益胃汤对初老大鼠卵巢抑制素α亚基的影响

目的：探讨益胃汤延缓初老大鼠卵巢机能衰老的机制。方法：4～6月龄雌性大鼠为正常对照组；10～12月龄，阴道细胞学表现动情期延长的雌性大鼠作为初老大鼠模型。模型动物随机分为：益胃汤高剂量组，益胃汤中剂量组，益胃汤低剂量组，己烯雌酚组，模型对照组。六味地黄丸组。灌药4周后，断头处死，取右侧卵巢用于RT—PCR测卵巢抑制素α亚基mRNA的表达。结果：益胃汤高、中、低剂量组与模型对照组比较，均使卵巢抑制素α亚基mRNA表达增加。结论：益胃汤具有增加卵巢抑制素的分泌的作用，这可能是其延缓卵巢机能衰老的机制之一。

卵巢内激活素/抑制素系统与卵泡发育

卵巢内激活素(activin,ACT)/抑制素(inhibin,INH)系统主要由ACT、INH和与ACT和INH调节有关的因子,如卵泡抑素(follistatin,FS)、Smads等组成。综述ACT/INH系统在卵泡生长、卵泡选择和排卵方面的作用和机制以及其异常调节与多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)的关系,以提示卵巢局部调节因子ACT/INH系统在卵泡发育中的作用。

赖诺普利对多囊卵巢综合征并伴有高血压患者雄激素水平的有益影响

目的:探讨赖诺普利治疗多囊卵巢综合征并伴有高血压患者过程中对血清雄激素和性激素结合球蛋白水平的影响。方法:30例多囊卵巢综合征并伴有高血压患者以赖诺普利10 mg/d治疗8 wk作为前瞻性观察研究。每例对象进入本研究时和治疗12wk结束时,均观察主要指标:1)收缩压和舒张压;2)生殖内分泌激素,包括促性腺激素、硫酸脱氢表雄酮、总睾酮、游离睾酮、17α-羟孕酮血清水平、雄烯二酮、雌二醇、性激素结合球蛋白、促甲状腺激素和催乳素含量;3)胰岛素抵抗。结果:多囊卵巢综合征并伴有高血压患者服用赖诺普利治疗后,获下列效果:1)良好降压效果(收缩压平均下降2.39 kPa,舒张压平均下降1.73 kPa,P皆<0.05)。2)改善胰岛素抵抗(7.2±2.8 vs 6.3±2.0,P<0.05)。3)对性激素有有益影响。血清游离睾酮降低(3.1±1.2 vs 2.0±0.6,P<0.05),但没有影响性激素结合球蛋白水平。结论:赖诺普利除有效降低血压和改善胰岛素抵抗之外,还可使睾酮水平下降。

骨质疏松大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的生物学特性

背景:随着近年来对骨质疏松机制研究的深入,研究者逐渐把研究重点放在了成骨细胞的来源骨髓间充质干细胞上。目的:对骨质疏松大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞进行分离和体外培养,观察骨质疏松模型大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的生物学特性,分析骨质疏松的细胞病理学机制,以期为骨质疏松的防治提供一个有意义的药物靶标。方法:选用10月龄SD雌性大鼠去卵巢增龄3个月来复制骨质疏松模型,设假手术对照组。运用密度梯度离心法对两组大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞进行分离和体外培养,运用扫描电镜对培养的骨髓间充质干细胞进行形态学观察,并行生长曲线及贴壁率检测。结果与结论:骨质疏松大鼠的骨髓间充质干细胞增殖能力明显下降,与对照大鼠相比存在许多结构特征的差异。体外实验结果表明,骨质疏松大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的体外增殖能力下降可能是骨质疏松的细胞病理学机制。

绝经究竟是怎么一回事

女人的一生仅有400-500个卵母细胞能排卵,当卵泡排完后就没有了,如同泉水枯竭,也就意味着衰老了。卵巢的储备功能是有限的,当卵泡逐步耗竭,卵巢也逐步开始衰老。卵巢是女性体内第一个完全衰老以致丧失功能的器官。绝经的本质就是卵巢衰竭,接下来,我们将详细介绍卵巢功能衰竭所经历的三个阶段。

卵巢抑制素与卵巢肿瘤

卵巢抑制素与卵巢肿瘤刘召芬江森近年来发现，卵巢抑制素（ｉｎｈｉｂｉｎ，简称抑制素）具有多种生理作用，且与临床有密切的关系。卵巢癌患者血中抑制素水平升高，与卵巢癌的生物学行为、预后和对治疗的效果密切相关，血中抑制素还可作为诊断和治疗过程中监测病情的标记...

