发动机内剩余推进剂排放对卫星表面污染的研究

应用真空物理的相关理论，分析了在高空超高真空环境中，发动机二次启动前推进剂排放及其在空中迁移的物理过程，给出模型假设和模拟方程，并针对此真空环境及物理过程应用合适的计算方法对方程进行求解．最后计算了推进剂的排放对卫星造成的污染，给出计算域内浓度变化的非定常过程及卫星表面不同时刻的最大污染量，为推进剂排放方案的实施与否提供理论依据．

氙离子发动机对GEO卫星表面充/放电效应的影响

用于GEO卫星上的氙离子发动机工作时喷射出具有一定能量和密度的氙离子及电子,参与了通常由空间等离子体、表面材料二次电子、光生电子等对GEO卫星的表面充/放电过程,从而对卫星表面充/放电效应产生影响。文章对此影响进行定性分析,并探讨其设计要求。

仿壁虎刚毛阵列对卫星表面吸附能力模型与计算

壁虎脚的粘着机理对航天机器人脚掌的研制和开发具有重要启发意义.通过单根刚毛与光滑表面黏着力模型与计算、卫星粗糙表面分布模型与接触概率与计算、刚毛阵列与卫星粗糙表面黏着力模型与计算等,分析仿壁虎刚毛阵列对卫星表面的吸附能力,发现在一定条件下仿壁虎刚毛阵能够在太空失重环境中黏着在卫星表面,对航天舱内爬行机器人、管道机器人的研制和开发具有重要的启示意义.

典型卫星表面材料可见光偏振特性分析

对典型卫星表面材料进行了可见光偏振测试,基于测试数据完成了表面材料的可见光反射特性分析;推导分析了基于偏振双向反射分布函数的可见光反射偏振传输模型,并基于测试数据对模型的模拟计算精度进行了评价。结果表明:模型计算的反射偏振度与实测结果有较好的一致性,且在镜面反射情况下,典型卫星表面常用的主体包覆材料偏振度最小,但偏振角有最大值。即材质表面组成成份不同,其可见光反射偏振特性有较大差异。结合考虑目标表面的偏振特性更有助于区分目标的物质组成,研究成果可为改善典型卫星目标探测的有效性提供基础数据支撑。

基于双向反射分布函数的卫星表面光散射研究

基于双向反射分布函数（BRDF）,从太阳辐射理论出发,分析了表面漫反射率与入射波长的关系,卫星、太阳及观测站三者的相互位置关系。推导了卫星表面为朗伯表面和以BRDF模型为基础的随机粗糙表面的散射光照度表达式。然后以FY-1D卫星为例,计算了一段观测时间内,卫星地面照度值和视星等值的变化情况。最后比较了这两种条件下的地面光照度值,结果表明,把卫星表面看作漫散射体得到的地面照度值要比把卫星表面看作随机粗糙表面得到的地面照度值大。

利用STK计算卫星外表面接收的太阳直接辐射

对卫星外表面接收的太阳直接辐射进行理论分析,得出计算表达式;将卫星外部结构及尺寸参数和STK软件给出的目标卫星光照时间、卫星外表面与太阳矢量间的几何关系等参数带入计算式得到特定卫星外表面接收到的太阳直接辐射;并对计算结果进行分析。

