锦屏—苏南特高压直流投运后电网的稳定特性及协调控制策略

基于特高压混联电网丰大方式,从多个角度分析了锦屏—苏南800 kV特高压直流投运对电网稳定性的影响。针对锦苏直流闭锁故障,研究了基于直流紧急功率支援的协调控制策略,可减少切机、切负荷措施量。提出了后备安控措施以避免协调控制措施失效导致第三道防线动作。比较选择安控切机方案时,考虑了直流故障后送端母线稳态电压升高因素。通过研究直流故障后受端近区机组励磁电流及相关机组保护情况,探索了机组涉网保护对系统稳定的影响。分析表明,锦苏特高压直流投运后需制订送受端协调控制策略。

跨区特高压直流外送优化提升新能源消纳能力研究

随着跨区特髙压通道陆续建成投产,“三北”地区外送能力逐年增加,但新能源弃风、弃光问题并未根本解决。结合电网生产运行实际情况,对多区域间特高压直流外送功率协调优化促进新能源消纳开展研究。首先,分析了典型地区新能源弃电功率的分布特点,研究了不同区域间新能源发电功率的互补性;然后,建立了考虑跨区直流功率优化的新能源消纳能力计算分析模型;最后,针对多地区测算了跨区特高压直流互补促进新能源消纳的效果。算例分析结果表明,所提出的特高压直流优化运行方法提髙了全网的新能源消纳能力,可实现多地区新能源消纳空间的充分利用。

对于准东—皖南特高压直流投运后哈郑直流安全稳定控制措施的思考

结合新疆十三五电网规划目标,研究了准东-皖南特高压直流投运后对当前哈郑直流安全稳定控制措施的影响。针对哈郑直流闭锁故障,研究了基于直流功率紧急调制的协调控制策略应用于哈郑直流安全稳定控制措施的可行性,并对直流闭锁故障情况下切机措施引起的潮流转移、新能源脱网、第三道防线动作等潜在风险,提出了安全稳定控制措施的优化协调方案。分析表明,准东-皖南特高压直流投运后,哈郑直流采用功率紧急调制的协调控制策略能够减少新疆电网内部的切机量,进一步减少直流闭锁故障对新疆电网的冲击,提高电网安全稳定运行水平。

考虑特高压和复杂接线的直流偏磁风险治理

准东—皖南特高压直流工程是世界上首个±1 100kV特高压输电工程,避免其可能造成的直流偏磁风险意义重大。为此,结合安徽电网规划情况,对接地极附近165km范围内的大地构造调研和现场实测反演得到等效的土壤模型,依据场路耦合理论建立安徽电网交流系统直流电流分布计算模型,计算各个变电站主变中性点电流,分析了直流偏磁对安徽省交流电网影响范围、影响程度及主要的影响因素,并探讨了换流站和特高压站变压器受直流偏磁的影响,针对各电压等级变电站提出直流偏磁抑制措施,制定治理原则,进一步探究综合治理方案,从而使治理效果、治理经济性达到较好的平衡。

±800 kV普洱换流站孤岛方式下小组交流滤波器分时切除策略可行性研究

普洱换流站作为特高压工程,交流滤波器在其中起着关键作用,用于在直流系统运行过程中进行滤波及无功补偿。在普洱换流站孤岛运行过程中,发生双极闭锁情况下,切除滤波器策略至关重要,滤波器的切除策略将导致交流系统和直流系统电压波动,容易造成设备过压运行,甚至于设备绝缘击穿,造成损失。文中从普洱—江门特高压工程常用的运行方式入手,以试验数据及技术规范资料为基础,全面分析计算孤岛方式下普洱换流站发生双极闭锁时的电压,来判断系统过电压水平实际工程要求,从而将给出一种适用于特高压换流站的交流滤波器新的切除新策略—分时切除策略。

