Moral generalism and particularism are two positions in meta-ethics which have different views regarding the relation between moral thought and principles. By accepting this relationship, generalists emphasize the nec...Moral generalism and particularism are two positions in meta-ethics which have different views regarding the relation between moral thought and principles. By accepting this relationship, generalists emphasize the necessity of principles in decision making process, and claim that the rationality of moral thought depends on the provision of a suitable supply ofmoral principles. In contrast, particularists have rejected, or at least doubted, the existence of moral principles, and believe that the rationality of moral thought depends on recognizing special features of a case and relevant conditions. This is why, unlike generalists, they use case study method rather than syllogism in decision making process and moral judgment. Consequently, to support their view, particularists commonly resort to holism in the theory of reasons, while atomism is in support of generalism. To evaluate these two attitudes, this study surveys some arguments that particularists and generalists proposed to justify their view and criticize the rival＇s one, and also explains their positions concerning the epistemological and metaphysical role of moral principles and reasons. Finally, after evaluating their claims, the importance of both approaches in meta-ethics is stressed.展开更多
The （1＋1）-dimensional F-expansion technique and the homogeneous nonlinear balance principle have been generalized and applied for solving exact solutions to a general （3＋1）-dimensional nonlinear Schr6dinger equa...The （1＋1）-dimensional F-expansion technique and the homogeneous nonlinear balance principle have been generalized and applied for solving exact solutions to a general （3＋1）-dimensional nonlinear Schr6dinger equation （NLSE） with varying coefficients and a harmonica potential. We found that there exist two kinds of soliton solutions. The evolution features of exact solutions have been numerically studied. The （3＋1）D soliton solutions may help us to understand the nonlinear wave propagation in the nonlinear media such as classical optical waves and the matter waves of the Bose-Einstein condensates.展开更多
In this paper, I critically challenge the ability of legal reforms to recognize and integrate the way in which a rape victim sees rape. Current limitations to the law are mainly due to the accepted patriarchal view on...In this paper, I critically challenge the ability of legal reforms to recognize and integrate the way in which a rape victim sees rape. Current limitations to the law are mainly due to the accepted patriarchal view on law as a form of objective and rational knowledge, outside which there are only impracticable and irrational views. I investigate the case of marriage jurisprudence in the UK, as a prominent example, because it has long accepted marital rape as objectively and rationally part of a wife＇s duty. Even though changes have occurred which improve the marital rape jurisdiction and prejudicial disbelief concerning a woman＇s private life is still used in the courts to question the credibility of the victim. Over the past year, extensive efforts have been made to reform the management of rape cases. Whilst there is a need to acknowledge the seriousness of the accusation with rigorous legal principles which provide appropriate safeguards for the accused person as well as the complainant, especially bearing in mind the often ＂private＂ circumstances, with a concomitant lack of witnesses, it remains the case that the rate of attribution in attempts to secure successful prosecutions in rape case remains overwhelming. I show how a Wittgensteinian approach to law would take into consideration the shape ofgendered lives as they are experienced, and hence would not accept just one legal interpretation of marital law. The phenomenon of＂seeing-as＂ in Wittgenstein＇s philosophy can support the experience of being jolted into appreciating the feminist aspect of consent in marital sexual relationships.展开更多
The purpose of this paper is to synthesize a conception of inquiry from the insights of Paul Feyerabend and C.S.Peirce.Here,I contend that Peirce's account of inquiry is overly narrow.More poignantly,I show how Pe...The purpose of this paper is to synthesize a conception of inquiry from the insights of Paul Feyerabend and C.S.Peirce.Here,I contend that Peirce's account of inquiry is overly narrow.More poignantly,I show how Peirce's motto that one should not block the road of inquiry is in conflict with his rejection of skepticism.This is shown using Feyerabend's arguments for pluralism.Nevertheless,I sketch an alternative position that borrows insights from both Peirce and Feyerabend.This position,I contend,retains the crucial elements of each position that drove them while critically developing them in a coherent fashion.This synthesized position offers the beginning of a novel approach to modelling divisions of epistemic labor.展开更多
