The main goal of this paper is to trace the long record of financial crises from the perspective of an emerging economy. Two questions are addressed. First, what explains the incidence and severity of financial crises...The main goal of this paper is to trace the long record of financial crises from the perspective of an emerging economy. Two questions are addressed. First, what explains the incidence and severity of financial crises in an emerging market economy？ And, second, what is the role of learning; how does the country learn from its past experience in financial crises to improve institutions and develop better techniques so as to successfully manage successive crisis events？ To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to provide a crisis event taxonomy looking at a systematic categorisation of the crises episodes that the country experienced over its 200-year life span, from its independence and the foundation of the Modem Greek state in 1829 to the recent 2008 crisis. To answer the above questions, I first present evidence on financial crises in Greece over a long time span of two centuries. Greece is chosen as our working template since it is a country with a rich history in financial crises. In particular, we try to identify different varieties of crises events, providing thus a crisis chronology. Moreover, we present some stylised facts on the incidence, the frequency and the severity of crises events. And second, we discuss the key determinants of the crises episodes, closely related to country specific factors, such as credit expansion, fiscal imbalances and the limited reserve coverage of the monetary base.展开更多
The energetic sector is necessary for productive activity in the world, because energy is one of the most essential economic resources. The energy, at a social-historic level, always has been relevant for the developm...The energetic sector is necessary for productive activity in the world, because energy is one of the most essential economic resources. The energy, at a social-historic level, always has been relevant for the development of any society, and as a country advanced in this field, there is an important increase of their energetic needs, in such a way that all energy supplies are considered as a national security strategy for many countries. This element, the natural resources of their own, their existence and good management are and will be the key for the coming years and decades to achieve the national security in the energetic field, economic development, and environment. This last argument has a great importance for the issues that are generated by an environmental crisis and the greenhouse effect in the world, due to the consumption of energy from oil and coal. All these justify the relevance of performing an analysis of the problems between the energy development and the environment, and both issues are presented in this paper from the economic history point of view.展开更多
The paper intends to study the formation of the spirit of independence, curiosity, innovation and benevolence which the university teachers in Medieval Europe had under the specific social and historical conditions. B...The paper intends to study the formation of the spirit of independence, curiosity, innovation and benevolence which the university teachers in Medieval Europe had under the specific social and historical conditions. Based on this, by contrast the current crisis of spirits of medieval university teachers in modem society, the paper also analyzes the reasons and tries to find out the mechanism to cultivate the spirit of the university teachers in modem society.展开更多
文摘The main goal of this paper is to trace the long record of financial crises from the perspective of an emerging economy. Two questions are addressed. First, what explains the incidence and severity of financial crises in an emerging market economy？ And, second, what is the role of learning; how does the country learn from its past experience in financial crises to improve institutions and develop better techniques so as to successfully manage successive crisis events？ To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to provide a crisis event taxonomy looking at a systematic categorisation of the crises episodes that the country experienced over its 200-year life span, from its independence and the foundation of the Modem Greek state in 1829 to the recent 2008 crisis. To answer the above questions, I first present evidence on financial crises in Greece over a long time span of two centuries. Greece is chosen as our working template since it is a country with a rich history in financial crises. In particular, we try to identify different varieties of crises events, providing thus a crisis chronology. Moreover, we present some stylised facts on the incidence, the frequency and the severity of crises events. And second, we discuss the key determinants of the crises episodes, closely related to country specific factors, such as credit expansion, fiscal imbalances and the limited reserve coverage of the monetary base.
文摘The energetic sector is necessary for productive activity in the world, because energy is one of the most essential economic resources. The energy, at a social-historic level, always has been relevant for the development of any society, and as a country advanced in this field, there is an important increase of their energetic needs, in such a way that all energy supplies are considered as a national security strategy for many countries. This element, the natural resources of their own, their existence and good management are and will be the key for the coming years and decades to achieve the national security in the energetic field, economic development, and environment. This last argument has a great importance for the issues that are generated by an environmental crisis and the greenhouse effect in the world, due to the consumption of energy from oil and coal. All these justify the relevance of performing an analysis of the problems between the energy development and the environment, and both issues are presented in this paper from the economic history point of view.
文摘The paper intends to study the formation of the spirit of independence, curiosity, innovation and benevolence which the university teachers in Medieval Europe had under the specific social and historical conditions. Based on this, by contrast the current crisis of spirits of medieval university teachers in modem society, the paper also analyzes the reasons and tries to find out the mechanism to cultivate the spirit of the university teachers in modem society.
