雷诺数效应对小流量多级轴流压气机的性能影响

通过试验和数值模拟,对一台设计压比为6,效率0.84的小流量轴流压气机进行了雷诺数效应的分析和研究。介绍了这台压气机在设计转速下的性能曲线、不同雷诺数下折合转速n=0.85的试验结果,以及二维平面叶栅和三维数值模拟分析结果。试验和数值模拟的分析表明,随着雷诺数降低,会增加附面层厚度,改变压气机的三维流场结构,降低压气机的性能。根据折合转速n=0.85的试验和数值模拟分析结果,对这台压气机在折合转速n=1.0性能进行了雷诺数修正。

大流量多级轴流压气机性能及流场分析

以某型17级大流量轴流压气机为研究对象,运用全三维黏性数值模拟的方法对设计点处性能和流场参数进行了研究。通过该压气机加功量、绝热效率、压比、反力度在各级的分布情况,分析了大流量多级轴流压气机的设计特点。在性能参数的分析中,发现第7级存在加功量、绝热效率、总压比偏低,反力度偏高的问题,通过三维流场分析,提出了改进建议。

叶尖小翼对小流量跨声速压气机转子的影响研究

为了控制压气机转子叶尖泄漏流动,减少叶尖泄漏流和叶尖泄漏涡对压气机内部流场带来的不利影响,针对小流量压气机进口跨声速转子进行了叶尖小翼的数值研究,探索了叶尖小翼对小流量跨声速压气机转子性能的影响和对叶尖泄漏流的控制机理。研究表明,4倍压力面宽度的压力面叶尖小翼可以使得压气机转子的流量裕度增加24.5%;吸力面叶尖小翼和压力面叶尖小翼影响失速的主要因素不同,吸力面叶尖小翼增大了吸力面侧流体的逆压梯度,扩大了低速流体区域,压力面叶尖小翼通过降低叶尖负荷,从而减弱泄漏强度,减小了低速流体区域。

小型离心压气机结构参数优化与流量特性的仿真计算

压气机的流量特性(图)是压气机使用的主要参考依据,但是目前仍主要依靠试验方法得到。笔者探讨利用稳态可压缩粘性流体微分方程和k-ε两方程紊流模型,采用有限体积法对离心压气机的工作状况进行三维仿真计算。对某型压气机,通过改变扩压器和k-ε蜗壳结构参数,得到优化模型。根据优化模型在每一转速不同出口静压工况下的计算结果,得到压气机的流量特性图。结果表明,CFD方法可以得到压气机的流量特性图,并且可以方便地分析压气机各部分的流动损失,是压气机设计及性能前期预测的一种有效方法。

小流量多级轴流压气机气动性能的数值分析

以某小流量8级轴流压气机的气动设计方案为研究对象,采用三维粘性数值模拟方法进行了设计转速的气动性能计算,并将数值结果与设计方案进行了深入的对比分析。数值研究表明:该压气机的堵塞流量、总压比及效率均低于设计目标,前4级的设计和匹配是压气机堵塞流量较小的主要原因,后4级的设计和匹配是压气机总压比较低的主要原因。多级轴流压气机的匹配是性能达标的关键,需进行进一步的分析和改进。

小流量多级高负荷轴流压气机设计

以增压比为6的国外某小流量5级轴流压气机为设计原型,在不超过其前3级的轴向长度的条件下,设计了3级轴流压气机,研究其最大增压能力.在采用了正预旋、静子端弯、第2、3级转子叶尖适度斜流等措施后,3级轴流的设计点流量为5.80kg/s,增压比为5.445,效率为0.8272,喘振裕度为11.8%,3级平均级增压比为1.759.研究结果表明:在一定的轴向长度限制下,小流量3级轴流压气机虽可以达到5.5量级的增压比,但其流量特性曲线已经变得很陡峭.