Design increasingly plays a pivotal role in achieving justice for all.However,there are often gaps between visions and implementation due to the variety of factors and stakeholders involved in design practice.Through ...Design increasingly plays a pivotal role in achieving justice for all.However,there are often gaps between visions and implementation due to the variety of factors and stakeholders involved in design practice.Through literature review and a keyword co-occurrence analysis,this paper investigates current landscape justice research and identifies the distinguishing concerns in design,and highlights the importance of systematic thinking in achieving landscape justice.By examining the practices of the British company Building Design Partnership(BDP),a multinational design company,this paper identifies BDP’s three key design principles as experiences can be followed for landscape justice:design for inclusion,design for resilience,and design for future ecosystems.The paper also addresses potential challenges and conflicts in implementing landscape justice across different contexts and highlights multinational design companies’efforts to mediate between various stakeholders.Finally,this paper demonstrates that design companies can contribute to 1)bridging social and environmental justice through landscape design,2)achieving the visions promoted by scholars,3)identifying and deploying diverse approaches to achieving landscape justice with their sensitivity to practical problems,and 4)fostering integrated feedback loops via both top-down and bottom-up approaches to ensure effective implementation of landscape justice.展开更多
To achieve the value goal of distributive justice, human society turns to the rational design and organization of social institutions. The construction of social institutions aimed at distributive justice should obser...To achieve the value goal of distributive justice, human society turns to the rational design and organization of social institutions. The construction of social institutions aimed at distributive justice should observe the following principles： equal opportunity, equal distribution of benefits and obligations, rational distribution criteria and procedures, and rectification of injustices. Social institutions established on these principles demonstrate inherent fairness and can ensure that social resources are distributed in an equitable way. For social institutions to ensure distributive justice is of great practical significance because this helps society integrate individuals＇ singular intentionality of pursuing distributive justice into a collective intentionality that fosters a social perspective on investigating distributive justice, establishes an egalitarian concept of distributive justice, and provides more effective protection for acts promoting distributive justice and stronger sanctions for acts undermining it. This maintains and enhances the interests of both advantaged and disadvantaged groups in distribution.展开更多
Between 1949 and 1954,Sino-Burmese relations changed for the better.The U Nu government’s fear and suspicion of the People’s Republic of China meant that it planned to recognize China almost from the start.It was on...Between 1949 and 1954,Sino-Burmese relations changed for the better.The U Nu government’s fear and suspicion of the People’s Republic of China meant that it planned to recognize China almost from the start.It was only after confirming the diplomatic position of other Commonwealth countries that Burma made a move,however,becoming the first non-Communist country to recognize the PRC.Not long after,relations between the two countries began to cool,partly because of geopolitical factors but mostly due to the fact that China’s revolutionary diplomacy was incommensurate with Burma’s pro-British,pro-American tendencies.After the Korean War broke out,Burma rapidly enshrined“neutralism”as the guiding principle of its diplomacy,while China began to establish ties with countries in the“Intermediate Zone.”In 1953,the two countries had the opportunity to repair their relations because of strains in the Burma-US relationship due to remnant Kuomintang forces,rising Chinese demand for Burmese rubber,and a drastic decline in the international market for Burmese rice.展开更多
文摘Moral generalism and particularism are two positions in meta-ethics which have different views regarding the relation between moral thought and principles. By accepting this relationship, generalists emphasize the necessity of principles in decision making process, and claim that the rationality of moral thought depends on the provision of a suitable supply ofmoral principles. In contrast, particularists have rejected, or at least doubted, the existence of moral principles, and believe that the rationality of moral thought depends on recognizing special features of a case and relevant conditions. This is why, unlike generalists, they use case study method rather than syllogism in decision making process and moral judgment. Consequently, to support their view, particularists commonly resort to holism in the theory of reasons, while atomism is in support of generalism. To evaluate these two attitudes, this study surveys some arguments that particularists and generalists proposed to justify their view and criticize the rival＇s one, and also explains their positions concerning the epistemological and metaphysical role of moral principles and reasons. Finally, after evaluating their claims, the importance of both approaches in meta-ethics is stressed.
基金Supported by National Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 2006CB921605
文摘The （1＋1）-dimensional F-expansion technique and the homogeneous nonlinear balance principle have been generalized and applied for solving exact solutions to a general （3＋1）-dimensional nonlinear Schr6dinger equation （NLSE） with varying coefficients and a harmonica potential. We found that there exist two kinds of soliton solutions. The evolution features of exact solutions have been numerically studied. The （3＋1）D soliton solutions may help us to understand the nonlinear wave propagation in the nonlinear media such as classical optical waves and the matter waves of the Bose-Einstein condensates.