太空风化对硅酸盐小行星反射光谱的影响

太空风化研究对小行星表面环境及成分遥感反演具有重要意义.目前对太空风化引起小行星光谱变化的研究结果并不统一,对硅酸盐小行星风化模式缺乏统一的认识.基于大样本研究的思路,统计了4颗普通球粒陨石(H、L和LL型)、7种硅酸盐单矿物、6组橄榄石-辉石不同比例混合物的激光辐照实验,分析辐照前后样品可见-近红外反射光谱(0.45–2.5μm)的变化,并结合小行星光谱研究太空风化对硅酸盐小行星光谱的影响.结果显示,太空风化不会引起1μm吸收中心的明显偏移,但会导致吸收面积比(2μm带面积/1μm带面积)增加.因此,使用“1μm吸收中心–吸收面积比”作图来区分陨石类型仍然有效,即太空风化对矿物学分类影响较小.在主成分分析图中, A型小行星具有几乎平行于α线的风化趋势,其余硅酸盐小行星具有“Q-Sq-S”的风化趋势.基于斯隆数字巡天数据(Sloan Digital Sky Survey dataset, SDSS)的小行星分类系统会混淆富含橄榄石小行星的分类,并可能低估A型小行星的数量.系统分析了硅酸盐小行星太空风化模式及光谱变化规律,对深入认识小行星光谱的太空风化效应以及矿物定量遥感反演具有实用价值.

动电容式电位监测器原理和结构参数设计

航天器表面充电到高静电位会导致静电放电(ESD),从而影响甚至破坏卫星电子器件。静电放电事件大多与各种表面材料之间的差异带电有关,因此研究不同表面材料在空间的充电电位对于控制航天器表面静电放电事件至关重要。本文介绍了用于测量表面电位的静电感应式电位监测器的工作原理,并且对探头部分设计参数的选取进行了数值模拟计算研究,用于设计参数的选取和优化。

利用漂流浮标资料对黑潮及其邻近海域表层流场及其季节分布特征的分析研究

利用1987年以来WOCE项目及我国自行投放或进入黑潮及其邻近海域（15°-36°N,114°-135°E）的共计323个卫星跟踪海表面漂流浮标资料,得到全年平均及季节平均的浮标轨迹及（1/4）°×（1/4）°格点平均的表层流矢量结果。分析认为：对于全年平均的表层流场,黑潮表层流路主要表现了对大洋西边界地形的适应,并呈现出6个较大的弯曲,其中在反气旋型弯曲处都发生分支或入侵现象、气旋型弯曲处这种现象却不明显。对于季节平均的表层流场,黑潮表层不同流段分别表现出各自显著的季节差异：吕宋海峡附近海域,表层水向南海的入侵只发生在秋、冬两季,而春、夏两季却不发生;在台湾以东海域,黑潮表层流路与黑潮右侧反气旋涡的存在与否密切相关,春季没有涡旋存在时,黑潮表层流路常出现气旋式大弯曲,其他三个季节反气旋涡存在时,黑潮表层流路相对平直;在台湾东北海域,黑潮表层水向东海南部陆架区的入侵以秋、冬季最强,春季次之,而夏季几乎不发生;在赤尾屿以北的东海黑潮中段,黑潮流动比较稳定,其表层平均流径走向由偏北到偏东依次约为冬（北偏东30°）、春（北偏东33°）、秋（北偏东38°）、夏（北偏东45°）;流路宽度由宽至窄依次约为秋（90 km）、春（80 km）、冬（70 km）、夏（60 km）,而流速由大至小依次为夏、春、秋、冬,且各季节都表现出北段流速大于南段的现象;在九州西南海域,春、秋两季黑潮表层水发生明显的向北入侵,入侵的黑潮水与东海外陆架水共同成为对马暖流的一部分来源,而夏季这种现象不明显,九州西南海域黑潮表层流路北界的位置以秋季最为偏北（但最北不超过31°N）、流路也最宽;在琉球群岛外缘海域,南半部基本没有北上的表层流存在,只有在冲绳群岛-奄美群岛以东海区,秋、夏、春三季表层反气旋涡旋都比较活跃,在涡旋的西侧有顺着冲绳群岛-奄美群岛的东北向流,其中秋季最为明显。这些结果可以为黑潮及其邻近海域的深入研究提供较为客观、直接的参考。

Retrieve Sea Surface Salinity Using Principal Component Regression Model Based on SMOS Satellite Data