EFFECTS OF ACUPUNCTURE ON THE HYPOTHALAMUS-PITUITARY-OVARY AXIS IN RATS WITH DYSMENORRHEA

Objective To observe the influence of acupuncture on hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary axis （HPOA） in rats with primary dysmenorrhea, and to explore its mechanisms. Methods Effects of acupuncture on the concentration level of β-endorphin （β-EP）, hypothalamic hormone （gonadotropin-releasing hormone, GnRH）, pituitary hormone （GnRH receptor GnRH-R, follicle stimulating hormone FSH, luteinizing hormone LH） and ovarian hormone （estrodiol E2, estrodiol receptor ER, progesterone P and progesterone receptor PR） were observed in dysmenorrheic rats. Results After receiving acupuncture treatment, the levels of 13- EP, GnRH, GnRH-R, FSH, LH, E2, ER, P and PR were changed, and this suggested that acupuncture had a regulative action on HPOA in dysmenorrheic rats. Conclusion The mechanism of acupuncture acting on the HPOA with primary dysmenorrhea might be its regulating role to the gonadal hormone of HPOA and its corresponding receptor expression.

癌研究的进展

癌研究的进展几个澳大利亚研究小组报道了在研究医治人类的主要杀手之一──乳腺癌方面所取得的进展。悉尼圣文森特医院研究机构──加文基金会研究小组发现，对控制细胞分裂起决定作用的基因在乳腺细胞中具有活性。研究小组的瓦特博士称，他们经研究已对一新的名叫Ｃｙｃ...

Breeding strategy of Acrossocheilus fasciatus in the Puxi Stream of the Huangshan Mountain

Breeding strategies of Acrossocheilus fasciatus were studied from 592 specimens collected monthly during May 2007 and April 2008 in the Puxi Stream of the Huangshan Mountain. Sex ratio of the studied population was 0.90 ： 1 （ ♀ ： ♂ ）, not significantly different from 1 ： 1. Both sexes reached their first sexual maturity at age 2 （the second calendar year of their birth）. Fifty percent of females and males reached maturity at a total length of 69.75 mm and 69.36 mm respectively, and the minimum total length was 61.54 mm and 58.96 mm, respectively. Based on the monthly changes in gonado-somatic index and egg- development process, the breeding season of the population was from May to August, with one obvious interval （in June） occurring in the breeding activity for the females. The nonsynchronous development of oocytes observed in mature ovaries indicated that A. fasciatus is a batch spawner. Absolute fecundity of A. fasciatus ranged from 308 to 2002 eggs with a mean of 857 eggs, increased significantly with total length, and was significantly different among three age groups. Relative fecundity ranged from 38.63 to 71.70 egg/g with a mean of 53.29 egg/g, and was not significantly different among the three age groups. It was suggested that these reproductive characteristics were adaptive strategies for A. fasciatus to acclimatize to lotic water where environmental factors were unstable but predictable [ Current Zoology 55 （5） ： 350 - 356, 2009].

Association between Two Polymorphisms of Follicle Stimulating Hormone Receptor Gene and Susceptibility to Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: a Meta-analysis

Objective To investigate the association between two polymorphisms of follicle stimulating hormone receptor （FSHR） gene and polycystic ovary syndrome （PCOS） susceptibility. Methods Case-control studies on relationship of Thr307Ala and Asn680Ser polymorphisms in FSHR gene and PCOS susceptibility were searched from PubMed, ISI web of knowledge, EBSCO, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI） databases up to March 21, 2013. The pooled odds ratio （OR） and 95% confidence interval （CO were calculated using fixed- or random-effect model based on heterogeneity test in 5 genotype models analyses. Results A total of 11 studies were included in the Meta-analysis. The random-effect analysis showed Asn680Ser was significantly associated with the reduced susceptibility to PCOS with dominant model （Asn/Asn＋Asn/Ser vs. Ser/Ser, OR=0.83, 95% CI： 0.69-1.00）, recessive model （Asn/Asn vs. Asn/Ser＋ Ser/Ser, OR=0.84, 95% CI： 0.72-0.98）, homozygote comparison （Ash/Ash vs. Ser/Ser, 0R=0.79, 95% CI： 0.63-0.98）, and the allele contrast （Asn vs. Ser, OR=0.87, 95% CI： 0.79-0.97） respectively（P=0.02, I2=56.0%）, being protective factors for PCOS. However, no significant associations were found between Thr307Ala and PCOS. Conclusion There might be a significant association between Asn680Ser polymorphism and PCOS.

