,使生物多样性保护与地方GDP发展之间的矛盾愈渐尖锐。本文在总结归纳了国内生物多样性保护的相关制度和法律条文后,结合国外有利有效的法律经验,以长江流域小南海水电开发为例,结合国内外水电工程建设环境保护工作的经验,总结我国水电开发中的生物多样性保护所存在的若干法律问题,以期能对未来的法律构建带来帮助。

小南海坝基软弱夹层沉积规律及强度参数研究

采用马尔可夫链方法,定量分析坝基地层沉积旋回特征,得到坝基软弱夹层的发育特点及沉积规律,并将其分为3类：Ⅰ岩块岩屑型、Ⅱ岩屑夹泥型、Ⅲ1泥夹岩屑型和Ⅲ2全泥型.结果表明：Ⅰ类夹层多形成于洪泛盆地沉积的厚层黏土岩中或厚层黏土岩与厚层粉砂岩的交界处;Ⅱ类夹层一般在软岩内部发育,顶底部均为岩质相对较硬的粉砂岩或砂岩;Ⅲ类夹层主要形成于黏土质粉砂岩与黏土岩薄互层的半韵律沉积中,分布较稳定.室内慢剪试验获得性状最差的泥化夹层在饱水状态下的摩擦因数为0.223,按规范用粒度成分定量指标选取的夹层强度参数明显偏低,相当于接近液限状态时室内剪切峰值强度的0.72 ～0.86倍,最终类比其他相似地质条件下的工程经验,提出各类软弱夹层强度参数建议值.

Water exchange and circulation structure near the Luzon Strait in early summer

Using hydrographic data covering large areas of ocean for the period from June 21 to July 5 in 2009, we studied the circulation structure in the Luzon Strait area, examined the routes of water exchange between the South China Sea （SCS） and the Philippine Sea, and estimated the volume transport through Luzon Strait. We found that the Kuroshio axis follows a e-shaped path slightly east of 121°E in the upper layer. With an increase in depth, the Kuroshio axis became gradually farther from the island of Luzon. To study the water exchange between the Philippine Sea and the SCS, identification of inflows and outflows is necessary. We first identified which flows contributed to the water exchange through Luzon Strait, which differs from the approach taken in previous studies. We determined that the obvious water exchange is in the section of 121°E. The westward inflow from the Philippine Sea into the SCS is 6.39 Sv in volume, and mainly in the 100-500 m layer at 19.5°-20°N （accounting for 4.40 Sv）, while the outflow from the SCS into the Philippine Sea is concentrated in the upper 100 m at 19°-20°N and upper 400 m at 21°-21.5°N, and below 240 m at 19°-19.5°N, accounting for 1.07, 3.02 and 3.43 Sv in volume transport, respectively.

Empirical ocean color algorithm for estimating particulate organic carbon in the South China Sea

We examined regional empirical equations for estimating the surface concentration of particulate organic carbon （POC） in the South China Sea. These algorithms are based on the direct relationships between POC and the blue-to-green band ratios of spectral remotely sensed reflectance, Rrs（λB）/Rrs（555）. The best error statistics among the considered formulas were produced using the power function POC （rag/ m3）=262.173 [Rrs（443）/Rrs（555）]^-0.940. This formula resulted in a small mean bias of approximately -2.52%, a normalized root mean square error of 31.1%, and a determination coefficient of 0.91. This regional empirical equation is different to the results of similar studies in other oceanic regions. Our validation results suggest that our regional empirical formula performs better than the global algorithm, in the South China Sea. The feasibility of this band ratio algorithm is primarily due to the relationship between POC and the green-to- blue ratio of the particle absorption coefficient. Colored dissolved organic matter can be an important source of noise in the band ratio formula. Finally, we applied the empirical algorithm to investigate POC changes in the southwest of Luzon Strait.

