慢性心理社会应激触发小胶质细胞/巨噬细胞诱导的炎症反应,导致神经元功能障碍和抑郁相关行为

慢性环境压力和创伤性社会经历会导致不良行为变化,是主要抑郁症(MDD)和各种焦虑相关精神障碍的危险因素。临床研究和慢性压力的动物模型研究结果显示,症状严重程度与先天免疫反应和情绪调节相关脑区(mPFC:内侧前额叶皮质)中神经炎症细胞因子信号上调有关。尽管越来越多的证据表明神经可塑性受损和突触信号传导缺陷是与应激相关精神障碍的病理生理学的一部分,但小胶质细胞如何调节神经元稳态以应对慢性压力尚未明确。本研究使用反复社交挫败应激(RSDS)小鼠模型证明小胶质细胞诱导的炎症反应可以调节与心理社会压力相关的神经元可塑性。具体来说,我们发现慢性压力会迅速激活并增殖mPFC中的小胶质细胞以及巨噬细胞浸润,并且这些过程与神经元激活的空间位置相关。此外,我们研究还发现小胶质细胞炎症反应与对慢性压力的敏感性或抗性之间存在显著关联;暴露于慢性压力会加剧突触成分的吞噬作用和神经元可塑性的缺陷。通过使用2种不同的CSF1R抑制剂(脑渗透性的PLX5622和非渗透性的PLX73086),我们证实了小胶质细胞(其次为巨噬细胞)在催化mPFC中与心理社会压力相关的病理表现以及在与抑郁症相关的常见行为缺陷方面的关键作用。

Mechanical Properties and Thermal Shock Resistance of SrAl_(2)Si_(2)O_(8) Reinforced BN Ceramic Composites

Hexagonal boron nitride(h-BN)ceramics have become exceptional materials for heat-resistant components in hypersonic vehicles,owing to their superior thermal stability and excellent dielectric properties.However,their densification during sintering still poses challenges for researchers,and their mechanical properties are rather unsatisfactory.In this study,SrAl_(2)Si_(2)O_(8)(SAS),with low melting point and high strength,was introduced into the h-BN ceramics to facilitate the sintering and reinforce the strength and toughness.Then,BN-SAS ceramic composites were fabricated via hot press sintering using h-BN,SrCO_(3),Al_(2)O_(3),and SiO_(2) as raw materials,and effects of sintering pressure on their microstructure,mechanical property,and thermal property were investigated.The thermal shock resistance of BN-SAS ceramic composites was evaluated.Results show that phases of as-preparedBN-SAS ceramic composites are h-BN and h-SrAl_(2)Si_(2)O_(8).With the increase of sintering pressure,the composites’densities increase,and the mechanical properties shew a rising trend followed by a slight decline.At a sintering pressure of 20 MPa,their bending strength and fracture toughness are(138±4)MPa and(1.84±0.05)MPa·m^(1/2),respectively.Composites sintered at 10 MPa exhibit a low coefficient of thermal expansion,with an average of 2.96×10^(-6) K^(-1) in the temperature range from 200 to 1200℃.The BN-SAS ceramic composites prepared at 20 MPa display higher thermal conductivity from 12.42 to 28.42 W·m^(-1)·K^(-1) within the temperature range from room temperature to 1000℃.Notably,BN-SAS composites exhibit remarkable thermal shock resistance,with residual bending strength peaking and subsequently declining sharply under a thermal shock temperature difference ranging from 600 to 1400℃.The maximum residual bending strength is recorded at a temperature difference of 800℃,with a residual strength retention rate of 101%.As the thermal shock temperature difference increase,the degree of oxidation on the ceramic surface and cracks due to thermal stress are also increased gradually.

琥珀酸对酵母细胞转录组的影响

寻找抗衰老活性小分子并研究其作用机制是衰老药物学研究的重点和热点。本文报道了一种新的抗衰老活性小分子琥珀酸,发现琥珀酸可以显著延缓芽殖酵母细胞的衰老并增强细胞的压力抗性。随后,利用DNA Microarray技术及生物信息学手段较系统分析了琥珀酸处理对基因表达谱、基因本体聚类及相关信号通路的影响。结果显示,琥珀酸处理对细胞转录组产生了显著影响,共导致3 485个基因的差异表达(P <0.05),其中1 335个基因显著上调,2 150个基因显著下调。进一步对基因本体聚类及信号通路分析显示,线粒体及核糖体生物合成相关的分子功能、细胞组分、生物学过程和信号通路可能是琥珀酸作用的主要靶点,其他可能的作用靶点还包括蛋白酶体、细胞内吞、过氧化物酶体代谢及细胞自噬等。本研究为进一步阐明琥珀酸介导的寿命及压力调控机制提供了理论参考和研究线索。