The sea surface salinity(SSS) is a key parameter in monitoring ocean states. Observing SSS can promote the understanding of global water cycle. This paper provides a new approach for retrieving sea surface salinity from Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity(SMOS) satellite data. Based on the principal component regression(PCR) model, SSS can also be retrieved from the brightness temperature data of SMOS L2 measurements and Auxiliary data. 26 pair matchup data is used in model validation for the South China Sea(in the area of 4?–25?N, 105?–125?E). The RMSE value of PCR model retrieved SSS reaches 0.37 psu(practical salinity units) and the RMSE of SMOS SSS1 is 1.65 psu when compared with in-situ SSS. The corresponding Argo daily salinity data during April to June 2013 is also used in our validation with RMSE value 0.46 psu compared to 1.82 psu for daily averaged SMOS L2 products. This indicates that the PCR model is valid and may provide us with a good approach for retrieving SSS from SMOS satellite data.

Impacts of Land Use and Cover Change on Land Surface Temperature in the Zhujiang Delta

Remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) technologies were used to detect land use/cover changes (LUCC) and to assess their impacts on land surface temperature (LST) in the Zhujiang Delta. Multi-temporal Landsat TM and Landsat ETM+ data were employed to identify patterns of LUCC as well as to quantify urban expansion and the associated decrease of vegetation cover. The thermal infrared bands of the data were used to retrieve LST. The results revealed a strong and uneven urban growth,which caused LST to raise 4.56℃in the newly urbanized part of the study area. Overall, remote sensing and GIS technologies were effective approaches for monitoring and analyzing urban growth patterns and evaluating their impacts on LST.

Shear-Flow Induced Secondary Circulation in Parallel Underwater Topographic Corrugation and Its Application to Satellite Image Interpretation

This study aims to figure out satellite imaging mechanisms for submerged sand ridges in the shallow water region in the case of the flow parallel to the topography corrugation.Solving the disturbance governing equations of the shear-flow yields the analytical solutions of the secondary circulation.The solutions indicate that a flow with a parabolic horizontal velocity shear and a sinusoidal vertical velocity shear will induce a pair of vortexes with opposite signs distributed symmetrically on the two sides of central line of a rectangular canal.In the case of the presence of surface Ekman layer with the direction of Ekman current opposite to(coincident with) the mean flow,the two vortexes converge(diverge) at the central line of canal in the upper layer and form a surface current convergent(divergent) zone along the central line of the canal.In the case of the absence of surface Ekman layer,there is no convergent(divergent) zone formed over the sea surface.The theoretical results are applied to interpretations of three convergent cases,one divergent case and statistics of 27 cases of satellite observations in the submerged sand ridge region of the Liaodong Shoal in the Bohai Sea.We found that the long,finger-like,bright patterns on SAR images are corresponding to the locations of the canals(or tidal channels) formed by two adjacent sand ridges rather than the sand ridges themselves.

An Observational Study of Typhoon Imbudo in 2003

Typhoon Imbudo was a super-typhoon over the northwestern Pacific in 2003. It caused tremendous damage when it made landfalls in the Philippines and China. This paper documents observational analyses of Typhoon Imbudo during its landfall in China. All available observations are used to study its motion, intensity changes, convection, structure and precipitation. Best-track data indicate that Imbudo moved west-northwestward until 1800 UTC 23 July and then turned northwestward. FNL (final) analysis data show that the motion of Imbudo is dominated by changes of the subtropical high. At Imbudo's mature stage, the minimum sea level pressure dropped to 910 hPa and the maximum sustained winds were as high as 67 m s 1, which is the intensity of a super-typhoon. The surface wind field exhibited asymmetric characteristics. Polar-orbiting satellite imagery also manifested convective asymmetry before Imbudo made landfall in China. Analyzed the vertical wind shear, it is shown that the convection has a downshear-left pattern. All kinds of precipitation data were used to identify the asymmetric characteristic of the rainfall associated with the Imbudo. The maximum rainfalls were located in the southern boundary area between Guangxi and Guangdong. However, the lack of in situ observations limited further analyses of this typhoon.