Design and Verification for Dual⁃mode CDFS and High⁃Load Compressor with a Large Flow Regulation Range

This paper presents the design and verification of the dual-mode core driven fan stage(CDFS)and high-load compressor with a large flow regulation range.In view of the characteristics of large flow regulation range of the two modes and high average stage load coefficient,this paper investigates the design technology of the dual-mode high-efficiency compressor with a large flow regulation range and high-load compressor with an average stage load coefficient of 0.504.Building upon this research,the design of the dual-mode CDFS and four-stage compressor is completed,and three-dimensional numerical simulation of the two modes is carried out.Finally,performance experiment is conducted to verify the result of three-dimensional numerical simulation.The experiment results show that the compressor performance is improved for the whole working conditions by using the new design method,which realizes the complete fusion design of the CDFS and high-pressure compressor(HPC).The matching mechanism of stage characteristics of single and double bypass modes and the variation rule of different adjustment angles on performance are studied comprehensively.Furthermore,it effectively reduces the length and weight of compressor,and breaks through the key technologies such as high-load compressor with the average load factor of 0.504.These findings provide valuable data and a methodological foundation for the development of the next generation aeroengine.

压气引射孔口除尘器的试验与分析

针对煤矿井下干式钻孔粉尘污染问题,提出了一种煤层钻孔防尘装置。对关键动力元件——压气引射器进行了系统深入的研究;在喷嘴个数及结构尺寸一定时,分析了压气引射除尘器各运行参数之间的关系;在保持其它结构参数不变的条件下,只改变喉嘴距,分别观察对进气口负压、引射风量和噪声的影响情况。实验结果表明:喷嘴出口断面与混合室入口断面重合时,引射器各性能参数达到最优。

Creation method for bi-level positive airway pressure based on pressure and flow feedback

An airway pressure and flow data acquisition system is developed to investigate the approach to building the bi-level positive airway pressure BiPAP in a ventilator.A number of experiments under different breathing situations and states are conducted and the experimental data are recorded.According to the data from these experiments the variation characteristics of the pressure and flow are analyzed using Matlab. The data analysis results show that the pressure increases while the flow decreases in the expiratory phase contrarily the pressure decreases while the flow increases in the inspiratory phase during the apnea state both the pressure and the flow remain unchanged. According to the above variation characteristics of breath a feedback-based method for creating bi-level positive airway pressure is proposed. Experiments are implemented to verify the BiPAP model. Results demonstrate that the proposed method works effectively in following respiration and caters well to most polypnea and apnea events.

基于数学模型的航空发动机控制系统安全性评估方法

为了对航空发动机控制系统失效所产生的影响开展初步的安全性评估,探索了一种以发动机整机模型为基础、同时耦合控制系统模型的安全性分析方法,建立了非线性、多变量的航空发动机整机数学模型,分析了典型工作状态下压气机流量控制系统和涡轮主动间隙控制系统失效对发动机推力的影响程度并确定了失效等级。结果表明:起飞状态下,放气活门开度超过60%会对发动机产生重大影响;巡航状态下,静子叶片正向调节角度过大、放气活门开度过大或过小、涡轮间隙变化过大会对发动机产生重大影响;慢车状态下,放气活门开度过小和涡轮间隙变化过大会对发动机产生重大影响。

Numerical and experimental investigation of leakage behavior at null position of high-pressure electro-pneumatic servo valve

The high-pressure electro-pneumatic servo valve(HESV)is a core element of the high-pressure pneumatic servo system.The annular clearance and the rounded corner of the spool-sleeve can cause the leakage at null position,thereby affecting high-precision control and stability of the servo system.This paper investigates the effects of the clearance structure on leakage behavior at null position of the HESV.A numerical approach was employed to evaluate the effects,and then a mathematical model was established to obtain the variation law of leakage flow rate at null position.The results indicate that the leakage flow rate at null position varies linearly with supply pressure and rounded corner radius,and is nonlinear as a quadratic concave function with annular clearance.The leakage flow rate of the annular clearance and the rounded corner varies with the valve opening in an invariable−nonlinear−linear trend.A test rig system of leakage behavior at null position of the HESV was built to confirm the validity of the numerical model,which agrees well with the conducted experimental study.

Spatial batch optimal design based on self-learning Gaussian process models for LPCVD processes

Low pressure chemical vapor deposition(LPCVD) is one of the most important processes during semiconductor manufacturing.However,the spatial distribution of internal temperature and extremely few samples makes it hard to build a good-quality model of this batch process.Besides,due to the properties of this process,the reliability of the model must be taken into consideration when optimizing the MVs.In this work,an optimal design strategy based on the self-learning Gaussian process model(GPM) is proposed to control this kind of spatial batch process.The GPM is utilized as the internal model to predict the thicknesses of thin films on all spatial-distributed wafers using the limited data.Unlike the conventional model based design,the uncertainties of predictions provided by GPM are taken into consideration to guide the optimal design of manipulated variables so that the designing can be more prudent Besides,the GPM is also actively enhanced using as little data as possible based on the predictive uncertainties.The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is successfully demonstrated in an LPCVD process.