Determination of undrained shear strength using piezocone penetration test in clayey soil for bridge foundation

In order to obtain the reasonable undrained shear strength Su for geotechnical analyses of bridge foundations in Yangtze River floodplain clayey soils, a site-specific study is conducted using the imported piezocone penetration test （CPTu） with dissipation phases at the Fourth Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge construction sites. Taking the values of Su from laboratory tests as references, several existing Su-predicted methods based on CPTu are compared and evaluated. To verify the presented cone factor Nk, additional test sites are selected and examined. The results show that the values of cone factors such as Nkt, Nke, and Nau, depend on the shear test mode and disturbance. Generally, the values of Nke show more scattering than those of Nkt and N△u. For the stratified and layered sediments of the Yangtze River floodplain, it is recommended using the net cone resistance qT to estimate Su and the preliminary cone factor values Nkt are from 7 to 16, with an average of 11. It is also confirmed that the CPTu test, as a new technique in site characterization, can present reasonable parameters for bridge foundations.

Simultaneous Effects of Hydrostatic Pressure and Conduction Band Non-parabolicity on Binding Energies and Diamagnetic Susceptibility of a Hydrogenic Impurity in Spherical Quantum Dots

Simultaneous effects of conduction band non-parabolicity and hydrostatic pressure on the binding energies of 1S, 2S, and 2P states along with diamagnetic susceptibility of an on-center hydrogenic impurity confined in typical GaAs/Alx- Ga1-x As spherical quantum dots are theoretically investigated using the matrix diagonalization method. In this regard, the effect of band non-parabolieity has been performed using the Luttinger-Kohn effective mass equation. The binding energies and the diamagnetic susceptibility of the hydrogenic impurity are computed as a function of the dot radius and different values of the pressure in the presence of conduction band non-parabolicity effect. The results we arrived at are as follows： the incorporation of the band edge non-parabolicity increases the binding energies and decreases the absolute value of the diamagnetic susceptibility for a given pressure and radius; the binding energies increase and the magnitude of the diamagnetic susceptibility reduces with increasing pressure.

Flow stress equation in range of intermediate strain rates and high temperatures to predict roll force in four-pass continuous rod rolling

A flow stress equation was proposed to compute the roll force in the finishing stands of an actual rod mill where the strain rate and the temperature of the material range from 100 to 400 s-1 and from 900 to 1050 ℃,respectively.The underlying idea is to modify the Shida model and Misaka model,which provide flow stress equations（constitutive equations） frequently used to depict deformation behavior of high temperature material at different strain rates.The modified model was coupled with finite element method to compute the roll force during four-pass continuous rod rolling,where strain rates are in the range of 100-400 s-1 at high temperatures（900-1050 ℃）.The roll forces and the surface temperatures of the material at each stand were measured,and the measured data were compared with the computed values.Results reveal that the Misaka model is better than the Shida model for high temperatures and intermediate strain rates.The roll force error was-5.7 % when the Misaka model was used at 900 ℃.However,the error increased by-15.2% at 1050 ℃.When the modified Misaka model was used,the error was reduced to 1.8% on average.It can consequently be deduced that the modified Misaka model can be used to depict the deformation resistance behavior in intermediate ranges of strain rate and high temperature ranges in continuous rod rolling process.

Research on the cutting force of a pick

Cutting tests were done using a test bed designed to measure pick cutting forces when cutting coal and rock.The test equipment has a drum with two starting helical vanes.Cutting forces on a pick were measured as a function of coal compressive strength,pick carbide tip diameter and the cutting depth per drum revolution.The results show that the cutting force is linearly related to the compressive strength.The relationship between the cutting force and both the carbide tip diameter and the cutting depth are exponential.Fluctuation in the cutting force does not increase with coal compressive strength but it has a linear relationship to tip diameter.A plot of cutting force fluctuations versus the cutting depth follows a sigmoidal curve.Based on the analysis of these test results a theoretical basis is supplied for design and effective use of shearer drums.

