320t鱼雷罐内铁水流场的物理模拟

介绍了铁水脱硫预处理的各种方式和脱硫铁水回硫存在问题。由于鱼雷罐细长形结构,其熔池浅,两端存在死区,所以也存在脱硫铁水回硫情况。为了降低其铁水回硫量,对鱼雷罐内铁水流场进行了物理模拟研究。根据实验结果,设计出新型喷枪,并进行了现场试验。结果表明,喷枪上增加压制孔,对于促进鱼雷罐内铁水的循环流动是行之有效的方案。用新型喷枪进行现场铁水预脱硫,平均回硫量为1.75×10-5,较改进前下降50%;回硫量≥5×10-5的包次也得到了大幅下降。

Macro-meso fracture evolution mechanism of hollow cylindrical granite with different hole diameters under conventional triaxial compression

In order to study and analyze the stability of engineering rock mass under non-uniform triaxial stress and obtain the evolution mechanism of the whole process of fracture,a series of conventional triaxial compression tests and three-dimensional numerical simulation tests were carried out on hollow granite specimens with different diameters.The bearing capacity of hollow cylindrical specimen is analyzed based on elasticity.The results show that:1)Under low confining pressure,the tensile strain near the hole of the hollow cylindrical specimen is obvious,and the specimen deformation near the hole is significant.At the initial stage of loading,the compressive stress and compressive strain of the specimen are widely distributed.With the progress of loading,the number of microelements subjected to tensile strain gradually increases,and even spreads throughout the specimen;2)Under conventional triaxial compression,the cracking position of hollow cylinder specimens is concentrated in the upper and lower parts,and the final fracture mode is generally compressive shear failure.The final fracture mode of complete specimen is generally tensile fracture.Under high confining pressure,the tensile cracks of the sample are concentrated in the upper and lower parts and are not connected,while the cracks of the upper and lower parts of the intact sample will expand and connect to form a fracture surface;3)In addition,the tensile crack widths of intact and hollow cylindrical specimens under low confining pressure are larger than those under high confining pressure.

Deformation transition of intact coal induced by gas injection

Gas migration in coal bed is a multiple-physical process, of which not only includes gas desorption/diffusion through coal matrix and gas Darcy flow through the cleat system, but also results in deformation of solid coal. Especially for enhanced coal bed methane(ECBM) and CO2 capture and sequestration(CCS), gas injection is mainly controlled by the gas diffusivity in the coal matrix and coal permeability.Although the relevant coal permeability models have been frequently developed, how the dual-porosity system of coal affects gas adsorption/diffusion is still poorly understood. In this paper, a series of experiments were carried out in order to investigate deformation evolution of intact coal subjected to hydrostatic pressure of different gases(including pure H2, N2 and CO2) under isotherm injection. In the testing process, the coal strain and injected gas pressure were measured simultaneously. The results show that the pressure of non-adsorptive helium remained unchanged throughout the isothermal injection process, in which the volumetric strain of the coal shrinked firstly and maintained unchanged at lower isobaric pressure. With the injected pressure increasing, the coal volume underwent a transition from shrinking to recovery(still less than initial volume of the coal). In contrast, N2 injection caused the coal to shrink firstly and then recover with decreasing gas pressure. The recovery volume was larger than the initial volume due to adsorption-induced swelling. For the case of CO2 injection, although the stronger adsorption effect could result in swelling of the solid coal, the presence of higher gas pressure appears to contribute the swelling coal to shrink. These results indicate that the evolution of coal deformation is time dependent throughout the migration of injected gas. From the mechanical characteristics of poroelastical materials, distribution of pore pressure within the coal is to vary with the gas injection,during which the pore pressure in the cleats will rapidly increase, in contrast, the pore pressure in the matrix will hysteretically elevate. Such a difference on changes of pore pressure between the cleats and the matrix will contribute to the shrinkage of the matrix as a result of initially greater effective stress.Besides, both gas-adsorption-induced swelling and decreasing effective stress also control the coal deformation transition. This work gives us an insight into investigation on influence of effective stress on coal-gas interaction.