甘肃酒泉风电功率调节方式的研究

酒泉风电基地(Jiuquan wind power base,JQWPB)是中国第一个千万千瓦级示范风电基地,它的建设给甘肃电网乃至西北电网带来调频调峰、电力电量消纳等技术难题,利用河西地区测风资料和近期调度能量管理系统(energy management system,EMS)实际运行数据,分析甘肃酒泉地区风资源特性和风电出力特性,研究风电并入电网的功率调节方式,根据国内技术发展水平和河西资源状况,比较了抽水蓄能、常规火电以及抽水蓄能和火电联合3种功率调节方式,得出了抽水蓄能电站不能用于风电功率调节、抽水蓄能和火电联合调节存在不确定性和一定规模的常规火电可以满足风电功率调节要求的结论。建设一定规模的火电基地,并在酒泉地区将其电能以特高压直流外送是解决酒泉风电调频调峰与电量消纳的有效途径。

Development and Prospect of China Power Grids

In this paper the growing process of China power grid from formation of local power grids to nationwide interconnection is reviewed. The scale and structure of power grid construction in the near future, especially the planning on sending power from west to east, North-South supplementation and nationwide interconnection are introduced. In addition, the technologies to be extended in future grid development are briefed, such as HVDC, FACTS and compact transmission line, etc.

Design of a CMOS Current-Adjustable Charge-Pump Circuit Insensitive to Power Supply and Temperature

A CMOS charge-pump circuit with adjustable current is presented.A bandgap voltage reference,a low drop-out regulator,and a capacitive DC-DC voltage-booster are used to generate supply voltage for the current reference.This generated voltage is insensitive to the changes of external power supply voltage and temperature,while the current reference itself is insensitive to temperature.The circuit is designed in 0.18μm 1.8V standard digital CMOS process.The simulated results show that the performance of the circuit is satisfied.

Design of DC regulated power supply based on single chip microcomputer

A DC regulated power supply with numerical control based on single chip microcomputer （SCM） is designed. SCM is the main controller and output voltage o{ DC power supply can be set by keyboard. The analog voltage can be obtained through D/A converter （DAC0832） so that different voltages can be provided by operational amplifier. The output voltage varies from 0 V to 12 V with the incremental value of 0. 1 V. The actual output voltage is shown in the nixietube. This DC regulated power supply is characterized by simple structure and easy operation.

A NEW SOFT-SWITCHING PUSH-PULL THREE-LEVEL CONVERTER

The application areas of conventional push pull converters are limited because of high voltage stress of switches (twice of input voltage). This paper presents a novel zero voltage and zero current switching (ZCS) PWM push pull three level converter in which the voltage stress of switches is input voltage. With phase shifted modulation strategy, the leading switches can only realize zero voltage switching (ZVS), and the lagging switches can realize ZCS when block capacitor and block diodes are added. Using the strategy, the converter overcomes the drawbacks presented by the conventional push pull converter, such as magnetic aberration, large switch loss, and voltage spike on switches, so it can get higher efficiency, and a wider application area. The operating principle of the new converter is analyzed and verified on a 600 W, 50 kHz experimental prototype. Several zero voltage and zero current switching PWM push pull three level converters are proposed.

A Novel ADC Architecture for Digital Voltage Regulator Module Controllers

The design and implementation of a novel ADC architecture called ring-ADC for digital voltage regulator module controllers are presented. Based on the principle of voltage-controlled oscillators＇ transform from voltage to frequency,the A/D conversion of ring-ADC achieves good linearity and precise calibration against process variations compared with the delay-line ADC. A differential pulse counting discriminator also helps decrease the power consumption of the ring-ADC. It is fabricated with a Chartered 0.35μm CMOS process, and the measurement results of the integral and differential nonlinearity performance are 0.92LSB and 1.2LSB respectively. The maximum gain error measured in ten sample chips is ± 3.85%. With sampling rate of 500kHz and when the voltage regulator module （VRM） works in steady state, the ring-ADC＇s average power consumption is 2.56mW. The ring-ADC is verified to meet the requirements for digital VRM controller application.

A 1V,156.7μW,65.9dB Rail-to-Rail Operational Amplifier by Means of Negative Resistance Load and Replica-Amplifier Gain Enhancement

A low-voltage, low-power, and high-gain rail-to-rail operational amplifier （OpAmp） is presented. The replica-amplifier gain enhancement technique is applied to improve the DC gain of the amplifier, which does not degrade the output swing and is very suitable for low-voltage applications. In a 0. 18/μm standard CMOS process,a 1V OpAmp with rail-to-rail output is designed. For a load capacitance of 5 pF,simulation by HSPICE shows that this OpAmp achieves an effective open-loop DC gain of 65. 9dB,gain bandwidth of 70.28 MHz,and phase margin of 50 with a quiescent power dissipation of 156.7μW.