Chemotherapy of ovarian cancer in elderly patients

Epithelial ovarian cancer is primarily a disease of older women. Advanced age is risk factor for decreased survival. Optimal surgery and the safe and effective administration of chemotherapy are essential for prolonged progression-free and overall survival(OS). In this article, the available regimens in both the primary treatment and relapsed setting are reviewed.

Apoptosis in Granulosa cells during follicular atresia:relationship with steroids and insulin-like growth factors

It is well known that during mammalian ovarian follicular development, the majority of follicles undergo atresia at various stages of their development. However, the mechanisms controlling this selection process remain unknown. In this study, we investigated apoptosis in granulosa cells during goat follicular atresia by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL). The changes in the levels of steroids, insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and IGF receptors were studied by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and semi-quantitative reverse transcrip-tion-PCR. We found that the percentage of apoptotic granulosa cells in the atretic (A) follicles was significantly higher than that in the slightly atretic (SA) and healthy (H) follicles. The level of estradiol and the ratio of estradiol to progesterone in H follicles were significantly higher than those in A follicles. On the other hand, the level of progesterone was not significantly different among these follicle types. We also found that the level of IGF-Ⅰ in H follicles was higher than in SA and A follicles, whereas the amount of IGF-Ⅱ did not vary significantly. The expression of IGF receptor also decreased in A follicles as compared to that in H and SA follicles. These results suggested that estradiol and IGF-Ⅰ might be involved in controlling apoptosis in granulosa cells during follicular atresia.

Genistein sensitizes ovarian carcinoma cells to chemotherapy by switching the cell cycle progression in vitro

Objective:To address how genistein sensitizes the chemotherapy-resistant ovarian carcinoma cells and promotes apoptosis in the respect of cell cycle and the regulation of survivin expression in the process.Methods:Ovarian SKOV-3 carcinoma cell line was treated with genistein or cisplatin either alone or in combination.Cell viability was showed by MTT method.Cell cycle and apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry.Survivin mRNA and protein were revealed by RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry,respectively.Results:Genistein could reduce the cell viability in a dose-dependent manner,while cisplatin did so at a much higher level.In contrast,if the two agents were treated in combination,half growth inhibition(IC50) value for cisplatin was reduced remarkably and the effect was synergistic as analyzed by isobologram.In particular,the reduced cell viability was exhibited by a switch in cell cycle progression,as the cells were arrested in G2/M phase and the G0/G1 phase-fraction was significantly decreased.The reduced cell viability appeared to involve apoptosis,based on our results from flow cytometry and Hoechst 33258 staining.In the meanwhile,genistein performed the inhibitory effect on cisplatin-induced survivin expression.Conclusion:Genistein can sensitize ovarian carcinoma cells to cisplatin therapy with the inhibition of survivin expression as the potential mechanism.

Age-related effects of estrogen on the expression of estrogen receptor (ER) α and β mRNA in the ovariectomized (OVX) monkey hypothalamus

In the present study, we reported distribution of ERα and ER β mRNAs in the hypothalamus of young and old ovariectomized （OVX） rhesus macaques. The ERα were detected in all six major vestiblular nuclei which included arcuate nucleus （ARC） , paraventricularis nucleus （PVN） , periventricular nucleus （PeriV） , supraoptic nucleus （SON）, medial prioptic nucleus （MPN） and lateral hypotbalamus area （LHA）. However, the ERβ mRNA can also detected in those nuclei excerpt SON, but the signals of ERβ mRNA were weaker than those of ERα mRNA. We observed that the degree of expression of ERs mRNA were different in most nucleus of old and young monkeys. The ERα mRNAs were highly expressed in ARC and SON in young monkeys compared with old monkeys. Moderate amount of ERα mRNAs hybridization signals and weak signals were observed in LHA, and MPN both in young and old monkeys. In contrast, only lower level of ERα hybridization signal were observed in PVN and PeriV in young monkeys, and the signals of ERα were very low in those nucleus of old monkeys. In general, the expression of ERβ mRNA were weaker than that of ERα mRNA in above nucleus excerpt LHA. The relatively higher density of ERβ hybridization signals have been observed in the LHA in young monkey compared with old monkeys. Low amount of. ERβ mRNA hybridization signals were observed in the ARC, PVN and MPN, and no age differences were seen in PVN and MPN of those monkeys. In PeriV, we observed some signals in young monkey and a few signals in old monkeys. It was different from the rodent in which we did not found ERβ hybridization signal in SON. This study showed that both of the two estrogen receptors not only had the same pattern of expression but also had many different patterns of expression. The different expression of ERα and ERβ mRNAs in the young and old monkey brain may imply diverse functions in different regions of the monkey brain.

