原位电解活性氯溶液对细菌消毒性能观察

目的探索原位电解活性氯溶液对水中3种指示细菌的消毒效果和相关影响因素。方法采用间歇式电解槽制备活性氯溶液,并对菌悬液进行电解试验;改变试验参数探索不同因素对杀灭率的影响,并对大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草杆菌黑色变种芽孢3种指示菌的消毒效果进行对比。结果在试验范围内,原位电解活性氯溶液对3种试验菌的杀灭对数值与极板间距和pH值有负相关关系,与电解液浓度和外加电压有正相关关系。间歇式电解槽的极板间距为3 mm、电解液浓度为4%、pH值为7、电压为13 V时对大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草杆菌黑色变种芽孢3种细菌消毒20 s的杀灭对数值分别为7.0、4.7和2.4,该条件下所制得的消毒剂有效氯浓度为9.2 mg/L,消毒效果远高于相同有效氯浓度下的次氯酸钠溶液。结论原位电解活性氯溶液可以有效灭活水中微生物。

活性炭纤维-涂层RuO_(2)钛电解产H_(2)O_(2)及降解TC研究

通过对比活性炭纤维-涂层RuO_(2)钛板、活性炭纤维-石墨板以及石墨板-涂层RuO_(2)钛板三种不同阴阳极组合体系产H_(2)O_(2)的能力。选取以活性炭纤维为阴极,涂层RuO_(2)钛板为阳极电解产H_(2)O_(2)体系为研究对象,考察了不同pH值、电解质(Na_(2)SO_(4))浓度和电流密度对产H_(2)O_(2)影响。结果表明,当pH=3、Na_(2)SO_(4)浓度为0.05 mol/L和电流密度6.79 mA/cm^(2),电解180 min时,体系产H_(2)O_(2)浓度可达403.04μmol/L。与此同时,以磁性氧化石墨烯(MGO)作为粒子电极,与活性炭纤维-涂层RuO_(2)钛板电解体系构建三维非均相电芬顿系统,在降解水中TC实验结果表明,该体系可对初始浓度为500 mg/LTC实现较好的去除效果,去除率达93.5%。

Gelled Ionic Liquid/PMMA Polymer Electrolyte Prepared by Radical Polymerization

The gel polymer electrolyte containing N-propyl, methylpyrrolidinium bis（（trifiuoromethyl） sulfonyl）imide （PYR13TFSI） with better performance is prepared by radical polymerization method. The interface status between the LiFePO4 electrode and the electrolyte is characterized by a scanning electron microscope and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）. There is a layer of membrane on the gel electrolyte and perfect shell membranes on the surface of active LiFePO4 cluster, on the other hand, N and S photoelectron signals are observed in XPS spectra after charge-discharge cycles. The results show that the ionic liquids and unpolymerized methyl methacrylate incorporate into the electrode surface and form the SEI membrane with Li ion and electrons while the gel electrolyte contacts with the electrode. The formation process of the SEI membrane needs at least three cycles, the discharge capacity increases as the SEI membrane becomes sufficiently thick, which blocks further electron transfer, and the system may approach steady state. The performance of cell with ionic liquid gel polymer electrolyte is measured at different rate. The cells retain 132 mAh/g at 0.2 C, 128 mAh/g at 0.5 C, and 120 mAh/g at 1.0 C after 30 cycles with charge-discharge efficiency of ca. 98% at every rate.