Modern Travelling Wave Based Fault Location Techniques for HVDC Transmission Lines

The modern travelling wave based fault location principles for transmission lines are analyzed.In order to apply the travelling wave principles to HVDC transmission lines,the special technical problems are studied.Based on this,a fault locating system for HVDC transmission lines is developed.The system can support modern double ended and single ended travelling wave princi- ples simultaneously,and it is composed of three different parts:travelling wave data acquisition and processing system,communication network and PC based master station.In the system,the fault generated transients are induced from the ground leads of the over-voltage suppression capacitors of an HVDC line through specially developed travelling wave couplers.The system was applied to 500 kV Gezhouba-Nanqiao(Shanghai)HVDC transmission line in China.Some field operation experiences are summarized,showing that the system has very high reliability and accuracy,and the maximum location error is about 3 km(not more than 0.3%of the total line length). Obviously,the application of the system is successful,and the fault location problem has finally been solved completely since the line operation.

Damping controller design based on FO-PID-EMA in VSC HVDC system to improve stability of hybrid power system

Wind energy sources have different structures and functions from conventional power plants in the power system.These resources can affect the exchange of active and reactive power of the network.Therefore,power system stability will be affected by the performance of wind power plants,especially in the event of a fault.In this paper,the improvement of the dynamic stability in power system equipped by wind farm is examined through the supplementary controller design in the high voltage direct current(HVDC)based on voltage source converter(VSC)transmission system.In this regard,impacts of the VSC HVDC system and wind farm on the improvement of system stability are considered.Also,an algorithm based on controllability(observability)concept is proposed to select most appropriate and effective coupling between inputs-outputs(IO)signals of system in different work conditions.The selected coupling is used to apply damping controller signal.Finally,a fractional order PID controller(FO-PID)based on exchange market algorithm(EMA)is designed as damping controller.The analysis of the results shows that the wind farm does not directly contribute to the improvement of the dynamic stability of power system.However,it can increase the controllability of the oscillatory mode and improve the performance of the supplementary controller.

Adaptive controller design based on input-output signal selection for voltage source converter high voltage direct current systems to improve power system stability

An input-output signal selection based on Phillips-Heffron model of a parallel high voltage alternative current/high voltage direct current(HVAC/HVDC) power system is presented to study power system stability. It is well known that appropriate coupling of inputs-outputs signals in the multivariable HVDC-HVAC system can improve the performance of designed supplemetary controller. In this work, different analysis techniques are used to measure controllability and observability of electromechanical oscillation mode. Also inputs–outputs interactions are considered and suggestions are drawn to select the best signal pair through the system inputs-outputs. In addition, a supplementary online adaptive controller for nonlinear HVDC to damp low frequency oscillations in a weakly connected system is proposed. The results obtained using MATLAB software show that the best output-input for damping controller design is rotor speed deviation as out put and phase angle of rectifier as in put. Also response of system equipped with adaptive damping controller based on HVDC system has appropriate performance when it is faced with faults and disturbance.

High voltage DC leakage detection for double-lined hazardous waste landfill based on finite element method

According to the structural characteristics of hazardous waste landfill, a new model based on the finite element method （FEM） is developed. The detection layer is considered as a sealed space and it is assumed that total current flows through the leak for the high resistivity of geomembrane liner. The leak current is regarded as a positive point current ＋I and the other current source is -I. Electrical potential of an arbitrary point in detection layer satisfies Poisson equation. Experiments for detecting leaks in liner were carried out. Excellent agreement between experimental data and simulated model data validates the new model. Parametric curves for a single leak show that with optimum selection of field survey parameters leaks can be detected effectively. For multiple leaks, the simulated results indicate that they are detectable when leak separation is larger than measurement spacing.