The relationship between the expression of hK6 in ovarian neoplasm and the clinicopathologic variables and prognosis

Objective: The aim of this study was to approach the relationship between the expression of human kallikrein 6 (hK6) in ovarian neoplasm and the clinicopathologic variables and prognosis for finding a new tumor marker for ovarian cancer. Methods: Through immunohistochemistry to examine the expression of hK6 in 19 cases with benign, 11 cases with borderline and 45 cases with malignant ovarian neoplasms and statistically analyzed whether the expression of hK6 correlated with the clinicopathologic variables and prognosis in patients with ovarian cancer. Results: The positive rate of hK6 in ovarian cancer tissues (60.0%) was significantly higher than that in the benign (15.8%) and borderline (27.3%) ovarian neoplasm tissues (P < 0.01). The expression of hK6 in low-grade ovarian cancer tissues was higher than that in high-grade (68.4% vs 14.3%; P < 0.05); hK6 in late–stage (stage III) was more frequently expressed than that in early-stage (stage I or II) (76.7% vs 26.7%; P < 0.01); and it significantly higher in ovarian carcinomas with lymph node metastases than those without lymph node metastases (77.8% vs 33.3%; P < 0.01 ); moreover, the expression of hK6 in the cancer tissues that the patients died or their pathogenetic condition recurred or their tumor metastasized within 3 years after surgery was higher (75.0%) than that in the cancer tissues that the pathogenetic condition of the patients was stable (42.9%; P < 0.05). Conclusion: The expression of hK6 in ovarian cancer tissues was higher than that in the benign and borderline ovarian neoplasm tissues, and high hK6 expression correlated with late–stage, low-grade, node metastasis and poor prognosis of patients. hK6 could potentially be a novel tumor marker for ovarian cancer that can predict the prognosis of the patients.

Effect of oophorectomy and exogenous estrogen replacement on liver injury in experimental obstructive jaundice

AIM: To investigate the role of estrogen on liver injury in an experimental obstructive jaundice model.METHODS: Three groups of female rats were constituted; group 1 was oophorectomized and given E2 (n = 14), group 2 was oophorectomized and given placebo (n = 14), and group 3 was sham operated (n = 14). Fourteen days following constitution of bile duct ligation, all groups were compared in terms of serum tests, histopathologic parameters, and tissue levels of IFN-γ and IL-6.RESULTS: The parameters representing both the injury and/or the reactive response and healing were more pronounced in groups 1 and 2 (χ2 = 17.2, χ2 = 10.20; χ2 = 12.4, P < 0.05). In the sham operated or E2 administered groups significantly lower tissue levels of IFN-γ and higher IL-6 levels were found. In contrast, high IFN-γ and low IL-6 tissue levels were found in the oophorectomized and placebo group (P < 0.001). Kupffer cell alterations were observed to be more pronounced in the groups 1 and 3 (χ2 = 6.13, P < 0.05).CONCLUSION: Our study indicates that E2 impaired liver functions, accelerated both the liver damage and healing. In the conditions of bile duct obstruction, estrogen significantly changed the cytokine milieu in the liver.

Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin as a Single Agent or as Combination Therapy with Carboplatin in Patients with Recurrent or Refractory Epithelial Ovarian Cancer

OBJECTIVE Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin （PLD; CAELYX ）, a novel formulation of doxorubicin with enhanced therapeutic efficacy and reduced toxicity, has demonstrated improved progression-free survival in recurrent or refractory ovarian cancer. The objective of this open-label, noncomparative, observational study was to determine the efficacy and safety of PLD monotherapy or combination therapy with carboplatin for patients with cancer. recurrent or refractory ovarian METHODS Sixty-two patients with recurrent or refractory ovarian cancer who completed a platinum-based chemotherapy regimen and demonstrated platinum sensitivity for first-line treatment at least 6 months prior to study entry were enrolled in 20 centers in China. PLD was given as monotherapy （50 mg/m2 infused over 60 minutes） or as combination therapy （30 mg/m2 1-hour infusion） with carboplatin （area under the curve 5 mg.min/mL 1-hour infusion） on day 1 every 28 days for 4 cycles. The primary endpoint was objective response （OR） rate or CA-125 level. Secondary endpoints included time to response, time-to-progression, health-related quality of life, and safety. RESULTS Overall, 48% of the 62 evaluable patients achieved a confirmed OR. More patients receiving PLD and carboplatin achieved an OR vs the PLD monotherapy group （63% vs. 37%）. The median time to response and disease progression was 58.5 days and 56.0 days, respectively. Overall and drug-related adverse events were reported for 39% and 34%, respectively. The most commonly reported adverse events were stomatitis （22.6%） and palmar-plantar erythroderma （9.7%）. Two deaths were reported. CONCLUSION PLD is an effective and well tolerated agent in women with recurrent or refractory epithelial ovarian cancer.