基于原位聚合凝胶电解质的碳纳米笼//三氧化钨纳米棒超级电容器

发展非对称超级电容器可有效提升超级电容器能量密度,选择电极材料和电解质是关键.分级结构碳纳米笼因具有比表面积大、微孔-介孔-大孔共存、导电性好、稳定性高等优点,特别适合用作超级电容器电极材料.进一步通过N,S共掺杂引入赝电容、改善浸润性,所得的氮硫共掺杂碳纳米笼(NSCNC)在1 mol•L^(−1)H2SO4溶液、电势范围0~1 V、电流密度1 A•g^(−1)下表现出337 F•g^(−1)的高比容量.水合三氧化钨(WO3•0.6H2O)纳米棒通过W6+/W5+的氧化还原反应实现H+的嵌入与脱出,在-0.55~0.3 V、5 A•g^(−1)下表现出454 F•g^(−1)的高比容量.以NSCNC和WO3•0.6H2O作正负极材料、原位聚合高分子凝胶电解质(IPGE/H2SO4)作准固态电解质组装的非对称超级电容器的工作电压为1.5 V,其倍率性能非常接近于在H型电解池中以1 mol•L^(−1)H2SO4为电解液的器件,而远优于以传统聚乙烯醇/硫酸(PVA/H2SO4)作凝胶电解质的器件,其根源是原位聚合的IPGE/H2SO4与电极材料之间建立了有效的电荷传输界面,改善了H+离子的传导,有效降低了电压降.本工作不仅展示了酸性介质中NSCNC//WO3•0.6H2O超级电容器的优异储能性能,还提供了一种新的用于构建准固态超级电容器的原位聚合凝胶电解质.

In-situ electrochemical surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy in metal/polyelectrolyte interfaces

Polyelectrolyte becomes more and more popular in electrocatalysis.The understanding of electrode/polyelectrolyte interfaces at the molecular level is important for guiding further the polyelectrolyte-based electrocatalysis.Herein,we demonstrate an in-situ surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopic method by using a three-electrode spectroelectrochemical cell towards characterizing the electrode/polyelectrolyte interfaces.The Ag/AgCl and Ag/Ag_(2)O electrodes are used as the reference electrode in the acidic and the alkaline systems,respectively.The working electrode is made of a transparent carbon thin film which loads the electrocatalysts.The applications of this method are demonstrated through the in-situ characterizations of the p-methylthiophenol adsorbed on the Au and Pt and the electrochemical oxidation of Au on polyelectrolyte membranes.The potential-dependent spectral features of these two systems show that this method is a powerful tool for investigating the electrode/polyelectrolyte interfaces in electrocatalysis.

Multifunctional interfacial and structural anode for dendrite-free lithium metal-based batteries

Lithium(Li)metal is considered as the candidate for the next generation of Li metal battery(LMB)anodes due to its high capacity and the lowest potential,which is expected to meet the requirements of energy storage devices.Unfortunately,the uncontrollable growth of Li dendrites during the charge/discharge process,as well as the resulting problems of poor cycling stability,low coulomb efficiency and safety risk,has restricted the commercialization of Li anode.Herein,an in-situ interfacial film containing three-dimensional(3D)rod-like micron-structure silver(Ag)is constructed on the surface of the Li metal.Due to the 3D rod-like micron-structure used to homogenize the distribution of current density,achieving uniform nucleation and growth of electrodeposited Li,the produced Li-Ag alloy was employed to restrain the formation of“dead”Li and the in-situ formed LiNO_(3) was utilized to facilitate the stability of solid-electrolyte interface(SEI)film,so the growth of dendritic Li is suppressed via the synergistic effect of structure and surface chemistry regulation.The obtained Li anode can achieve cycling stability at a high current density of 10 mA/cm^(2).This work considers multiaspect factors inducing uniform Li electrodeposition,and provides new insights for the commercialization of LMB.

国外电化学法制备三氢化铝的研究进展

介绍了电化学制备三氢化铝的工艺、电解原理及技术壁垒。回顾了国外电化学法制备三氢化铝的研究历程,重点介绍了电化学法低成本制备三氢化铝的研究方法,指出电解质原位再生法能大幅度降低三氢化铝的生产成本。

Electrooxidative Degradation of an Anthraquinone Dye with in-situ Electrogenerated Active Chlorine in a Divided Flow Cell

