三维超声速压力反问题的特征线求解技术

为了进一步探索三维超声速气动反问题的求解方法,基于双特征线理论及Butler解法,研究了三维超声速流线压力反问题的适定性。为了确保解的唯一性,提出在限定壁面膨胀/压缩方向时存在壁面压力与三维坐标的一一映射关系。基于该映射关系,提出了三维压力反问题的双特征线求解技术(iMOC-3D求解器)。采用Prandtl-Meyer膨胀波、Busemann进气道的理论解,对iMOC-3D求解方法的膨胀、压缩过程进行了精度评估,误差均为1×10^(-4)量级。为了进一步验证设计方法的可靠性和易控性,设计了进口为矩形和三角形的超声速喷管;通过设计壁面压力分布,完成了均匀膨胀的轴对称喷管设计,并将设计结果与数值模拟进行对比验证。研究表明:预设三维流线下游未知点的压力值,存在多个流动方向满足该压力条件,即该问题的解不唯一,因此三维超声速流线压力反问题是非适定的。对比验证表明:所设计的流场与CFD计算得到的等值线符合得较好,流场参数的最大误差为1%。因此,所提出的双特征线解法具有一定的可靠性,有望为三维超声速流道设计提供新思路。

三维超声速流动的压力反问题

为了进一步探索三维超声速流道的设计方法,采用一种预设壁面压力分布计算壁面型线的思想,并结合双特征线方法提出一种全三维超声速流动压力反问题的求解方法。在三维超声速流场设计中,可直接根据来流条件和壁面压力分布求解壁面的三维坐标,通过空间步进的方式,使得解在一系列解平面上推进,从而使得所设计的型面与预设的壁面压力分布相容。通过Prandtl-Meyer膨胀波的理论解验证了该格式的设计精度。根据预设的压力分布,设计了圆形和椭圆形入口的三维超声速喷管,并将设计方法与数值模拟进行对比验证。验证结果表明:所设计的流场与CFD计算得到的等值线符合得较好,因此基于双特征线的压力反问题求解方法具备三维超声速气动设计的能力,并具有纯三维、高精度、壁面压力分布可控的优势,对未来高超声速气动设计应用将起到重要的支撑作用。

圆形截面超声速流道三维消波过程中的压力传播与几何变形

为了研究圆截面超声速流道因局部变形而导致的消波不完全问题,该问题涉及到马赫波的三维相交、反射、聚焦及耗散作用,采用所提出的特征线消波技术,设计了壁面存在局部高/低压区的圆截面超声速消波流道;以此来探索压力波在超声速圆管中的聚焦和三维传播、消波过程中圆截面流道的变形特性、压力波与壁面变形的耦合作用、以及多扰动源产生压力波的相交过程。通过分析消波流道的流场结构,可以发现:在局部高压区下游,出现压缩波与膨胀波的马赫锥相互嵌套的三维传播形式;圆弧壁面对压力波有聚焦作用。根据消波过程中壁面的变形可以发现:壁面变形主要沿扰动源下游发展,波形沿流向不断增大而不能回归原型,即呈现发散趋势,展现了流动的非线性。采用压力的均方差对流场的均匀性进行评估,发现:弱压力扰动的流场可进行线性叠加;沿着流向扰动范围扩大,峰值减小,避免汇聚成强扰动。

Stress analytical solution for plane problem of a double-layered thick-walled cylinder subjected to a type of non-uniform distributed pressure

The stress state around circular openings,such as boreholes,shafts,and tunnels,is usually needed to be evaluated.Solutions for stresses,strains and ultimate bearing capacities of pressurized hollow cylinder are common cases.Stress analytical method for plane problem of a double-layered thick-walled cylinder subjected to a type of non-uniform pressure on the outer surface and uniform radial pressure on the inner surface is given.The power series method of complex function is used.The stress analytical solution is obtained with the assumption that two layers of a cylinder are fully contacted.The distributions of normal and tangential contact stress along the interface,tangential stress on the inner boundary and stresses in the radial direction at θ=0°,45° and 90°,are obtained.An example indicates that,when the elastic modulus of the inner layer of a double-layered thick-walled cylinder is smaller than that of the outer layer,the tangential stress is smaller than that in the corresponding point for a traditional cylinder composed of homogeneous materials.In that way,stress concentration at the inner surface can be alleviated and the stress distribution is more uniform.This is a capable way to enhance the elastic ultimate bearing capacity of thick-walled cylinder.

