卫星岛式内嵌双环形交叉口概念设计

为了消除环形交叉口的冲突点、减少交织区车流量和左转与调头车辆行驶距离,在现有卫星岛式环形交叉口的基础上提出:将单一环形交叉改为内外双环形交叉;改变卫星岛式环形交叉口的分流方式.据此进行了卫星岛式内嵌双环形交叉口概念设计,且基于两者对比及模拟分析发现:在造价和用地相当的情况下,卫星岛式内嵌双环形交叉口不但可以保留卫星岛式环形交叉口带来的优势,且能消除其在车辆由卫星岛驶入中心岛时产生的冲突点,同时通过不同的分流方式避免了交织段车流量集中、车辆绕中心岛顺时针行驶(与常规驾驶习惯不符)以及部分路段对向行驶的问题,从而提高路段通行能力.

卫星岛式环形交叉口的概念设计

基于对环形交叉口分流方式的分析,以减少交织区车流量和缩短左转车辆绕行距离为出发点,提出了卫星岛式环形交叉口的设计概念,对现行环形交叉口形式进行了重组和改进:(1)在每条道路末端增设卫星岛;(2)车辆进入中心岛后绕中心岛顺时针单向行驶;(3)分离右转车道。据此设计了卫星岛式环形交叉口的构型。针对卫星岛式环形交叉口的交通组织方式,运用交通流线分析技术,重点分析了左转和调头车辆的运行路径。结果表明:卫星岛式环形交叉口能大幅提高交叉口的通行能力,尤其适用于左转和调头车流量大的交叉口,为现代平面交叉设计提供了一种新选择。

An Assessment of Urban Heat Island Effect using Remote Sensing Data

Characteristics of urban heat island （UHI） effect and its cause are investigated by using MODIS data in April 2004. Surface parameters from the MODIS data have surface temperature （ts） albedo（α）, and normalized difference vegetation index （NDVI）. Their heterogeneities over urban and rural area are analyzed based on land cover classification, and their relations are also presented in order to explain the UHI effect. The results show that there exists obvious the UHI effect. Ts over urban areas are by 10.83 % higher than those over rural area, and NDVI and α over urban area are by 62 % and 18.75 % less than those over rural area, respectively. Surface temperature has significantly negative correlation with NDVI and their correlation coefficient is -0.73. Correlation between NDVI and albedo is determined by the spectrum of light. Difference in vegetation cover is the primary cause of the UHI effect.

High genetic diversity in gametophyte clones of Undaria pinnatifida from Vladivostok, Dalian and Qingdao revealed using microsatellite analysis

Breeding practice for Undaria pinnatifida （Harvey） Suringar requires the screening of a large number of offspring from gametophyte crossings to obtain an elite variety for large-scale cultivation. To better understand the genetic relationships of different gametophyte cultures isolated from different sources, 20 microsatellite loci were screened and 53 gametophyte clone cultures analyzed for U. pinnatijqda isolated from wild sporophytes in Vladivostok, Russia and from cultivated sporophytes from Dalian and Qingdao, China. One locus was abandoned because of poor amplification. At the sex-linked locus of Up-AC-2AS, 3 alleles were detected in 25 female gametophyte clones, with sizes ranging from 307 to 316 bp. At other loci, 3 to 7 alleles were detected with an average of 4.5 alleles per locus. The average number of alleles at each locus was 1.3 and 3.7 for Russian and Chinese gametophyte clones, respectively. The average gene diversity for Russian, Chinese, and for the combined total of gametophyte clones was 0.1, 0.4, and 0.5, respectively. Russian gametophyte clones had unique alleles at 7 out of the 19 loci. In cluster analysis, Russian and Chinese gametophyte clones were separated into two different groups according to genetic distance. Overall, high genetic diversity was detected in gametophyte clones isolated from the two countries. These gametophyte cultures were believed to be appropriate parental materials for conducting breeding programs in the future.

On Urban Heat Island of Beijng Based on Landsat TM Data

Land surface temperature (LST) of Beijing area was retrieved from Landsat TM thermal band data utilizing a radiative transfer equation and the urban heat island (HUI) effects of Beijing and its relationship with land cover and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were discussed. The result of LST showed that the urban LST was evidently higher than the suburban one. The average urban LST was found to 4.5 ℃ and 9 ℃ higher than the suburban and outer suburban temperature, respectively, which demonstrated the prominent UHI effects in Beijing. Prominent negative correlation between LST and NDVI was found in the urban area, which suggested the low percent vegetation cover in the urban area was the main cause of the urban heat island.

Bioinformatic Analysis of BBTV Satellite DNA in Hainan

Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV),family Nanaviridae,genus Babuvirus,is a single stranded DNA virus (ssDNA) that causes banana bunchy top disease (BBTD) in banana plants.It is the most common and most destructive of all viruses in these plants and is widespread throughout the Asia-Pacific region.In this study we isolated,cloned and sequenced a BBTV sample from Hainan Island,China.The results from sequencing and bioinformatics analysis indicate this isolate represents a satellite DNA component with 12 DNA sequences motifs.We also predicted the physical and chemical properties,structure,signal peptide,phosphorylation,secondary structure,tertiary structure and functional domains of its encoding protein,and compare them with the corresponding quantities in the replication initiation protein of BBTV DNA1.