The purpose of this paper was to investigate the possibility of treating C. I. Reactive Blue 19 wastewater by electrochemical oxidation via electrogenerated active chlorine, using metallic oxide coatings （dimensional stable anode, DSA） as anode. The electrolysis for the simulated wastewater was conducted at a constant current. Absorbances at 592 nm and 255 nm were measured to follow the decolorization of the dye and the degradatin of its aromatic ring. After 4 h of electrolysis under the experimental conditions： current density of 15 A·m^-2, 0.2 mol·L^-1 NaCl, 0.1 mol·L^-1 Na2SO4, 0.1 mmol·L^-1 dye, initial pH=6.4 and T=30℃, 100% decolorization of the dye and about 45% degradation of its aromatic ring were achieved, while no obvious change of total organic carbon was observed. The experimental results suggest that the decolorization of the dye and degradation of its aromatic ring were directly affected by current density, temperature, concentrations of the dye and sodium chloride, while slightly affected by initial pH and sodium sulfate concentration; the decolorization of the dye and degradation of its aromatic ring followed pseudo-first-order kinetics; and indirect electrooxidation, using electrogenerated active chlorine, predominated in the electrochemical oxidation.

Stepwise dissolution of chalcopyrite bioleaching by thermophile A.manzaensis and mesophile L. ferriphilum

Chalcopyrite dissolution was evaluated by bioleaching and electrochemical experiments with thermophile A. manzaensis（Acidianus manzaensis） and mesophile L. ferriphilum（Leptospirillum ferriphium） cultures at 65 ℃ and 40 ℃, respectively. It was investigated that the bioleaching of chalcopyrite was stepwise. It was reduced to Cu2 S at a lower redox potential locating in the whole bioleaching process by A. manzaensis at high temperature while only at initial days of bioleaching by L. ferriphilum at a relative low temperature. No reduced product was detected when the redox potential was beyond a high level（e.g., 550 m V（vs SCE）） bioleached by L. ferriphilum. Chalcopyrite bioleaching efficiency was substantially improved bioleached by A. manaensis compared to that by L. ferriphilum, which was mainly attributed to the reduction reaction occurring during bioleaching. The reductive intermediate Cu2 S was more amenable to oxidation than chalcopyrite, causing enhanced copper extraction.

Cathodic Hydrogen as Electron Donor in Enhanced Reductive Dechlorination

In situ capping is an attractive and cost-effective method for remediation of contaminated sediments,but few studies on enhancing contaminant degradation in sediment caps have been reported,especially for chlorinated benzenes.Electrically enhanced bioactive barrier is a new process for in situ remediation for reducible compounds in soil or sediments.The primary objective of this study is to determine if electrodes in sediment could create a redox gradient and provide electron acceptor/donor to stimulate degradation of chlorinated contaminant.The results demonstrate that graphite electrodes lead to sustainable evolution of hydrogen,displaying zero-order kinetics in the initial stages with different voltages.The constant rates of hydrogen evolution at 3,4,and 5 V are1.05,2.54,and 4.3 nmol·L 1·d 1,respectively.Even higher voltage can produce more hydrogen,but it could not keep long time because the over potentials on electrode surfaces prevent its function.The study shows that 4 V is more appropriate for hydrogen evolution.The measured and evaluated concentration of 1,2,3,5-tetrachlorobenzene in pore water of sediment and concentration of sulfate show that dechlorination is inhibited at higher concentration of sulfate.

Atomic-scale observation of the deformation and failure of diamonds by in-situ double-tilt mechanical testing transmission electron microscope holder

In-situ transmission electron microscopy(TEM)has been demonstrated to be a powerful method in resolving challenging problems such as interactions among various defects.To take advantage of the atomic resolution of advanced TEMs,a compact five-degree-of-freedom nanomanipulator was integrated with an indenter that was made of nanotwinned diamonds,for both the in-situ mechanical testing and double tilting of TEM samples.As a demonstration,in-situ bending tests were performed on the?111?,?110?and?100?single-crystal diamond needles.The tests revealed the{111}cleavage to be the dominant failure mode.The in-situ indentation on a diamond nanoplate led to curved cracks consisting of nanometer-scale steps,which were identified to be atomic flat{111}facets.The atomic-scale observation of the deformation and failure of diamonds demonstrated the stability of the entire system and the durability of the indenter.We expect that more delicate research can be carried out by means of this holder in the near future,including in-situ stimulation,atomic characterization,and tomography.