Variability of surface velocity in the Kuroshio Current and adjacent waters derived from Argos drifter buoys and satellite altimeter data

By combining Argos drifter buoys and TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter data, the time series of sea-surface velocity fields in the Kuroshio Current (KC) and adjacent regions are established. And the variability of the KC from the Luzon Strait to the Tokara Strait is studied based on the velocity fields. The results show that the dominant variability period varies in different segments of the KC: The primary period near the Luzon Strait and to the east of Taiwan Island is the intra-seasonal time scale; the KC on the continental shelf of the ECS is the steadiest segment without obvious periodicity, while the Tokara Strait shows the period of seasonal variability. The diverse periods are caused by the Rossby waves propagating from the interior ocean, with adjustments in topography of island chain and local wind stress.

Observed Relationship between Surface Freshwater Flux and Salinity in The North Indian Ocean

Using 10-year (2001 10) monthly evaporation, precipitation, and sea surface salinity (SSS) datasets, the relationship between local freshwater flux and SSS in the north Indian Ocean (NIO) is evaluated quantitatively. The results suggest a highly positive linear correlation between freshwater flux and SSS in the Arabian Sea (correlation coefficient, R=0.74) and the western equatorial Indian Ocean (R=0.73), whereas the linear relationships are relatively weaker in the Bay of Bengal (R=0.50) and the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean (R=0.40). Additionally, the interannual variations of freshwater flux and SSS and their mutual relationship are investigated in four sub- regions for pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons separately. The satellite retrievals of SSS from the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) and Aquarius missions can provide continuous and consistent SSS fields for a better understanding of its variability and the differences between the freshwater flux and SSS signals, which are commonly thought to be linearly related.

Preliminary Study on the Dynamic Variations of the Surface Thermal Flux before and after the M_S5.7 Earthquake of 2005 in Jiujiang City,Jiangxi Province

The temporal and spatial variations of surface latent heat flux(SLHF)and diagnostic air temperature at 2m before and after the M_S5.7 earthquake occurring on November 26,2005 in the area between Ruichang City and Jiujiang City,Jiangxi Province are summarized in this paper.It is found that before the earthquake significant SLHF anomalies and air temperature anomalies occurred in the epicentral area and its vicinity.The air temperature anomalies appeared from the 2nd to the 13th of November,2005 and were concentrated at the epicentral area and in its southern part.Then two days later,that is,from the 4th to the 15th of November 2005,significant SLHF anomalies occurred in the epicentral area and to its northern area where many lakes are distributed along the active faults.During the anomalous period,the SLHF and air temperature at 2m exceeded the sum of average daily value over 26 years and 1.5 times of its mean square deviation.Both anomalies had maintained for 12 days with a peculiar distribution related to the tectonic active zone.It is considered that both of air temperature anomalies and SLHF anomalies are correlated to the movement of thermal flux from underground prior to earthquake.SLHF anomalies occurred over wide regions covered with abundant water,whereas air temperature anomalies occurred over land.

Validation of Global Land Surface Satellite (GLASS) Downward Shortwave Radiation Product in the Rugged Surface

The downward shortwave radiation(DSR) is an essential parameter of land surface radiation budget and many land surface models that characterize hydrological,ecological and biogeochemical processes.The new Global LAnd Surface Satellite(GLASS) DSR datasets have been generated recently using multiple satellite data in China.This study investigates the performances of direct comparison approach,which is mostly used for validation of surface insolation retrieved from satellite data over the plain area,and indirect comparison approach,which needs a fine resolution map of DSR as reference,for validation of GLASS DSR product in time-steps of 1 and 3 hours over three Chinese Ecosystem Research Network sites located in the rugged surface.Results suggest that it probably has a large uncertainty to assess GLASS DSR product using the direct comparison method between GLASS surface insolation and field measurements over complex terrain,especially at Mt.Gongga 3,000 m station with root mean square error of 279.04 and 229.06 W/m2in time-steps of 1 and 3 hours,respectively.Further improvement for validation of GLASS DSR product in the rugged surface is suggested by generation of a fine resolution map of surface insolation and comparison of the aggregated fine resolution map with GLASS product in the rugged surface.The validation experience demonstrates that the GLASS DSR algorithm is satisfactory with determination coefficient of 0.83 and root mean square error of 81.91W/m2over three Chinese Ecosystem Research Network sites,although GLASS product overestimates DSR compared to the aggregated fine resolution map of surface insolation.