A Network Pharmacology Analysis of Cang Fu Dao Tan Formula for the Treatment of Obese Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Objective To explore the potential molecular targets of Cang Fu Dao Tan Formula(CFDTF)in the treatment of obese polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS)using network pharmacology and bioinformatic approaches.Methods The potential blood-entry active compounds and targets of CFDTF were retrieved from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform(TCMSP),and obese PCOS related gene targets were retrieved from GeneCard databases.A protein-protein interaction(PPI)network of CFDTF component-targets and obese PCOS diseasetargets was constructed using STRING.Gene Ontology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway analysis of the intersection network were conducted using a Bioconductor database.Results In total,114 active compounds were screened according to oral bioavailability(OB)and drug similarity(DL),and 328 targets related to these constituents were obtained.Further,2559 target genes directly related to obese PCOS were obtained from the GeneCard databases,and 82 genes were obtained from the intersection of the component-target and disease-target PPI network.These genes were mainly involved in response to steroid hormones,nutrient levels and lipopolysaccharide as well as in other biological processes.Their molecular functions were mainly related to nuclear receptor activity,phosphatase binding and cytokine activity,and they were enriched in the cytoplasm,cell membrane and membrane region.Conclusions CFDTF consists of 114 active compounds that are responsible for its pharmacodynamic effects.It mainly regulates the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications,bladder cancer,and hepatitis B and in other signaling networks.These findings provide certain theoretical and scientific basis for the treatment of obese PCOS with Chinese medicine.

Effect of Epidermal Growth Factor on Follicular Development and Steroidogenesis in Perfused Rat Ovary

The effect of epidermal growth factor(EGF) on follicular development and steroidogenesis was investigated using an in vitro perfused immature rat ovary model. Type 3a and type 3b follicles were counted in the sections of perfused ovaries. To determine action of EGF on amortize activity, effect of testosterone(10-5 M) plus EGF(10 ng/ml) and that of testosterone(10-5 M) alone were compared. EGF(10 ng/ml) significantly increased the number of both types of follicles. At time-course experiment, EGF(10 ng/ml) did not enhance the number of both types of follicles after 10 hr perfusion, but significantly augmented it after perfusion of 20 hrs. EGF(10 ng/m) also stimulated progesterone production. There was no significant difference in estradiol level when ovaries were treated with EGF alone. The addition of testosterone significantly increased estradiol production. EGF inhibited testosterone-derived ovary estradiol production. These results suggest that EGF induces development of the primordial and primary follicles and plays an important role in controlling development by regulating function of granulosa cells.

Effects of heterotopic autotransplantation of cryopreserved-thawed ovarian tissues on sex hormone level

Objective: The aim of our study was to measure and compare the serum hormone level of transplant group with blank control and castrated control groups after heterotopic autotransplantation of cryopreserved-thawed ovarian tissues into back muscles. Methods: A total of 40 SPF-SD female rats(5–6 week-old) were randomly divided into three groups: blank control group(group A), castration control group(group B) and transplant group(group C). Ovaries were removed by surgical procedure, then after cryopreservation and thawing procedures the ovarian tissues were implanted into the back muscles of mice in group C. After 4 weeks of ovarian tissues transplantation, all rats blood sampling were measured for E2, LH and FSH hormone levels by ELISA. Results: E2 level was significantly higher in group C and group A than group B [(38.98 ± 5.66) pg/mL,(8.14 ± 3.24) pg/mL; P < 0.05) and [(36.30 ± 6.90) pg/mL,(8.14 ± 3.24) pg/mL; P < 0.05)]. However, E2 level in group C and group A had no significant difference. FSH level in group B, group A and group C was(18.87 ± 2.54) nmol/L,(7.77 ± 0.87) nmol/L and(9.39 ± 2.12) nmol/L respectively. FSH level increased significantly in group B compared with group A, and the difference had statistical significance(P < 0.05). FSH level was slightly increased in group C compared with group A, and the difference was not statistically significant(P > 0.05), but compared with group B, FSH level was significantly reduced and being statistically significant(P < 0.05). Conclusion: Autotransplantation of cryopreserved-thawed ovarian tissue into back muscles can sustain follicular development and re-establish endogenous hormone production by restoring the factors such as angiogenesis and innervations at the graft site.