Regional hard coral distribution within geomorphic and reef flat ecological zones determined by satellite imagery of the Xisha Islands,South China Sea

Coral reefs in the Xisha Islands （also known as the Paracel Islands in English）, South China Sea, have experienced dramatic declines in coral cover. However, the current regional scale hard coral distribution of geomorphic and ecological zones, essential for reefs management in the context of global warming and ocean acidification, is not well documented. We analyzed data from field surveys, Landsat-8 and GF-1 images to map the distribution of hard coral within geomorphic zones and reef fiat ecological zones. In situ surveys conducted in June 2014 on nine reefs provided a complete picture of reef status with regard to live coral diversity, evenness of coral cover and reef health （live versus dead cover） for the Xisha Islands. Mean coral cover was 12.5% in 2014 and damaged reefs seemed to show signs of recovery. Coral cover in sheltered habitats such as lagoon patch reefs and biotic dense zones of reef flats was higher, but there were large regional differences and low diversity. In contrast, the more exposed reef slopes had high coral diversity, along with high and more equal distributions of coral cover. Mean hard coral cover of other zones was 〈10%. The total Xisha reef system was estimated to cover 1 060 km2, and the emergent reefs covered -787 km2. Hard corals of emergent reefs were considered to cover 97 km2. The biotic dense zone of the reef flat was a very common zone on all simple atolls, especially the broader northern reef flats. The total cover of live and dead coral can reach above 70% in this zone, showing an equilibrium between live and dead coral as opposed to coral and algae. This information regarding the spatial distribution of hard coral can support and inform the management of Xisha reef ecosystems.

Unprecedented Retreat in a 50-Year Observational Record for Petermann Glacier, North Greenland

Petermann Glacier is a marine-terminating outlet glacier that had a 70 km-long floating ice tongue prior to a ～ 270 km2 calving event that was observed from satellite sensors in August 2010,shortening the ice tongue by ～ 27 km.Further,in July 2012,another 10 km was lost through calving.In order to understand these events in perspective,here the authors perform a long-term data analysis of Petermann Glacier calving-front variability and ice velocity for each year in the 1990s-2000s,supplemented by available observations from the previous three decades.Five major （on the order of 100 krm2） calving events are identified,with ～ 153 km2 calved from 1959 to 1961,～ 168 km2 in 1991,～ 71 km2 in 2001,～ 270 km2 in 2010,and ～ 130 km2 in 2012-as well as ～ 31 k m2 calved in 2008.The increased frequency of major calving events in recent years has left the front terminus position retreated nearly 25 km beyond the range of observed in previous decades.In contrast,stable ice-dynamics are suggested from ice-velocity measurements made each year between 1993-2012,which are on average 1063 m yr-1,with limited interannual variability and no significant trend; moreover,there is no apparent relationship between ice-velocity variability and calving events.The degree to which the massive calving events in 2010 and 2012 represent natural episodic variability or a response to atmospheric and/or oceanic changes remains speculative; however,melt-induced weakening of the floating ice tongue in recent years is strongly suggested.

THE COMPILATION OF A DTM AND A NEW SATELLITE IMAGE MAP FOR KING GEORGE ISLAND,ANTARCTICA

An improved topographic database for King George Island,one of the most frequently visited regions in Antarctica,is presented.A first step consisted in combining data from differential GPS surveys gained during the austral summers 1997～1998 and 1999～2000,with the current coastline from a SPOT satellite image mosaic,topographic information from existing maps and from the Antarctic Digital Database.From this data sets,a digital terrain model (DTM) was generated using Arc/Info GIS.In a second step,a satellite image map at the scale 1∶100 000 was assembled from contour lines derived from the DTM and the satellite mosaic.A lack of accurate topographic information in the eastern part of the island was identified.Additional topographic surveying or SAR interferometry should be used to improve the data quality in that area.The GIS integrated database will be indispensable for glaciological and climatological studies and administrative and scientific purposes.In future,the application of GIS techniques will be mandatory for environmental impact studies and environmental monitoring as well as for management plans on King George Island.

论二十一世纪机场建筑设计新趋势

机场建筑是当代最复杂、最广泛使用的建筑物之一，每年供数千万计的旅客使用，其速度和安全受到高度重视。在二十一世纪，人们更加重视机场与周边城市道路公共交通连接的快捷和如何减少登机、出港的步行距离。因此，重视旅客的舒适性，决定着机场是否能成为具有魅力、令人心情愉悦场所的关键所在。“以人为本”，从旅客的心理需求出发进行设计，是交通建筑永远不变的追求。

Molecular phenotypes of colorectal cancer and potential clinical applications

Colorectal cancer(CRC)is a heterogeneous disease,arising from many possible etiological pathways.This heterogeneity can have important implications for CRC prognosis and clinical management.Epidemiological studies of CRC risk and prognosis—as well as clinical trials for the treatment of CRC—must therefore be sensitive to the molecular phenotype of colorectal tumors in patients under study.In this review,we describe four tumor markers that have been widely studied as reflections of CRC heterogeneity:(i)microsatellite instability(MSI)or DNA mismatch repair(MMR)deficiency,(ii)the CpG island methylator phenotype(CIMP),and somatic mutations in(iii)BRAF and(iv)KRAS.These tumor markers have been used to better characterize CRC epidemiology and,increasingly,may be used to guide clinical decision-making.Going beyond these traditional tumor markers,we also briefly review some more novel markers likely to be of clinical significance.Lastly,recognizing that none of these individual tumor markers are isolated attributes but,rather,a reflection of broader tumor phenotypes,we review some of the hypothesized etiological pathways of CRC development and their associated clinical differences.