Reconstruction of impact force of mechanical press in time domain

To overcome the difficulty in directly measuring the impact force of a mechanical press, the inverse theory is employed to reconstruct the impact force from the corresponding response data in time domain. The nature of ill-posedness of impact force reconstruction is explored through singular value decomposition （SVD） and the Tikhonov regularization is utilized to deal with the ill-posedness, in which the optimal parameter is chosen in light of the L-curve criterion and the generalized cross- validation （GCV）. The experimentally measured strain responses of upper and lower dies of the press are chosen as source data for impact force reconstruction, and the corresponding numerical results are compared with the experimental measurements, which verifies the effectiveness of the reconstruction method.

Some Mathematical Properties of the Dynamically Inconsistent Bellman Equation： A Note on the Two-Sided Altruism Dynamics

This article describes some dynamic aspects on dynastic utility incorporating two-sided altruism with an OLG setting. The special case is analyzed where the weights of two-sided altruism are dynamically inconsistent. The Bellman equation for two-sided altruism proves to be reduced to one-sided dynamic problem, but the effective discount factor is different only in the current generation. It is shown that a contraction mapping result of value function cannot be achieved in general, and that there can locally exist an infinite number of self-consistent policy functions of the class C＂ with distinct steady states （indeterminacy of self-consistent, differentiable policy functions）.

Estimation of Antropogenenic Pressure on Landscapes of Oasises （on Example of Mid and Lower Part of Zarafshan River）

The paper discusses about anthropogenic pressure classification system on landscape oasises. As a result, based on designed criteria rates a thematic map titled ＂Anthropogenic pressure and its consequences on landscapes oasises of mid and lower part of Zarafshan River Basin＂ was developed. The thematic map depicts realthionship between ecological conditions and population diseases along various landscape oasises of the Zarafshan river valley.

Investigation and analysis of the job-hunting intentions and employment orientations of students majored in nursing

In recent years, China＇s employment problem of the college graduates has become a hot topic in the communities. Each year there are a large number of the graduating students, but few can find the job suitable for their own professional direction in colleges and universities. The employment problems have plagued the university graduates, and also have brought the unnecessary trouble to some students in the colleges. The college students have just entered the society, and they do not understand a lot of the social status very well, and have very little experience in the employment. In order to reduce the pressure of the employment of the university students, and help the graduate students bettor get employed, also to make the college students have a better planning for their future, in this paper, the author carried out the investigation and analysis of the job-hunting intentions and the employment orientations of the students majored in nursing, hoping to hclp the employment of the college students in some aspects, and do a good job in the planning of their career.

Stress on Ballast-Bed and Deterioration of Geometry in a Railway Track

In Greece extended cracking of twin-block concrete sleepers （ties） and fouling of the ballast-bed were observed with implied problems of gauge widening and deterioration of track＇s geometry. This led to a ten-year investigation program, during which a new method was developed for the estimation of actions on track panel as well as of the pressures / stresses that develop under the seating surface of the sleeper on the ballast-bed. Results from the tests performed on the ballast used in the Greek network are also presented, conducted in laboratories in France, Austria, and Greece. The influence of the actions -static and mainly dynamic- on the track response and the stress and strain of the ballast-bed are also discussed as derived from the tests and theoretical analysis.

Research on Mental Health Education of Vocational College Students

College life is the psychological conflict -prone period, and college students in vocational colleges suffer more psychological pressure than other undergraduate college students. Currently, the vocational colleges showed an increasing trend of mental health problems, which has become an important factor in hindering the healthy growth and successfully completion of their studies in college students. This article analyzed and summarized from the meaning of the concept of mental health, the performance characteristics of vocational college students＇ mental health problems, forming factors of mental health problems in vocational students, and put forward some education countermeasures.

Corporate Governance Viability： Theoretical Exploration

The purpose of this exploratory paper is to try to envision how corporate governance systems and practices are evolving and what eventually determines the forms they take and the functions they perform. Practical implications especially concern different consequences that recent global economic crisis has imposed on regulatory, business, and social aspects of corporate governance. In order to encompass different approaches to this ongoing issue, the author takes into account mainly theoretical contributions that address the issue from the following perspectives： interrelations between product market competition and corporate governance, assessment of capital market pressures on corporate governance; relation between labour market and corporate governance; and actors influencing corporate governance changes in national systems of corporate governance. Since the viability of any corporate governance system and practice, at national and international levels, depends on their ability to respond to both market pressure towards competitiveness and diversified requirements by influential social, political, and economic actors of change, the author suggests that all groups of factors should continue to be in the focus of future researches. On the other hand, as global economic crisis differently affects different countries and businesses, it is of particular importance for those that shape corporate governance policies and practices to be aware of the deep relatedness between corporate governance, on the one hand, and economic, social, and environmental aspects of growth and development, on the other hand.