Modeling the pressure drop of wet gas in horizontal pipe

A model for gas–liquid annular and stratified flow through a horizontal pipe is investigated, using the two-phase hydrokinetics theory. Taking into consideration the flow factors including the void fraction, the friction between the two phases and the entrainment in the gas core, the one-dimensional momentum equation for gas has been solved. The differential pressure of the wet gas between the two tapings in the straight pipe has been modeled in the pressure range of 0.1–0.8 MPa. In addition a more objective iteration approach to determine the local void fraction is proposed. Compared with the experimental data, more than 83% deviation of the test data distributed evenly within the band of ± 10%. Since the model is less dependent on the specific empirical apparatus and data,it forms the foundation for further establishing a flow measurement model of wet gas which will produce fewer biases in results when it is extrapolated.

Application of pressure relief and permeability increased by slotting a coal seam with a rotary type cutter working across rock layers

Pressure relief to increase permeability significantly improves gas extraction efficiency from coal seams. In this paper we report results from simulations using FLAC3D code to analyze changes in coal displace- ment and stress after special drill slots were formed. We investigated the mechanism of pressure relief and permeability increase in a high-gas and low-permeability coal seam through the modeling of gas flow. This allows the development of the technology. Slotting across rock layers in the coal seam with a rotary type cutter was then applied in the field. The results show that pressure relief and permeability increases from slotting the coal seam can increase the transport and the fracture of the coal. This expands the range of pressure relief from the drilling and increases the exposed area of the seam. The total quan- tity of gas extracted from slotted bore holes was three times that seen with ordinary drilling. The concen- tration of gas extracted from the slotted drills was from two to three times that seen using ordinary drills. The gas flow was stable at 80%. Improved permeability and more efficient gas extraction are the result of the slotting. The roadway development rate is increased by 30-50% after gas drainage. This technology diminishes the lag between longwall production and roadway development and effectively prevents coal and gas outburst, which offers the Drosnect of broad anDlication.

Use of Fractals Channels to Improve a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Performance

One of the most important and effective hardware elements for improvement of efficiency and power density of proton exchange membrane fuel cells is the flow field plate. The design and the pattern of the flow field plate have a considerable effect on the effectiveness of mass transport as well as on the electrochemical reactions inside the cell. The configuration of the flow field plate aims at ensuring a low pressure-drop over all channels in the stack. In this work, a FPFFP （fractal parallel flow field plate）, with bio-inspired configuration by insertion of fractals in a classic PFFP （parallel flow field plate）, is proposed, increasing the flow area of the hydrogen at anode side without increasing the section＇s area of the flow field plate. By simulating was observed that, the use of channels in fractal shape can increase the hydrogen flow area without occuring pressure loss in the cell. The fluid dynamic behavior in the FPFFP at smaller scales was replicated in the same plate, with better advantage of the active area of the electrode. Increasing the hydrogen flow area without causing pressure loss could be a good tactic to increase the power density of fuel cells, and consequently improving the cell performance.

The Effect of Micro Air Movement on the Heat and Moisture Characteristics of Building Constructions

The research focuses on the effect of air movement through building constructions. Although the typical air movement inside building constructions is quite small （velocity is of order -10-5 m/s）, this research shows the impact on the heat and moisture characteristics. The paper presents a case study on the modeling and simulation of 2D heat and moisture transport with and without air movement for a building construction using a state-of-art multiphysics FEM software tool. Most other heat and moisture related models don＇t include airflow or use a steady airflow through the construction during the simulation period. However, in this model, the wind induced pressure is dynamic and thus also the airflow through the construction is dynamic. For this particular case study, the results indicate that at the intemal surface, the vapor pressure is almost not influenced by both the 2D effect and the wind speed. The temperatures at the inner surface are mostly influenced by the 2D effect. Only at wind pressure differences above 30 Pa, the airflow has a significant effect. At the extemal surface, the temperatttres are not influenced by both the 2D effect and the wind speed. However, the vapor pressure seems to be quite dependent on the wind induced pressure. Overall it is concluded that air movement through building materials seems to have a significant impact on the heat and moisture characteristics. In order to verify this statement and validate the models, new in-depth experiments including air flow through materials are recommended.

