唐代南选制、科举制与安南文学

唐代安南文学的发展与唐代的文化政策有莫大关系,本文即以"南选"制与科举制为中心,简要探讨其与安南文学发展之关系,进而探讨唐代文化制度对安南文学发展的意义。

唐代闽中南选实施问题考析

唐代的闽中地区与黔中、岭南地区一样,属于南选常制区。只是由于闽中南选的实施进程时断时续,与黔中、岭南等典型南选常制区有很大不同,这使得《新唐书》等典籍误以其为南选权置区。闽中南选的实施进程之所以时断时续,是因为唐中央曾对漳州的政区归属进行多次调整。当唐中央将漳州划属闽中时,闽中地区是南选实施区。但当漳州被划属岭南时,闽中地区便不再是南选实施区。因唐代的漳州曾在归属闽中、归属岭南间反复变动,闽中地区也在南选实施区与非南选实施区之间不断切换。

韩愈《欧阳生哀辞》笺说

欧阳詹世居闽越。自詹以上,皆为闽越官,至州佐县令者,累累有焉。闽越地肥衍,有山泉禽鱼之乐,虽有长材秀民、通文书吏事、与上国齿者,未尝肯出仕。[笺]欧阳生,即欧阳詹(约756—800年),字行周,泉州晋江(今属福建)人。中唐诗人、古文家。贞元八年进士登第,贞元十四年授国子监四门助教,约贞元十六年卒于京师长安,享年四十五岁。其道德文章,为韩愈所推重。今存诗一卷,文四卷。有《欧阳四门集》传世。哀辞,古代哀祭文之一体,是为祭奠死者而写的哀悼文章。作辞致哀,故称哀辞。闽越,闽、越皆古国名,今福建、浙江一带。此指欧阳詹世居之地泉州地区。据族谱记载,詹祖父曾官温州长史,父任博罗县丞,其兄谟任安固县丞,兄任潮州司仓参军。故云至州佐县令者,累累有焉。唐制:闽中郡县官不由吏部选派,由京官五品以上一人任观察使,就地选补,并派御史一人监督。每四年一选,称南选。故詹之父兄能在本地做官。州佐为州刺史的属官,如长史、司马、司仓之类。肥衍,土地肥沃,地势平衍。长材秀民,德才兼长之人。文书吏事,指官府文书、典章制度。

Gravity and magnetic anomalies field characteristics in the South China Sea and its application for interpretation of igneous rocks

Igneous rocks in the South China Sea have broad prospects for oil and gas exploration.Integrated geophysical methods are important approaches to study the distribution of igneous rocks and to determine and identify igneous rock bodies.Aimed at the characteristics of gravity and magnetic fields in the South China Sea,several potential field processing methods are preferentially selected.Reduction to the pole by variable inclinations in the area of low magnetic latitudes is used to perform reduction processing on magnetic anomalies.The preferential continuation method is used to separate gravity and magnetic anomalies and extract the gravity and magnetic anomaly information of igneous rocks in the shallow part of the South China Sea.The 3D spatial equivalent distribution of igneous rocks in South China Sea is illustrated by the 3 D correlation imaging of magnetic anomalies.Since the local anomaly boundaries are highlighted gravity and magnetic gradients,the distribution characters of different igneous rocks are roughly outlined by gravity and magnetic correlation analysis weighted by gradient.The results show the distribution of igneous rocks is controlled and influenced by deep crustal structure and faulting.

台湾农业

我省的东山县历来重视与台湾农业交流与合作,近年来采取新的举措,使闽台农业合作取得新进展。 一、积极实施两岸商定的农业合作项目 开发了“东山县石坛农业技术综合试验区”,这是海峡两岸农业专家于1990年商定合作的三个合作项目之一,在东山县农业部门与台湾农业专家密切配合下,第一期已在试验区内划出成片农田20亩,试验种植台南选1、2。

芦笋茎枯病综防技术

芦笋茎枯病,是芦笋的一种主要病害。该病菌属真菌类球壳孢目茎点霉属,是由天门冬茎点霉菌寄生所致。该病较重的地块,株发病率一般占40～50％,重病地块株发病率可达70％以上,减产5～6成,甚致绝收。其综合防治技术要点如下: 一、农业防治 1.选用抗病品种。这是减轻病害的根本措施。当前尚未选育出抗茎枯病的优良品种前,仍可根据不同地区和管理水平选用Uc72,肥水条件和管理水平较高地区选用Uc157良种,试种台南选、布罗克品种。 2.彻底清除病残体,压低发病基数。这是防治芦笋茎枯病的重要措施。在每季更换新母茎前,都应进行彻底清园,拔除老母茎,并把所有残枝枯叶、杂草全部清除干净,搬离田间集中烧毁。同时,在植株生长期还要随时清除病株、病枝,减少病原基数,最大限度地压缩田间初感染源和再次感染的菌原量。 3.健身栽培。健全排灌系统。多施有机肥,增施磷、钾、钙肥。