Gas separation using sol–gel derived microporous zirconia membranes with high hydrothermal stability

A microporous zirconia membrane with hydrogen permeance about 5 × 10-8mol·m-2·s-1·Pa-1, H2/CO2 permselectivity of ca. 14, and excellent hydrothermal stability under steam pressure of 100 k Pa was fabricated via polymeric sol–gel process. The effect of calcination temperature on single gas permeance of sol–gel derived zirconia membranes was investigated. Zirconia membranes calcined at 350 °C and 400 °C showed similar single gas permeance, with permselectivities of hydrogen towards other gases, such as oxygen, nitrogen, methane, and sulfur hexa fluoride, around Knudsen values. A much lower CO2permeance（3.7 × 10-9mol·m-2·s-1·Pa-1）was observed due to the interaction between CO2 molecules and pore wall of membrane. Higher calcination temperature, 500 °C, led to the formation of mesoporous structure and, hence, the membrane lost its molecular sieving property towards hydrogen and carbon dioxide. The stability of zirconia membrane in the presence of hot steam was also investigated. Exposed to 100 k Pa steam for 400 h, the membrane performance kept unchanged in comparison with freshly prepared one, with hydrogen and carbon dioxide permeances of 4.7 × 10-8and ~ 3 × 10-9mol·m-2·s-1·Pa-1, respectively. Both H2 and CO2permeances of the zirconia membrane decreased with exposure time to 100 k Pa steam. With a total exposure time of 1250 h, the membrane presented hydrogen permeance of 2.4 × 10-8mol·m-2·s-1·Pa-1and H2/CO2 permselectivity of 28, indicating that the membrane retains its microporous structure.

Verification of Effective Stress for Unsaturated Clay by Collapse Test

Generally, a suction control apparatus is used to examine compression properties of unsaturated clay. This is usually carried out with a pore water pressure of 0 under condition of applying pore air pressure, which is positive pore air pressure in a triaxial compression test. It is known as the Axis Translation Technique. However in this study, the suction control apparatus does not employ a method of controlling initial degree of saturation of specimen. The method for making specimen using micro wave is used to ensure a uniform distribution of water content of specimen （microwave oven method）. Consequently, both compression properties are similar to each other. Collapse tests were carried out using specimens under the microwave oven method and air dry state. As a result, it was found that the former does not result in collapse but the latter results in a significant amount of collapse. Such occurrence of collapse is dependent on the soil structure. Therefore, the equation of effective stress for unsaturated soil proposed Bishop should not neglect as an occurrence of collapse for unsaturated soils.

Construction of Multilayer Porous Scaffold Based on Magnetically Guided Assembly of Microfiber

This paper proposes a novel method of magnetically guided assembly to construct multi- layer porous scaffold for three-dimensional cell culture by apply magnetic microfibers. Microfibers are composed of biocompatible and biodegradable alginate solution with homogeneous magnetic nanopar- ticles, which are continuously spun from a microfluidic device by precise pressure control of the syringe pump. Magnetic nanoparticles enable the control of magnetic field on microfibers. Meanwhile, mag- netized device combining with a round permanent magnet are utilized to guide the distribution of spouted microfibers. The device is composed by pure iron wire arrays and wax, which stimulates pow- erful magnetic flux density and magnetic field gradients for the capture and assembly of microfibers. Thus, magnetic microfibers are spun on desired places of the magnetized device by motion control of the micromanipulation robot, and precise locations are adjusted by magnetic force couple with the assist of glass micropipette. Afterwards, microfibers are spatially organized by periodic magnetic force and crossed layer-by-layer to form micro-pore structure with both length and width of 650μm. Finally, the authors construct a multilayer microfiber-based scaffold with high porosity to provide a satisfactory environment for long-term cell culture. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

An investigation on micro pore structures and the vapor pressure mechanism of explosive spalling of RPC exposed to high temperature

