^222Rn and ^220Rn enter the atmosphere mainly by crossing the air interface of either soil-air or building materials. The existence of relatively high concentration maintains a large ^222Rn, ^220Rn concentration gradi...^222Rn and ^220Rn enter the atmosphere mainly by crossing the air interface of either soil-air or building materials. The existence of relatively high concentration maintains a large ^222Rn, ^220Rn concentration gradient between the materials and open air. The present paper deals with the experimental measurement of ^222Rn, ^220Rn concentrations and the associated inhalation dose rates due to them in the dwellings of different characteristics. Higher concentrations and dose rates were observed in lower volume houses and the houses with granite flooring.展开更多
Education and Job Training is defined as informal education in the laws of the Republic of Indonesia concerning the National Educational System in Article 26 Point 3. Education and Job Training is carried out for indi...Education and Job Training is defined as informal education in the laws of the Republic of Indonesia concerning the National Educational System in Article 26 Point 3. Education and Job Training is carried out for individuals who require knowledge, work skills, life skills, and the correct attitudes for self-development, professional development, work, independent business and continued education. In the Indonesian construction industry, the Quantity Surveyor is a common role in planning and controlling consultant firms. These firms are organized as members of National Association of Indonesian Consultants. Many firms employ architects and technical staff as Quantity Surveyors, even if they only have experience in project calculations. This has given rise to the problem of inaccurate cost projections in the construction industry. Therefore, the future of Quantity Surveyors in Indonesia hinges on the implementation of education and short courses as means of raising the skill level of the profession. These steps will help to bridge the knowledge gap between local and foreign consultants.展开更多
Low-rise apartments for low-income residents have been built in Surabaya in recent years. They have four stories and many rooms, and the dwellers are all small traders. Because these projects are built with funds from...Low-rise apartments for low-income residents have been built in Surabaya in recent years. They have four stories and many rooms, and the dwellers are all small traders. Because these projects are built with funds from the government, the buildings are designed to consider the cost of construction, without consideration of embodied energy material. As a result, the buildings are not optimal in terms of embodied energy and construction cost. At present, because there are both concerns over global warning and a worldwide energy crisis, the embodied energy in a building is a very important concept for building design, because it can determine usage of energy in relation to natural sources, especially fossil fuels. This is part of the sustainable design concept. This paper describes research regarding： differences in embodied energy and construction cost between different wall materials, including brick, corn block and lightweight concrete in low rise apartments; the optimal relationship between embodied energy and building cost; and which factors determine these differences. The findings of this research show that lightweight concrete is the best material for the building walls; apartments for low-income in Surabaya still do not represent optimal construction design; and that sustainable buildings are cheaper than those that do not use this concept.展开更多
文摘^222Rn and ^220Rn enter the atmosphere mainly by crossing the air interface of either soil-air or building materials. The existence of relatively high concentration maintains a large ^222Rn, ^220Rn concentration gradient between the materials and open air. The present paper deals with the experimental measurement of ^222Rn, ^220Rn concentrations and the associated inhalation dose rates due to them in the dwellings of different characteristics. Higher concentrations and dose rates were observed in lower volume houses and the houses with granite flooring.
文摘Education and Job Training is defined as informal education in the laws of the Republic of Indonesia concerning the National Educational System in Article 26 Point 3. Education and Job Training is carried out for individuals who require knowledge, work skills, life skills, and the correct attitudes for self-development, professional development, work, independent business and continued education. In the Indonesian construction industry, the Quantity Surveyor is a common role in planning and controlling consultant firms. These firms are organized as members of National Association of Indonesian Consultants. Many firms employ architects and technical staff as Quantity Surveyors, even if they only have experience in project calculations. This has given rise to the problem of inaccurate cost projections in the construction industry. Therefore, the future of Quantity Surveyors in Indonesia hinges on the implementation of education and short courses as means of raising the skill level of the profession. These steps will help to bridge the knowledge gap between local and foreign consultants.
文摘Low-rise apartments for low-income residents have been built in Surabaya in recent years. They have four stories and many rooms, and the dwellers are all small traders. Because these projects are built with funds from the government, the buildings are designed to consider the cost of construction, without consideration of embodied energy material. As a result, the buildings are not optimal in terms of embodied energy and construction cost. At present, because there are both concerns over global warning and a worldwide energy crisis, the embodied energy in a building is a very important concept for building design, because it can determine usage of energy in relation to natural sources, especially fossil fuels. This is part of the sustainable design concept. This paper describes research regarding： differences in embodied energy and construction cost between different wall materials, including brick, corn block and lightweight concrete in low rise apartments; the optimal relationship between embodied energy and building cost; and which factors determine these differences. The findings of this research show that lightweight concrete is the best material for the building walls; apartments for low-income in Surabaya still do not represent optimal construction design; and that sustainable buildings are cheaper than those that do not use this concept.