Impacts of Indonesian Throughflow on seasonal circulation in the equatorial Indian Ocean

Impacts of the Indonesian Throughflow(ITF) on seasonal circulation in the equatorial eastern Indian Ocean are investigated using the ocean-only model LICOM by opening and closing ITF passages. LICOM had daily forcing from NCEP reanalysis data during 2000–2011. It can reproduce vertical profiles of mean density and buoyancy frequency of World Ocean Atlas 2013 data. The model also simulates well annual oscillation in the central Indian Ocean and semiannual oscillation in the eastern Indian Ocean of sea level anomalies(SLA) using satellite altimeter data, as well as the semiannual oscillation of surface zonal equatorial currents of Ocean Surface Current Analyses Real Time current data in the equatorial Indian Ocean. The wave decomposition method is used to analyze the propagation and reflection of equatorial long waves based on LICOM output. Wave analysis suggests that ITF blockage mainly influences waves generated from the Indian Ocean but not the Pacific Ocean, and eastern boundary reflections play an important role in semiannual oscillations of SLA and zonal current dif ferences in the equatorial Indian Ocean associated with ITF. Reconstructed ITF-caused SLA using wave decomposition coefficient dif ferences between closed and open ITF-passage experiments suggest both Kelvin and Rossby waves from the first baroclinic mode have comparable contributions to the semiannual oscillations of SLA diff erence. However, reconstructed ITFcaused surface zonal currents at the equator suggest that the first meridional-mode Rossby wave has much greater contribution than the first baroclinic mode Kelvin wave. Both reconstructed sea level and zonal currents demonstrate that the first baroclinic mode has a greater contribution than other baroclinic modes.

Monitoring Local Impervious Surface Trends Using Indices Derived from Property Tax and Several Landsat Datasets

Human economic and social needs can be in conflict with ecosystem needs. Land development increases impervious surfaces causing significant negative impacts to aquatic ecosystems. Many impervious surface estimates are derived from remote sensing data, developed by using different methods and often out of date. Remote sensing data is often at scales applicable to regional management, but not local planning decisions. To date, no standardized annual dataset of percent impervious surface exists for use at both local and watershed scales. Effective communication between natural resource managers and local planners has been lacking. One solution is to monitor percent impervious surface with a relative index rather than direct measure. A relative index model can use a currency, like foundation square feet per hectare, which is useful for all decision makers. One data source for developing a relative index of impervious surface is property tax data. These data document annual land development at local scale. Here, the author presents the use of Maryland property tax data to index land development and percent impervious surface.

Comparison Study Between Observation and Simulation for Sea Fog over the Yellow Sea in May 2009

In this paper, almost all available observational data and the latest 6.0 version of Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) model were employed to investigate a heavy sea fog event occurring over the Yellow Sea from 2 to 5 May 2009. The evolutionary process of this event was documented by using Multifunctional Transport Satellites-1 (MTSAT-1) visible satellite imagery. The synoptic situation, sounding profiles at two selected stations were analyzed. The difference between the air temperature and sea surface temperature during the sea fog event over the entire sea region was also analyzed. In order to better understand this event, an RAMS modeling with a 15 km×15 km resolution was performed. The model successfully reproduced the main characteristics of this sea fog event. The simulated height of fog top and the area of lower atmospheric visibility derived from the RAMS modeling results showed good agreement with the sea fog area identified from the satellite imagery. Examinations of both observational data and RAMS modeling results suggested that advection cooling seemed to play an important role in the formation of this sea fog event.