The non-additivity of the methyl groups in the single-electron lithium bond was investigated using ab initio calculations at the B3LYP/6-311＋＋G＊＊ and UMP2/6-311＋＋G＊＊ levels. The strength of the interaction in ...The non-additivity of the methyl groups in the single-electron lithium bond was investigated using ab initio calculations at the B3LYP/6-311＋＋G＊＊ and UMP2/6-311＋＋G＊＊ levels. The strength of the interaction in the H3C… LiH, H3CH2C… LiH, （H3C）2HC… LiH, and u v （H3C）3C… LiH complexes was analyzed in term of the geometries, energies, frequency shifts, stabilization energies, charges, and topological parameters. It is shown that （H3C）3C radical with LiH forms the strongest single-electron lithium bond, followed by （H3C）2HC radical, then H3CH2C radical, and H3C radical forms the weakest single-electron lithium bond. A positive non-additivity is present among methyl groups. Natural bond orbital and atoms in molecules analyses were used to estimate such conclusions. Furthermore, there are few linear/nonlinear relationships in the system and the interaction mode of single-electron Li- bond is different from the single-electron H-bond and single-electron halogen bond.展开更多
The scyphozoan Aurelia aurita （Linnaeus） sp. 1., is a cosmopolitan species-complex which blooms seasonally in a variety of coastal and shelf sea environments around the world. The effects of different microalgal spe...The scyphozoan Aurelia aurita （Linnaeus） sp. 1., is a cosmopolitan species-complex which blooms seasonally in a variety of coastal and shelf sea environments around the world. The effects of different microalgal species on the growth of newly-released Aurelia sp. 1 ephyrae were studied under laboratory conditions. We fed ephyrae with four different microalgal species （diatom, autotrophic dinoflagellate, heterotrophic dinoflagellate, and chlorophyta） plus A rtemia nauplii for 12-24 d at 18℃. Results showed that the growth rate diverged significantly for Artemia nauplii compared to other food types. In addition, there was no sig- nificant variation between the growth rates for Skeletonema costatum and Prorocentrum donghaiense, and no significant variation was found in the growth rates for N. scintillans and P. subcordiformis. Artemia nauplii could support the energy requirement for the newly-released ephyrae to develop to meduase, and the ephyrae with Artemia nauplii showed a significant average growth rate of 25.85% d-1. Newly-released ephyrae could grow slightly with some species of microalgae in the earliest development stage. Chain diatom Skeletonema costatum and autotrophic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum donghaiense, could not support the growth of the ephyrae, while heterotrophic dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans and chlorophyta Platymonas subcordiformis could support the growth of the ephyrae. However, none of the ephyrae fed with the tested phytoplankton could mature to medusae.展开更多
文摘The non-additivity of the methyl groups in the single-electron lithium bond was investigated using ab initio calculations at the B3LYP/6-311＋＋G＊＊ and UMP2/6-311＋＋G＊＊ levels. The strength of the interaction in the H3C… LiH, H3CH2C… LiH, （H3C）2HC… LiH, and u v （H3C）3C… LiH complexes was analyzed in term of the geometries, energies, frequency shifts, stabilization energies, charges, and topological parameters. It is shown that （H3C）3C radical with LiH forms the strongest single-electron lithium bond, followed by （H3C）2HC radical, then H3CH2C radical, and H3C radical forms the weakest single-electron lithium bond. A positive non-additivity is present among methyl groups. Natural bond orbital and atoms in molecules analyses were used to estimate such conclusions. Furthermore, there are few linear/nonlinear relationships in the system and the interaction mode of single-electron Li- bond is different from the single-electron H-bond and single-electron halogen bond.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(No.2011CB403603)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA0503 0401)the National Natural Science Founda-tion of Shandong Province,China(No.ZR2012DQ005)
文摘The scyphozoan Aurelia aurita （Linnaeus） sp. 1., is a cosmopolitan species-complex which blooms seasonally in a variety of coastal and shelf sea environments around the world. The effects of different microalgal species on the growth of newly-released Aurelia sp. 1 ephyrae were studied under laboratory conditions. We fed ephyrae with four different microalgal species （diatom, autotrophic dinoflagellate, heterotrophic dinoflagellate, and chlorophyta） plus A rtemia nauplii for 12-24 d at 18℃. Results showed that the growth rate diverged significantly for Artemia nauplii compared to other food types. In addition, there was no sig- nificant variation between the growth rates for Skeletonema costatum and Prorocentrum donghaiense, and no significant variation was found in the growth rates for N. scintillans and P. subcordiformis. Artemia nauplii could support the energy requirement for the newly-released ephyrae to develop to meduase, and the ephyrae with Artemia nauplii showed a significant average growth rate of 25.85% d-1. Newly-released ephyrae could grow slightly with some species of microalgae in the earliest development stage. Chain diatom Skeletonema costatum and autotrophic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum donghaiense, could not support the growth of the ephyrae, while heterotrophic dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans and chlorophyta Platymonas subcordiformis could support the growth of the ephyrae. However, none of the ephyrae fed with the tested phytoplankton could mature to medusae.