Spatio-Temporal Impact of Rural Livelihood Capital on Labor Migra- tion in Panxi, Southwestern Mountainous Region of China

Labor migration to urban centers is a common phenomenon in the Panxi region of the southwestern mountainous region of China, mainly owing to inadequate livelihood capital in rural areas. Numerous studies have been conducted to explore the relationship between labor migration and its causes, such as individual and family characteristics, but few studies have focused on livelihood capital. This paper examines the impact factors on labor migration employment location selection and duration from a household livelihood capital perspective. A case study of 279 households from 10 villages in the area was carried out in February 2016. We used both qualitative and quantitative methods to analyze the data. On the basis of the 279 questionnaires, the proportion of households with non-labor migration is 48.4%, whereas households with labor migration within a local city and migration across regions account for 28.7% and 22.9%, respectively. Social, financial, and human capitals are the primary factors that influence migrants' employment location choice positively. Among them, social capital has a significant impact on both migration within a local city and across regions; each of the regression coefficients is 1.111 and 1.183. Social, human, and financial capitals also have a positive impact on the duration of labor migration, and similarly, social capital is the highest coefficient with 2.489. However, physical capital only partly impacts labor migration across regions, whereas the impact of labor migration within a local city, and the duration, are not significant. Furthermore, the impact of household natural capital on migration space and time are all negative relationships, especially for labor migration across the regions and duration, with coefficient scores of 4.836 and 3.450, respectively. That is to say, a laborer is inclined to migrate within a local city for a short term, or not migrate at all, if natural capital is abundant. Our analysis results show that household livelihood capital has a strong spatio-temporal impact on labor migration.

Mulch Grasses Planting and Management Techniques in Orchards of Southern China Based on Different Utilization Purposes

Planting mulch grasses in orchards,as a technique to build ecological orchards,can be one of the strategic approaches for rural revitalization.This study sorted out the common varieties of mulch grasses and analyzed their application statuses in orchards of southern China.According to different utilization purposes of mulch grasses in orchards,scientific suggestions were given from aspects of grass selection,cultivation techniques,management methods and use modes.The study will provide reference for the construction of ecological orchards in southern China.

Screening of genotypes for their resistance againstMeloidogyne incognita and Fusarium chlamydosporum causing wilt complex on Coleusforskohlii Briq.

A pot culture experiment was carried out for the Screening of 11 popular genotypes against to Meloidogyne incognita and Fusarium chlamydosporum wilt complex on Coleus forskohlii. Genotype viz., yellow tubers and Rabakavi local showed resistant reaction, Orange tuber and Nimbanur local showed moderately resistant reaction. Rest of the seven genotvDes showed suscentible reactions.

Selection Experiment of Varieties of Maize in Ailao Mountainous Areas

[Objective] This study aimed to select suitable varieties of maize for Ailao mountainous areas, [Method] A comparison test of eight varieties of maize was conducted in Shengli Village, Mosha Town, Xinping County, Yunnan Province from May to October in 2016. [Result] The yield of Shenyu 10 was up to 66.3.4 kg/ 667 m^2 and there were extremely significant differences between Shenyu 10 and Xuanhuangdan 5 （CK）. Moreover, it had strong stress resistance. As Jingdan 12, Beiju 0913, Ante 8000, Yunrui 89 and Yayu 78 were planted in the region, their earing should not appear in rainy months. The inciderce of stem rot and ear rot of Yayu 891 was high, so Yayu 891 should not be planted in the region. [Conclusion] Shenyu 10 had a high yield, suffered few diseases and had strong stress resistance, so it can be popularized widely in the region.

Cleaning of South African coal using a compound dry cleaning apparatus

The compound dry cleaning principle is briefly described.A beneficiation test on South African coal was conducted using a model compound dry cleaning apparatus.Excellent results were obtained and the optimum operating parameters were determined.They are：an amplitude of 3.0 mm,a motor frequency of 47.5 Hz,an air volume of 50%,a transverse angle of 7°,and a longitudinal angle of-2°.These conditions yield a clean coal containing 11%ash and a coal production of 75%.The organic efficiency,η,is 95.86%.These results show that the South African coal can be separated effectively by compound dry cleaning,which will popularize the compound dry cleaning method.