错解压(力)强题的分类与剖析

物理学是一门自然科学,它既具有表象性,又具有抽象性;既具有层次性,又具有连续发展性;既具有规律性,又具有变化性.这使得学生,尤其是初中学生对这门学科的学习难以把握,出现了许多错解.现就有关“压强”一章的错解案例进行分类,并剖析造成错解的原因。

An Range-free Localization Scheme for Large Scale Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper, we study an area localization problem in large scale underwater wireless sensor networks （UWSNs）. The limited bandwidth, the severely impaired channel and the cost of underwater equipment all make the underwater localization problem very challenging. Exact localization is very difficult for UWSNs in deep underwater environment. We propose a range free method based on mobile detachable elevator transceiver （DET） and 3D multi-power area localization scheme （3D-MALS） to address the challenging problem. In the proposed scheme, the ideas of 2D multi-power area localization scheme （2D-ALS） and utilizing DET are used to achieve the simplicity, location accuracy, scalability and low cost performances. The DET can rise and get down to broadcast its position. And it is assumed that all the underwater nodes underwater have pressure sensors and know their z coordinates. We evaluate the performances of 2D-ALS and our proposed 3D-MALS schemes under both ideal and non-ideal channel propagation conditions, in terms of localization error and localization ratio. The simulation results show that our proposed scheme is much more efficient than the 2D-ALS.

Delta-shocks and vacuums in zero-pressure gas dynamics by the flux approximation

In this paper,firstly,by solving the Riemann problem of the zero-pressure flow in gas dynamics with a flux approximation,we construct parameterized delta-shock and constant density solutions,then we show that,as the flux perturbation vanishes,they converge to the delta-shock and vacuum state solutions of the zero-pressure flow,respectively.Secondly,we solve the Riemann problem of the Euler equations of isentropic gas dynamics with a double parameter flux approximation including pressure.Furthermore,we rigorously prove that,as the two-parameter flux perturbation vanishes,any Riemann solution containing two shock waves tends to a delta-shock solution to the zero-pressure flow;any Riemann solution containing two rarefaction waves tends to a two-contact-discontinuity solution to the zero-pressure flow and the nonvacuum intermediate state in between tends to a vacuum state.Finally,numerical results are given to present the formation processes of delta shock waves and vacuum states.

Global existence and stability of a stationary Mach reflection

We prove the global existence and stability of a wave structure containing a stationary Mach con- figuration, which occurs when an incident shock front hits a wall with a large incident angle. Our result shows that tile data of the upstream flow and the pressure at downstream part jointly determine the whole flow, as well a the wave structure. Particularly, we show that the height of the Mach stem depends not only on the data of upstream flow, but also on the pressure at downstream flow. The flow with the assigned wave structure is governed by a free boundary value problem for the Euler system. In the problem the location of the triple point, the shock fronts and the contact discontinuity are all unknown, they are finally determined together with the solution.

Investigation of the spike-stall warning method using the blade passing signal

The vaned-diffuser usually brings compressor instability problems under the small flow rate, for instance the spike-type rotating stall phenomenon which restricts the operation range and may cause the trouble of blade fatigue. Since it is difficult to mathematically predict the spike-type stall for its randomness, finding out a practical method to warning this stall precursor appears to be meaningful. The paper explains the relationship between the spike-type precursor and the blade passing irregularity coefficient to analyze whether this coefficient is appropriate for the spike-stall warning inside a centrifugal compressor with the vaned-diffuser. The advanced wireless measurements were conducted on a 1.5 stages test centrifugal compressor to capture the unsteady behavior progressing from the design to stall inception within the region between the impeller trailing edge(TE) and diffuser leading edge(LE). The circumferential distribution of the blade passing irregularity has been quantitatively revealed.The steep increase of the blade passing irregularity at some "special locations", which is responsible for the onset of the spiketype precursor, is highlighted. Also, to further understand the spike precursor inside the diffuser passage corresponding to the circumferential "special location" with maximum irregularity, the high-response transient measurement within this passage is presented. With the help of full-annulus computational fluid dynamics(CFD) simulation and the mathematical model, it is proved that the blade passing irregularity precisely reflects the flow characteristics during the spike precursor, which presents the guidance for this stall warning method.

EXISTENCE AND UNIQUENESS OF A SOLUTION TO AN AEROACOUSTIC MODEL

A linear modelling of aeroacoustic waves propagation is discussed. The first point is an existence and uniqueness, theorem. But restrictive assumptions are required on the velocity of the flow. Then a counter example proves that they are necessary.

其实不想留,但不得不留

中国留美学生海伦高在美国《纽约时报》上发表了一篇题为《中国人,在美国学习,挣扎》的文章,讲述了她在美国留学时,因为学业压力、语言障碍、文化差异等产生的心理压力,并指出很多中国留美学生都有这种压力。顶着重重压力的留学生其实不想留在美国,但经济与舆论的压力,造成了他们不得不留的处境。