Measurement and Numerical Simulation of a Small Centrifugal Compressor Characteristics at Small or Negative Flow Rate

For centrifugal compressors used in automotive turbochargers, the extension of the surge margin is demanded because of lower engine speed. In order to estimate the surge line exactly, it is required to acquire the compressor characteristics at small or negative flow rate. In this paper, measurement and numerical simulation of the characteristics at small or negative flow rate are carried out. In the measurement, an experimental facility with a valve immediately downstream of the compressor is used to suppress the surge. In the numerical work, a new boundary condition that specifies mass flow rate at the outlet boundary is used to simulate the characteristics around the zero flow rate region. Furthermore, flow field analyses at small or negative flow rate are performed with the numerical results. The separated and re-circulated flow fields are investigated by visualization to identify the origin of losses.

Overview of boosting options for future downsized engines

Driven by a demand for better fuel economy and increasingly stringent emissions regulations over a wide range of customers and applications,engine manufacturers have turned towards engine downsizing as the most potent enabler to meet these requirements.With boosting systems becoming ever more numerous as the technical solutions to complex boosting requirements of the internal combustion engine increase,it is time for an overview of available and under development boosting technologies and systems and for a discussion of their relevance to downsizing efforts.The presented analysis shows that there are no standard solutions for all the different applications as the trends indicate a rising complexity to meet with the extreme boosting requirements predicted for the remainder of the decade.These trends include variable geometry,a shift from single to two(or more)stages,extensive actuation for bypassing exhaust flows,exhaust flow regulation and pulsating exhaust energy recovery, severe electrification and an extensive effort downstream from the turbine to capture waste heat after the principal turbo- charger/supercharger system.

Effect of Diffuser Vane Shape on the Performance of a Centrifugal Compressor Stage

The present paper reports the results of experimental investigations on the effect of diffuser vane shape on the performance of a centrifugal compressor stage. These studies were conducted on the chosen stage having a back- ward curved impeller of 500 turn tip diameter and 24.5 mm width and its design flow coefficient is Фd=0.0535. Three different low solidity diffuser vane shapes namely uncarnbered aerofoil, constant thickness flat plate and circular arc cambered constant thickness plate were chosen as the variants for diffuser vane shape and all the three shapes have the same thickness to chord ratio （t/c=0.1）. Flow coefficient, polytropic efficiency, total head coeffi- cient, power coefficient and static pressure recovery coefficient were chosen as the parameters for evaluating the effect of diffuser vane shape on the stage performance. The results show that there is reasonable improvement in stage efficiency and total head coefficient with the use of the chosen diffuser vane shapes as compared to conven- tional vaneless diffuser. It is also noticed that the aero foil shaped LSD has shown better performance when com- pared to flat plate and circular arc profiles. The aerofoil vane shape of the diffuser blade is seen to be tolerant over a considerable range of incidence.

Effects of Airfoil-probe Tubes on the Flow Field of a Compressor Cascade

To explore the effects of airfoil-probe tubes and its installment position on the flow field of the compressor cas- cade, and find out the mechanism that how the airfoil-probes affect the aerodynamic characteristics of the com- pressor cascade, this paper performed both numerical and experimcntal works on the same compressor cascade. The experiment mainly focused on the cases of low Mach number （Ma = 0.1）, and cases with different Mach numbers （0.1, 0.3, 0.7） and different incidence angles （-5, 0, 5） are investigated by the numerical method. The case without the airfoil-probe tube was referenced as the baseline, and other three cases with the airfoil-probe tubes installed in different chordwise positions O0%, 50%, 70% of the chord length） were studied. The diameter of the airfoil-probe tube is 3ram, which is configured as 300% amplification of some particular airfoil-probe ac- cording to the geometrical similarity principle. The results show that the airfoil-probe tubes have a negative in- fluenc~ on the flow capacity of the cascade at all investigation points. The separations and the large scale stream- wise vortices that induced by the airfoil-probe tube on the pressure side cause most the losses at the high Mach number. The influence of the airfoil-probe tube on the flow field in the vicinity of the pressure side surface is lo- cal separation at the low Mach number. The airfoil-probe tubes also have a clearly effect on the leakage flow. It decreases the mass flow of the leakage flow and weakens the intensity of the leakage vortex, but enlarges the in- fluence area. The total pressure loss of the case that the tube is installed at the half chordwise position is generally lower than other cases especially at the high Mach number, it can even decrease the losses compared with the ba- sic case.