Experimental investigation on the relevance of mechanical properties and porosity of sandstone after hydrochemical erosion

Under the effect of chemical etching,the macroscopic mechanical properties,mesoscopic structure,mineral content,and porosity of rocks undergo significant changes,which can lead to the geological disasters; thus,an understanding of changes in the microscopic and macroscopic structure of rocks after chemical etching is crucial.In this study,uniaxial mechanical tests and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) spectroscopy were carried out on sandstone samples that had been previously subjected to chemical erosion under different p H values.The aim was to study changes in properties and mechanical characteristics,including deformation and strength characteristics,of the rock,and microscopic pore variation characteristics,and to perform preliminary studies of the chemical corrosion mechanism.Results show that different chemical solutions have a significant influence on the uniaxial compressive strength,the axial strain corresponding to the peak axial stress,elastic modulus,etc.With the passage of time,porosity increases gradually with exposure to different chemical solutions,and exposure to chemical solutions results in large changes in the NMR T2 curve and T2 spectrum area.Sandstone exposed to different chemical solutions exhibits different corrosion mechanisms; the root cause is the change of mineral.

Effect of Freeze-Thaw Cycles on Mechanical Properties and Permeability of Red Sandstone under Triaxial Compression

Geological disasters will happen in cold regions because of the effects of freeze-thaw cycles on rocks or soils, so studying the effects of these cycles on the mechanical characteristics and permeability properties of rocks is very important. In this study, red sandstone samples were frozen and thawed with o, 4, 8 and 12 cycles, each cycle including 12 h of freezing and 12 h of thawing. The P-wave velocities of these samples were measured, and the mechanical properties and evolution of the steady-state permeabilities were investigated in a series of uniaxial and triaxial compression tests. Experimental results show that, with the increasing of cyclic freeze-thaw times, the P-wave velocity of the red sandstone decreases. The number of freeze-thaw cycles has a significant influence on the uniaxial compressive strength, elastic modulus, cohesion, and angle of internal friction. The evolution of permeability of the rock samples after cycles of freeze-thaw in a complete stress-strain process under triaxial compression is closely related to the variation of the microstructure in the rock. There is a highly corresponding relationship between volumetric strain and permeability with axial strain in all stages of the stress-strain behaviour.

Effects of Freeze–thaw Cycles on Soil Mechanical and Physical Properties in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

Extreme freeze-thaw action occurs on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau due to its unique climate resulting from high elevation and cold temperature.This action causes damage to the surface soil structure, as soil erosion in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is dominated by freeze-thaw erosion.In this research,freezing–thawing process of the soil samples collected from the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau was carried out by laboratory experiments to determinate the volume variation of soil as well as physical and mechanical properties, such as porosity, granularity and uniaxial compressive strength, after the soil experiences various freeze–thaw cycles.Results show that cohesion and uniaxial compressive strength decreased as the volume and porosity of the soil increased after experiencing various freeze–thaw cycles, especially in the first six freeze–thaw cycles.Consequently, the physical and mechanical properties of the soil were altered.However, granularity and internal friction angle did not vary significantly with an increase in the freeze–thaw cycle.The structural damage among soil particles due to frozen water expansion was the major cause of changes in soil mechanical behavior in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau.

Probabilistic limit state design methodof the axial resistance of post grouting pile

The reliability of post grouting pile axial resistance was studied by proposing a design method for its probabilistic limit state,which is represented by the partial coefficients of load,end,and side resistance.The hyperbolic,modified hyperbolic,and polynomial models were employed to predict the ultimate bearing capacity of test piles that were not loaded to damage in field tests.The results were used for the calculation and calibration of the reliability index.The reliability of the probabilistic limit state design method was verified by an engineering case.The results show that the prediction results obtained from the modified hyperbolic model are closest to those obtained through the static load test.The proposed corresponding values of total,side,and end resistance partial coefficients are 1.84,1.66,and 2.73 when the dead and live load partial coefficients are taken as 1.1 and 1.4,respectively.Meanwhile,the corresponding partial coefficients of total,side,and end resistance are 1.70,1.56,and 2.34 when the dead and live load partial coefficients are taken as 1.2 and 1.4,respectively.