Water Masses in the South China Sea and Water Exchange between the Pacific and the South China Sea

Water masses in the South China Sea (SCS) were identified and analyzed with the data collected in the summer and winter of 1998. The distributions of temperature and salinity near the Bashi Channel (the Luzon Strait) were analyzed by using the data obtained in July and December of 1997. Based on the results from the data collected in the winter of 1998, waters in the open sea areas of the SCS were divided into six water masses: the Surface Water Mass of the SCS (S), the Subsurface Water Mass of the SCS (U), the Subsurface-Intermediate Water Mass of the SCS (UI),the Intermediate Water Mass of the SCS (I), the Deep Water Mass of the SCS (D) and the Bottom Water Mass of the SCS(B). For the summer of 1998, the Kuroshio Surface Water Mass (KS) and the Kuroshio Subsurface Water Mass (KU) were also identified in the SCS. But no Kuroshio water was found to pass the 119.5°E meridian and enter the SCS in the time of winter observations. The Sulu Sea Water (SSW) intruded into the SCS through the Mindoro Channel between 50-75 m in the summer of 1998. However, the data obtained in the summer and winter of 1997 indicated that water from the Pacific had entered the SCS through the nor-thern part of the Luzon Strait in these seasons, but water from the SCS had entered the Pacific through the southern part of the Strait. These phenomena might correlate with the 1998 El-Nio event.

Water transports through the four main straits around the South China Sea

A quasi-global high-resolution HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) is used to investigate seasonal variations of water transports through the four main straits in the South China Sea. The results show that the annual transports through the four straits Luzon Strait, Taiwan Strait, Sunda Shelf and Mindoro Strait are -4.5, 2.3, 0.5 and 1.7 Sv (1 Sv=106 m3s-1), respectively. The Mindoro Strait has an important outflow that accounts for over one third of the total inflow through the Luzon Strait. Furthermore, it indicates that there are strong seasonal variations of water transport in the four straits. The water transport through the Luzon Strait (Taiwan Strait, Sunda Shelf, Mindoro Strait) has a maximum value of -7.6 Sv in December (3.1 Sv in July, 2.1S v in January, 4.5Sv in November), a minimum value of -2.1 Sv in June (1.5 Sv in October, -1.0 Sv in June, -0.2 Sv in May), respectively.

Tectonic Evolution and Geological Characteristics of Hydrocarbon Reservoirs in Marine Mesozoic-Paleozoic Strata in the South Yellow Sea Basin

The South Yellow Sea Basin is the main body of the lower Yangtze area in which marine Mesozoic–Paleozoic strata are widely distributed.The latest geophysical data were used to overcome the limitation of previous poor-quality deep data.Meanwhile,the geological characteristics of hydrocarbon reservoirs in the marine Mesozoic–Paleozoic strata in the South Yellow Sea Basin were analyzed by comparing the source rocks and the reservoir and utilizing drilling and outcrop data.It is believed that the South Yellow Sea Basin roughly underwent six evolutionary stages:plate spreading,plate convergence,stable platform development,foreland basin development,faulted basin development,and depression basin development.The South Yellow Sea Basin has characteristics of a composite platform-fault depression geological structure,with a half-graben geological structure and with a ‘sandwich structure' in the vertical direction.Four sets of hydrocarbon source rocks developed – the upper Permian Longtan–Dalong formation,the lower Permian Qixia formation,the lower Silurian Gaojiabian formation,and the lower Cambrian Hetang formation/Mufushan formation,giving the South Yellow Sea Basin relatively good hydrocarbon potential.The carbonate is the main reservoir rock type in the South Yellow Sea area,and there are four carbonate reservoir types:porous dolomitic,reef-bank,weathered crust,and fractured.There are reservoir-forming horizons similar to the typical hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Yangtze land area developed in the South Yellow Sea,and there are three sets of complete source-reservoir-cap rock assemblages developed in the marine strata,with very good hydrocarbon potential.

New Methods of Fitting the Membership Function of Oceanic Water Masses

After reviewing the analytical theories of T S curve, some methods of T S relationship, and fuzzy sets for studying water masses, new methods of fitting the membership function of oceanic water masses are presented based on the characteristics of T S curve family of oceanic water masses. The membership functions of oceanic Subsurface Water Mass with high salinity and Intermediate Water Mass with low salinity are fitted and discussed using the new methods. The proposed methods are useful in analyzing the mixing and modifying processes of these water masses, especially in tracing their sources. The principles and formulae of the new methods and examples are given.