Reactive powder concrete （RPC） is vulnerable to explosive spalling when exposed to high temperature. The characteristics of micro pore structure and vapor pressure of RPC are closely related to the thermal spalling. Applying mercury intrusion po- rosimetry （MIP） and scanning electron microscopy （SEM） techniques, the authors probed the characteristics of micro pore structures of plain RPC200 when heated from 20-350~C. The pore characteristics such as specific pore volume, threshold pore size and most probable pore size varying with temperatures were investigated. A vapor pressure kit was developed to measure the vapor pressure and its variation inside RPC200 at various temperatures. A thin-wall spherical pore model was proposed to ana- lyze the thermo-mechanical mechanism of spalling, by which the stresses varying with the vapor pressure q（T） and the character- istic size of wall （K） at any point of interest were determined. It is shown that the pore characteristics including specific pore volume, average pore size, threshold pore size and most probable pore size rise significantly with the increasing temperature. 200~C appears to be the threshold temperature above which the threshold pore size and the most probable pore size climb up dramatically. The increase in the specific pore volume results from the growth both in quantity and in volume of the transition pores and the capillary pores. The appearance of the explosive spalling in RPC200 is mainly attributed to being unable to form pathways in favor of releasing water steam in RPC and to thin-wall sphere domain where the vapor pressure governs the the rapid accumulation of high vapor pressures as well. The spalling is bounded through the pore model.

Influences of the Three Gorges Project on seismic activities in the reservoir area

Reservoir-induced earthquakes related with the construction of the Three Gorges Project have attracted great concerns of the public. Since the first water impoundment on May 25, 2003, a number of earthquakes have occurred during the water storage stages, in which the largest was the Badong M5.1 earthquake on December 16, 2013. In this paper, the relationships between seismic activities, b value, seismic parameters, and reservoir water level fluctuations are studied. In addition, based on the digital seismic waveform data obtained since 2000, the focal depth changes and focal mechanism characteristics before and after the water impoundment are studied as well. These provide us important information to understand the earthquake mechanisms. The results show that these earthquakes are typical reservoir-induced earthquakes, which are closely related to water infiltration, pore pressure, and water level fluctuations.The majority of the micro and small earthquakes are caused by karst collapse, mine collapse, bank reformation, superficial unloading, and so on. The larger earthquakes are related to the fault structures to some extent. Due to the persistent effects of water impoundment on the seismic and geological environments around the reservoir and water infiltration into the rocks, the influences on the crustal deformation field, gravity field, seepage field, and fault medium-softening action may vary gradually from a higher strength to a weaker one. Therefore, it is possible that small earthquakes and few medium earthquakes(M≤5.5) will occur in the reservoir area in the future.

Passive Control of Transonic Flow Fields with Shock Wave Using Non-equilibrium Condensation and Porous Wall

When non-equilibrium condensation occurs in a supersonic flow field, the flow is affected by the latent heat released. In the present study, in order to control the transonic flow field with shock wave, a condensing flow was produced by an expansion of moist air on a circular bump model and shock waves were occurred in the supersonic parts of the fields. Furthermore, the additional passive technique of shock / boundary layer interaction using the porous wall with a cavity underneath was adopted in this flow field. The effects of these methods on the shock wave characteristics were investigated numerically and experimentally. The result obtained showed that the total pressure loss in the flow fields might be effectively reduced by the suitable combination between non-equilibrium condensation and the position of porous wall.

Pressure-controlled elliptical cavity expansion under anisotropic initial stress: Elastic solution and its application

This paper presents an elastic solution to the pressure-controlled elliptical cavity expansion problem under the anisotropic stress conditions. The problem is formulated by the assumption that an initial elliptical cavity is expanded under a uniform pressure and subjected to an in-plane initial horizontal pressure Kσ_0 and vertical pressure σ_0 at infinity. A conformal mapping technique is used to map the outer region of the initial elliptical cavity in the physical plane onto the inner region of a unit circle in the phase plane. Using the complex variable theory, the stress functions are derived; hence, the stress and displacement distributions around the elliptical cavity wall can be obtained. Furthermore, a closed-form solution to the pressure-expansion relationship is presented based on the elastic solution to the stress and displacement. Next, the proposed analytical solutions are validated by comparing with the Kirsch's solution and the finite element method(FEM). The solution to the presented pressure-controlled elliptical cavity expansion can be applied to two cases in practice. One is to employ the solution to the interpretation of the shear modulus of the soil or rocks and the in-situ stress in the pre-bored pressuremeter test under the lateral anisotropic initial stress condition. The other is the interpretation of the membrane expansion of a flat dilatometer test using the pressure-controlled elliptical cavity expansion solution. The two cases in practice confirm the usefulness of the present analytical solution.