Investigating the initiation and propagation processes of convection in heavy precipitation over the western Sichuan Basin

Heavy precipitation events occur often over the western Sichuan Basin in summer, near the transition zone between the Sichuan Basin and the steep terrain of the Tibetan Plateau. One such event -- a heavy precipitation process that occurred on 18-20 August 2010, with clear nocturnal peaks -- is chosen as a case to tentatively explore how the convection associated with convectivescale precipitation is initiated and propagated. By utilizing the vertical momentum equation from the viewpoint of separating perturbation pressure into dynamic and thermal parts, it is demonstrated that the vertical momentum is induced by the imbalance of several forces, including the dynamic/buoyant part of the perturbation pressure gradient force and the buoyancy force, with the latter dominating during the nocturnal-peak period. Although a negative value of the dynamic perturbation pressure gradient force partly offsets the positive buoyant forcing inside the strong updraft, the pattern of vertical motion tendency is largely attributable to its buoyancy because of its larger magnitude. Relative to the buoyancy component, the dynamic part of the vertical perturbation pressure gradient is also examined, revealing a smaller order of magnitude. Thus, it is the thermal effect that should be responsible for the initiation and propagation of convection. As for the convective-scale precipitation, it always presents a trailing morphology relative to the strong leading-side updraft. Furthermore, overlapping strong signals of vertical motion and its tendency point towards strong precipitation in the future.

Sealed model and computation of hazardous waste landfill high voltage DC leakage detection

According to the structural characteristics of hazardous waste landfill and the leakage current model of high voltage DC Landfill leakage detection, a sealed model is established detail. The detection layer of the hazardous waste landfill is considered as a sealed assumed that the source current flows through the leak entirely. The leak is regard and analyzed in space and it is ed as a positive current resource ＋ I located at the current entrance or a negative resource - I located at the current exit, which depends on the placement of the current supply. The electrical potential of an arbitrary in detection layer satisfies Poisson equation. The boundary condition is regarded as a natural bound- ary condition for the high resistivity of high density polyethylene （HDPE） membrane. Based on which a numerical calculation method is developed. Satisfactory agreement between experimental da- ta and simulated data validates the analysis. Parametric studies show that a larger horizontal distance between the power supply electrode and leak and a smaller distance between the detector electrodes and the detected liner are helpful to leak location. More parametric curves show that parameters leaks can be detected effectively with optimum selection of field survey.

Research on resonance fault caused by dc magnetic biasing in ultra high voltage transformer with parallel static var compensator

For dealing with the resonance fault of ultra-high voltage transformers(UHVTs)with the parallel thyristor controlled reactor(TCR)+the filter compensator(FC)type static var compensator(SVC)caused by dc magnetic biasing,a simulation model of UHVT with parallel SVC for the frequency analysis of the impedance characteristics and a magnetic-field coupling model for UHVT based on classic Jiles-Atherton hysteresis theories are constructed based on the MATLAB/Simulink platform.Both the theoretical and simulation results prove that the resonance fault is caused by the resonance point on the low-voltage side of the transformer,which will approach the 4th harmonic point under magnetic biasing.Based on the fault analysis,a new resonance control method is proposed by adding reactance with by-pass switches in series with FC branches.Under dc magnetic biasing,the cutoff of the by-pass switch will increase the series reactance rate of the FC branches and change the resonance point.In order to avoid the 7th harmonic increasement caused by this method,the firing angle of the TCR branches is locked between 130°and 180°.The effect of the proposed method is validated by the simulation model of a 750 kV UHVT and the results show that the mechanism analysis of the resonance fault is correct and the resonance control method is valid.

Effect of Surface Charge on Flashover for Oil-Pressboard Insulation under AC-DC Combined Electric Field

For converter transformer, AC-DC combined electric field can trigger space charge accumulation on oil-impregnated pressboard interface. The accumulation of space charge on oil-pressboard interface can result in electric field distortion, trend to trigger surface discharge of barriers. This paper studied the influence of surface charge on flashover voltage of oil-impregnated pressboard under AC-DC combined electric field. The study finds that the flashover voltage of oil-pressboard interface under negative polarity DC superimposed AC electric field is higher than that.of positive DC superimposed AC voltage to form composite electric field. It was found that homopolar surface charge has been accumulated on the interface of oil-pressboard with positive or negative DC voltage through measuring surface potential by the electrostatic capacitive probe. The surface charge produced electric field in the opposite direction, which weakening the synthetic electric field strength. What＇s more, under the same conditions, the negative surface charge density oil-pressboard is much larger than the positive.