Guidelines for Sizing Shading Devices for Typical Residential Houses in Muscat, Oman

Energy consumption of Oman＇s building sector is around 55% of the country＇s total energy demand and it has increased by 59% from 2005 to 2010. This paper investigates the potential of energy conservation in residential buildings in the city of Muscat by providing guidelines to reduce solar gain in overheated season. It aims to identify the problem of high energy consumption in modem houses and study the relationship between energy consumption and thermal performance of the building. Based on the authors＇ analysis of Oman＇s solar data, recommendations for shading devices were developed and evaluated using e-QUEST. An energy reduction of around 10% was achieved without drastically increasing the cost of construction while also taking into consideration of society＇s requirement for privacy and its concern to visually maintain cultural identity.

Screening of marine fungus from Nanji Island and activity of their metabolites against pathogenic Vibrio from Pseudosciaena crocea

Seventy-eight marine fungal strains were isolated from sediment samples collected off the coast of Nanji Island, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China. Antibacterial screening using the agar disc method showed that 19 of the isolated strains could inhibit at least one pathogenic Vibrio from Pseudosciaena crocea. Subsequent screening confirmed that nine strains produced antibacterial metabolites that had activity against one or several types of pathogenic Vibrio. Strain NJ0104 had the widest antimicrobial spectrum and strong activity, particularly against Fibrio parahaemolyticus-MM0810072. A preliminary study of N J0104 antibacterial metabolites demonstrated that they had thermal stability up to 80℃, ultraviolet stability up to 40 min and pH stability between 4.0-7.0. In addition, the antibacterial metabolites were readily soluble in butanol. To identify the specific strain, the ITS-5.8S rDNA regions of NJ0104 were PCR amplified and sequenced. Based on the combination of phenotypic and genotypic data, the strain was identified as Arthrinium sp.

Analysis on Breeding Potential of 17 Maize Inbred Lines from Land Races

[Objective] The primary objective of this study was to estimate combining ability and genetic parameters of 17 new inbred lines.[Method] By using 11 commonly used maize inbred lines from Southwest China as testers and incomplete diallel cross design,combining ability and heterosis of 17 new inbred lines bred from the land races in Sichuan Basin and its surrounding areas were analyzed.In addition,the genetic parameters and heterotic groups were also investigated based on combining ability.[Result] P1-1,P1-16 and P1-14 with the better comprehensive characters can be directly used in maize breeding program.The SCA of P1-10×P2-4 was high in most traits.It is more possible to obtain high-yield hybrid combinations by the pattern Sipingtou × Lancaster.GCA variance was bigger than SCA variance in four traits such as rows per ear,grains per row,which were affected by the environments slightly and should be selected at early generations;while SCA variance was bigger than GCA variance in five traits such as 100-grain weight and plant weight,which were significantly influenced by environment and thus should be selected in later generations.[Conclusion] The paper will provide theoretical basis for further improvement of local maize varieties.

Identifying indigenous tree species for land reforestation,forest restoration, and plantation transformation on Hainan Island, China

Selecting suitable species is the most important issue for bare land reforestation, degraded secondary forest restoration, and single-species plantation transformation. However, little information has been documented related to tree species selection for these silvicultural endeavors on tropical Hainan Island of Southern China. The present study employed Baisha County, the ecological core area of Hainan Island, as a case study area. We initially inventoried a slightly disturbed primary forest and attempted to produce diameter distribution curves for each tree species. Second, the tree species were classified into shade intolerant, opportunist, and shade tolerant species based on shape of their diameter distribution curves. Third, market value was determined for each tree species based on published literature and on-site investigations at local wood trading companies. Totally 118 tree species were encountered in the inventoried forest and 13 tree species present were finally identified as potential tree species for our silvicultural endeavor on Hainan Island, of which 3 species are shade intolerant, 5 species are opportunist and 5 species are shade tolerant. Additionally, we also selected 12 tree species that were not in the inventoried forest but were extremely economically valuable and ecologically important. This study should contribute to the formulation of a sustainable forest management strategy on Hainan Island and the methodology might be replicated in other tropical region where suitable species also need to be identified for silvicultural endeavor.

