史前时期的崇鸟习俗及其历史背景

以绘画和雕塑方式表现的鸟禽形象广泛地存在于史前时代世界众多先民中。自19世纪后期在世界众多地区发现并被确认以来,对于其含义的解读便从未间断。《史前时期的崇鸟习俗及其历史背景》一文对于这些发现和研究作了比较全面的总结。这是一篇完成于40多年以前的文章,译者选择该文,当然不是着眼于考古资料本身,甚至也不在于作者的观点多么新颖,更为重要的是从学术史的角度,了解近半个世纪前西方人类学家在解读此类题材时所涉及的诸多理论。作者认同早期艺术中的动物形象具有鲜明的原始宗教意义,并从丰产巫术、成丁礼、图腾崇拜、通天媒介和鸟的死亡象征意义等多个角度对特定图像进行了功能性阐释。作者对于这类图像所采取的多重可能性解释本身,已经反映出此类问题的复杂性。半个多世纪过去了,我们发现,除了在考古学本体论方面我们"发明"了认知考古学,并将"符号"的概念赋予这些早期艺术品之外,对于"洞穴艺术"或"符号"含义的阐释,我们似乎并没有走很远。作者是一位人类学家,文中不经意间流露出的国外人类学方面的知识与信息,如鸟禽除了为人类提供肉食与禽蛋之外,鸟骨可以做成骨笛(现在知道我国新石器时代早期也有发现),可以盛放颜料,蛋清还可以当作调制颜料的粘合剂。这些,对于考古学者来说都是别有新意的。

Study on the Policy of Embodying Language Difference between Chinese and Western Culture

For centuries, cross-cultural exchange activities throughout history, language and culture from the communication is an integral part of the contact. For the entire human history, cross-cultural communication is not strange. It plays an important role in studying different languages. Language is the carrier of culture and the main manifestation of culture. Language is developing with the development of a nation, it is an integral part of national culture, history, customs and local customs and practices, the nation＇s culture and social customs are also in the national language to show. The different historical background and development process leads to great difference exists in Western languages. With mutual understanding and deepen, the conflict in western culture are increasing. Language is the primary from of communication. And the use of language and culture are closely related. So ＂differences between Chinese culture and Western culture in English language＂ has become the important topic of intercultural communication.