In situ electrochemically converting Fe_2O_3-Ni(OH)_2 to NiFe_2O_4-NiOOH:a highly efficient electrocatalyst towards water oxidation

To develop low-cost, earth-abundant NiFe- based materials as highly efficient oxygen evolution reaction （OER） electrocatalysts and to probe new catalytic species are still great challenges to now. Here, an in situ forma- tion of OER active NiFe2O4-NiOOH nanosheet arrays is demonstrated as a highly efficient OER electrocatalyst by the anodization of Fe203 domains anchored on Ni（OH）2 nanosheet arrays. The as-converted product can deliver the current density of 30 mA cm-2 with a small overpotential of 240 mV, and only requires an overpotential of 410 mV to achieve an amazing huge current density of 3000 mA cm-2. In situ potential-dependent Raman spectroscopy reveals that Ni（OH）2 in the composite is easier to be oxidized to NiOOH than pure Ni（OH）2, and the newly formed NiOOH reacts with the nearby Fe2O3 to produce hybrid NiFe2O4-NiOOH. It is found that the cooperative effect of the in situ formed NiFe2O4 and NiOOH as well as the hydrophilic and aero- phobic electrode surface make main contribution to the outstanding OER activity of the catalyst. This work will bring new perspectives to the recognition of the origin of NiFe composite materials for OER and provide a mild method to synthesize amorphous spinel materials at room temperature.

Filament growth dynamics in solid electrolyte-based resistive memories revealed by in situ TEM

Solid electrolyte based-resistive memories have been considered to be a potential candidate for future information technology with applications in non-volatile memory, logic circuits and neuromorphic computing. A conductive filament model has been generally accepted to be the underlying mechanism for the resistive switching. However, the growth dynamics of such conductive filaments is still not fully understood. Here, we explore the controllability of filament growth by correlating observations of the filament growth with the electric field distribution and several other factors. The filament growth behavior has been recorded using in situ transmission electron microscopy. By studying the real- time recorded filament growth behavior and morphologies, we have been able to simulate the electric field distribution in accordance with our observations. Other factors have also been shown to affect the filament growth, such as Joule heating and electrolyte infrastructure. This work provides insight into the controllable growth of conductive filaments and will help guide research into further functionalities of nanoionic resistive memories.

Progress of electrode/electrolyte interfacial investigation of Li-ion batteries via in situ scanning probe microscopy

The electrode/electrolyte interface plays a cri- tical role in the performance of a Li-ion battery. In view of the dynamic and complex nature of the interface, in situ research approaches can provide valuable information of interfacial phenomena during battery operation. In situ scanning probe microscopy （SPM） is a powerful technique used for the interfacial investigation of the Li-ion batteries. The versatile SPM techniques and their various operation modes have been utilized to measure the morphology and other properties of the electrode interface at high resolu- tion. Herein, we discuss the related SPM techniques to study the topography, mechanics and electrochemistry re- search of electrodes. Recent progresses of in situ SPM research on the electrode/electrolyte interface are summa- rized. Finally, the outlook of the technique is discussed.

Determination of bandgaps of photoactive materials in perovskite solar cells at high temperatures by in-situ temperature-dependent resistance measurement

Normally, it is difficult to directly measure the bandgaps of perovskite based on methylammonium(MA) or formamidinium(FA) at high temperatures due to material decomposition. We prevent the decomposition by keeping the synthesized perovskite films(MAPbI_3 and MAPbI_3) in organic iodide vapors, then measure the in-situ resistance of the films at varied temperatures, and further evaluate the bandgaps of these two materials. The evaluated bandgaps are consistent with the results from ultraviolet-visible(UV-vis) absorption spectrum. The bandgap of MAPbI_3 decreases with temperature above 95 ℃, whereas that of FAPbI_3 first increases with temperature from 95 ℃ to 107 ℃ and then decreases with temperature above 107 ℃.