Research on Fluorine release of coal and clay used by residents in Zhaotong Fluorosis areas,Yunnan Province

The Fluorine release rate of coal, clay of different Fluorine content, and coal mixed with clay used by resident households were studied by using the ion selective electrode （ISE） and solidoid balance methods, and the degree of influence on Fluorine pollu- tion generated by coal and clay was analyzed according to the proportion characteristics of coal used by resident households. The results show that the Fluorine release rate of coal is more than 95% during combustion; The Fluorine release rate of clay is more than 99%; The Fluorine release rate of coal mixed with clay is between 56.44% and 96.64%, and the average value is 76.68%. The clay as a binder for fine coal is one important source of Fluorine pollution caused by coal-combustion in Zhaotong, Yunnan Province. When the Fluorine content of coal is less than 80 mg/kg, the F[uodne amount released from clay （in which Fluorine content is more than 530 mg/kg） is more than 50% of the total Fluorine amount released from coal and clay during coal-combustion. The Fluorine amount released from clay （in which Fluorine content is more than 1 000 mg/kg） is more than 70% of total Fluorine amount released from coal and clay during coal-combustion.

Yunnan's Intent to Innovate

TOWARDS the end of last year, a Chinese magazine released a list of the country’s buzzwords of 2006. It was no surprise that ＂Innovation＂ ranked third. That year witnessed a nationwide campaign of sci-tech innovation that reached unprecedented heat. And this time, the flames spread inland, to places like the frontier province of Yunnan.

Molecular markers for identifying a new selected variety of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

Selective breeding of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei during the last decade has produced new varieties exhibiting high growth rates and disease resistance.However,the identification of new varieties of shrimps from their phenotypic characters is difficult.This study introduces a new approach for identifying varieties of shrimps using molecular markers of microsatellites and mitochondrial control region sequences.The method was employed to identify a new selected variety,Kehai No.1(KH-1),from three representative stocks(control group):Zhengda;Tongwei;and a stock collected from Fujian Province,which is now cultured in China's Mainland.By pooled genotyping of KH-1 and the control group,five microsatellites showing differences between KH-1 and the control group were screened out.Individual genotyping data confirmed the results from pooled genotyping.The genotyping data for the five microsatellites were applied to the assignment analysis of the KH-1 group and the control group using the partial Bayesian assignment method in GENECLASS2.By sequencing the mitochondrial control regions of individuals from the KH-1 and control group,four haplotypes were observed in the KH-1 group,whereas14 haplotypes were obtained in the control group.By combining the microsatellite assignment analysis with mitochondrial control region analysis,the average accuracy of identification of individuals in the KH-1group and control group reached 89%.The five selected microsatellite loci and mitochondrial control region sequences were highly polymorphic and could be used to distinguish new selected varieties of L.vannamei from other populations cultured in China.

从龙龛道场的政治功能看唐中前期岭南溪洞地区政局嬗变

当今学界普遍将龙龛道场视作唐代岭南溪洞社会佛教兴盛的标志,但道场修建于岭表局势未定的武德四年,且道场核心显圣物是李渊画像,表明其修建蕴含不少政治因素。上元年间道场首次维护时添加一座皇帝石像;圣历年间道场再次维护时,泷州陈氏特意请陈集源作为武则天歌功颂德的《龙龛道场铭》。证明两次维护与修建一样,是政治事件而非宗教事件。龙龛道场并非单纯佛教教化道场,道场命运与泷州陈氏政治地位息息相关,其兴衰历程反映了唐代岭南溪洞地区政局嬗变的过程。

Using potential distributions to explore environmental correlates of bat species richness in southern Africa： Effects of model selection and taxonomy

We tested the prediction that at coarse spatial scales, variables associated with climate, energy, and productivity hy- potheses should be better predictor（s） of bat species richness than those associated with environmental heterogeneity. Distribution ranges of 64 bat species were estimated with niche-based models informed by 3629 verified museum specimens. The influence of environmental correlates on bat richness was assessed using ordinary least squares regression （OLS）, simultaneous autoregressive models （SAR）, conditional autoregressive models （CAR）, spatial eigenvector-based filtering models （SEVM）, and Classification and Regression Trees （CART）. To test the assumption of stationarity, Geographically Weighted Regression （GWR） was used. Bat species richness was highest in the eastern parts of southern Africa, particularly in central Zimbabwe and along the western border of Mozambique. We found support for the predictions of both the habitat heterogeneity and climate/productivity/energy hypothe- ses, and as we expected, support varied among bat families and model selection. Richness patterns and predictors of Miniopteridae and Pteropodidae clearly differed from those of other bat families. Altitude range was the only independent variable that was sig- nificant in all models and it was most often the best predictor of bat richness. Standard coefficients of SAR and CAR models were similar to those of OLS models, while those of SEVM models differed. Although GWR indicated that the assumption of stationa- rity was violated, the CART analysis corroborated the findings of the curve-fitting models. Our results identify where additional data on current species ranges, and future conservation action and ecological work are needed.