The exploitation of competent electrocatalysts is a key issue of the broad application of many promising electrochemical processes,including the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),the oxygen evolution reaction(OER),the ...The exploitation of competent electrocatalysts is a key issue of the broad application of many promising electrochemical processes,including the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),the oxygen evolution reaction(OER),the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR),the CO_(2) reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)and the nitrogen reduction reaction(NRR).The traditional searches for good electrocatalysts rely on the trial-and-error approaches,which are typically tedious and inefficient.In the past decades,some fundamental principles,activity descriptors and catalytic mechanisms have been established to accelerate the discovery of advanced electrocatalysts.Hence,it is time to summarize these theory-related research advances that unravel the structure-performance relationships and enables predictive ability in electrocatalysis studies.In this review,we summarize some basic aspects of catalytic theories that are commonly used in the design of electrocatalysts(e.g.,Sabatier principle,d-band theory,adsorption-energy scaling relation,activity descriptors)and their relevance.Then,we briefly introduced the fundamental mechanisms and central challenges of HER,OER,ORR,CO_(2)RR and NRR electrocatalysts,and highlight the theory-based efforts used to address the challenges facing these electrocatalysis processes.Finally,we propose the key challenges and opportunities of theory-driven electrocatalysis on their future.展开更多
Between 1949 and 1954,Sino-Burmese relations changed for the better.The U Nu government’s fear and suspicion of the People’s Republic of China meant that it planned to recognize China almost from the start.It was on...Between 1949 and 1954,Sino-Burmese relations changed for the better.The U Nu government’s fear and suspicion of the People’s Republic of China meant that it planned to recognize China almost from the start.It was only after confirming the diplomatic position of other Commonwealth countries that Burma made a move,however,becoming the first non-Communist country to recognize the PRC.Not long after,relations between the two countries began to cool,partly because of geopolitical factors but mostly due to the fact that China’s revolutionary diplomacy was incommensurate with Burma’s pro-British,pro-American tendencies.After the Korean War broke out,Burma rapidly enshrined“neutralism”as the guiding principle of its diplomacy,while China began to establish ties with countries in the“Intermediate Zone.”In 1953,the two countries had the opportunity to repair their relations because of strains in the Burma-US relationship due to remnant Kuomintang forces,rising Chinese demand for Burmese rubber,and a drastic decline in the international market for Burmese rice.展开更多
文摘The exploitation of competent electrocatalysts is a key issue of the broad application of many promising electrochemical processes,including the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),the oxygen evolution reaction(OER),the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR),the CO_(2) reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)and the nitrogen reduction reaction(NRR).The traditional searches for good electrocatalysts rely on the trial-and-error approaches,which are typically tedious and inefficient.In the past decades,some fundamental principles,activity descriptors and catalytic mechanisms have been established to accelerate the discovery of advanced electrocatalysts.Hence,it is time to summarize these theory-related research advances that unravel the structure-performance relationships and enables predictive ability in electrocatalysis studies.In this review,we summarize some basic aspects of catalytic theories that are commonly used in the design of electrocatalysts(e.g.,Sabatier principle,d-band theory,adsorption-energy scaling relation,activity descriptors)and their relevance.Then,we briefly introduced the fundamental mechanisms and central challenges of HER,OER,ORR,CO_(2)RR and NRR electrocatalysts,and highlight the theory-based efforts used to address the challenges facing these electrocatalysis processes.Finally,we propose the key challenges and opportunities of theory-driven electrocatalysis on their future.
基金the mid-term result of the 2017 Shanghai Pujiang Talent Program(Type C)“Burma’s Strategic Awareness of China and Sino-Burmese Relations(1949-1962)”(17PJC029)
文摘Between 1949 and 1954,Sino-Burmese relations changed for the better.The U Nu government’s fear and suspicion of the People’s Republic of China meant that it planned to recognize China almost from the start.It was only after confirming the diplomatic position of other Commonwealth countries that Burma made a move,however,becoming the first non-Communist country to recognize the PRC.Not long after,relations between the two countries began to cool,partly because of geopolitical factors but mostly due to the fact that China’s revolutionary diplomacy was incommensurate with Burma’s pro-British,pro-American tendencies.After the Korean War broke out,Burma rapidly enshrined“neutralism”as the guiding principle of its diplomacy,while China began to establish ties with countries in the“Intermediate Zone.”In 1953,the two countries had the opportunity to repair their relations because of strains in the Burma-US relationship due to remnant Kuomintang forces,rising Chinese demand for Burmese rubber,and a drastic decline in the international market for Burmese rice.