Variation of vertical and horizontal drilling rates depending on some rock properties in the marble quarries

The main objective of this study is to determine the rates of vertically and horizontally oriented drilling processes in marble quarries and to observe the factors affecting the drilling rates in terms of physical and mechanical properties of the rocks. In situ drilling tests were performed in different marble quarries with different marble types and drilling times and penetration rates for a series of successive depthincrements were trying to be determined under vertically and horizontally oriented conditions. In order to understand the relation between the parameters that are investigated within the scope of this research, uniaxial compressive strength, Brazilian tensile strength, impact strength, Bohme abrasion strength, P-wave velocity, porosity, unit volume weight, Schmidt hardness index and brittleness index values were correlated with the drilling rates. It was noticed that the porosity and unit volume weight could be taken as the key parameters among them for obtaining meaningful correlation with drilling performance. It was also observed that the physical and mechanical rock properties are more relevant in vertical drilling than horizontal drilling.

Analysis of the mechanical property of mudstone/shale in paralic coal measures and its influence factors

The mechanical property of mudstone/shale in coal measures is a key factor of engineering mechanics that influences the development of shale gas. A rock mechanics test was performed in order to analyze the complete stress-strain mechanic characteristics and influence factors of mudstone/shale in paralic coal measures, from the Carboniferous-Permian periods in a coal field of Northern China. The relationship between the mechanical properties of mudstone/shale in coal measures, and its chemical component, water content are established, and their models are constructed. Research results show that mud- stone/shale has low mechanical strength, low elastic modulus and a high Poisson＇s ratio. The complete stress-strain curve has apparent elastoplastic deformation characteristics, and after reaching peak strength, it exhibits obvious strain softening characteristics. The uniaxial compressive strength of mudstone/shale and its elastic modulus increases exponentially with the increase of SiO2 content, and as the ignition loss increases, the uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus of mudstone/shale will decrease according to the law of power function. The compressive strength of mudstone/shale and its elastic modulus will decrease with the increase of water content in mudstone/shale.

Anti-cavitation performance of a splitter-bladed inducer under different flow rates and different inlet pressures

The anti-cavitation performance of a high-speed centrifugal pump with a splitter-bladed inducer is investigated under different flow rates and different inlet pressures. Simulations and external characteristics experiments are carried out. Static pressure and the vapor volume fraction distributions on the inducer and the impeller of the pump under various operation conditions are obtained. The results show that the cavitation developments on the impeller and on the inducer with the flow rates are reverse, while the development of the inlet pressure on the inducer and the impeller is the same. Cavitation on the impeller increases with the increase of flow rates, and it extends to the near passages with rotating, while cavitation on the inducer is more complex than that on the impeller. Cavitation at the inlet of the inducer decreases with the increase of flow rates, while cavitation at the outlet of the inducer is opposite. The results also show that cavitation development on the impeller and on the inducer with the inlet pressure is the same. Cavitation both decreases with the increase of the inlet pressure at the same flow rate. Furthermore, asymmetric cavitation on the impeller and on the inducer is both observed. And the asymmetric degree of cavitation on the impeller is higher than that on the inducer.

Evolution of quasispecies diversity for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus under antibody selective pressure

To study the quasispecies diversity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), open reading frame 5 (ORF5) of strain SD0612 was amplified and cloned. Sixty clones of ORF5 were sequenced and analyzed with DNAStar software. Nucleic acid sequence homology was 97.7%-100%, with 78 mutations observed. Among these 60 clones, the sequences of 17 clones were identical and recognized as the dominant quasispecies of strain SD0612. Evolution of SD0612 quasispecies diversity under antibody selective pressure was also studied. SD0612 was passed continuously in the Marc-145 cell line over 40 passages in 6 independent lineages. SD0612 antiserum was not added to lineage A, B, and C cultures; however, antiserum was added to culture medium for lineages D, E, and F. PRRSV ORF5 was then amplified, cloned, and sequenced from each of the 6 lineages, designated as A40-F40. F40 was further passed in Marc-145 cells using 6 independent lineages with or without F40 antiserum for another 40 passages. ORF5 from the 6 newly-derived virus lineages, which we designated as a40-f40, were amplified, cloned and sequenced. The proportion of dominant quasispecies increased with passage number in cell cultures supplemented with antibodies, but decreased when antibodies were lacking. Our work has demonstrated a diversity of quasispecies for ORF5 in PRRSV SD0612. Antibody selective pressure was able to significantly influence quasispecies diversity and promote a dominant quasispecies that was able to evade immune reactions.