文摘In this paper, I critically challenge the ability of legal reforms to recognize and integrate the way in which a rape victim sees rape. Current limitations to the law are mainly due to the accepted patriarchal view on law as a form of objective and rational knowledge, outside which there are only impracticable and irrational views. I investigate the case of marriage jurisprudence in the UK, as a prominent example, because it has long accepted marital rape as objectively and rationally part of a wife＇s duty. Even though changes have occurred which improve the marital rape jurisdiction and prejudicial disbelief concerning a woman＇s private life is still used in the courts to question the credibility of the victim. Over the past year, extensive efforts have been made to reform the management of rape cases. Whilst there is a need to acknowledge the seriousness of the accusation with rigorous legal principles which provide appropriate safeguards for the accused person as well as the complainant, especially bearing in mind the often ＂private＂ circumstances, with a concomitant lack of witnesses, it remains the case that the rate of attribution in attempts to secure successful prosecutions in rape case remains overwhelming. I show how a Wittgensteinian approach to law would take into consideration the shape ofgendered lives as they are experienced, and hence would not accept just one legal interpretation of marital law. The phenomenon of＂seeing-as＂ in Wittgenstein＇s philosophy can support the experience of being jolted into appreciating the feminist aspect of consent in marital sexual relationships.
文摘The purpose of this paper is to synthesize a conception of inquiry from the insights of Paul Feyerabend and C.S.Peirce.Here,I contend that Peirce's account of inquiry is overly narrow.More poignantly,I show how Peirce's motto that one should not block the road of inquiry is in conflict with his rejection of skepticism.This is shown using Feyerabend's arguments for pluralism.Nevertheless,I sketch an alternative position that borrows insights from both Peirce and Feyerabend.This position,I contend,retains the crucial elements of each position that drove them while critically developing them in a coherent fashion.This synthesized position offers the beginning of a novel approach to modelling divisions of epistemic labor.
文摘Design increasingly plays a pivotal role in achieving justice for all.However,there are often gaps between visions and implementation due to the variety of factors and stakeholders involved in design practice.Through literature review and a keyword co-occurrence analysis,this paper investigates current landscape justice research and identifies the distinguishing concerns in design,and highlights the importance of systematic thinking in achieving landscape justice.By examining the practices of the British company Building Design Partnership(BDP),a multinational design company,this paper identifies BDP’s three key design principles as experiences can be followed for landscape justice:design for inclusion,design for resilience,and design for future ecosystems.The paper also addresses potential challenges and conflicts in implementing landscape justice across different contexts and highlights multinational design companies’efforts to mediate between various stakeholders.Finally,this paper demonstrates that design companies can contribute to 1)bridging social and environmental justice through landscape design,2)achieving the visions promoted by scholars,3)identifying and deploying diverse approaches to achieving landscape justice with their sensitivity to practical problems,and 4)fostering integrated feedback loops via both top-down and bottom-up approaches to ensure effective implementation of landscape justice.
文摘To achieve the value goal of distributive justice, human society turns to the rational design and organization of social institutions. The construction of social institutions aimed at distributive justice should observe the following principles： equal opportunity, equal distribution of benefits and obligations, rational distribution criteria and procedures, and rectification of injustices. Social institutions established on these principles demonstrate inherent fairness and can ensure that social resources are distributed in an equitable way. For social institutions to ensure distributive justice is of great practical significance because this helps society integrate individuals＇ singular intentionality of pursuing distributive justice into a collective intentionality that fosters a social perspective on investigating distributive justice, establishes an egalitarian concept of distributive justice, and provides more effective protection for acts promoting distributive justice and stronger sanctions for acts undermining it. This maintains and enhances the interests of both advantaged and disadvantaged groups in distribution.
基金the mid-term result of the 2017 Shanghai Pujiang Talent Program(Type C)“Burma’s Strategic Awareness of China and Sino-Burmese Relations(1949-1962)”(17PJC029)
文摘Between 1949 and 1954,Sino-Burmese relations changed for the better.The U Nu government’s fear and suspicion of the People’s Republic of China meant that it planned to recognize China almost from the start.It was only after confirming the diplomatic position of other Commonwealth countries that Burma made a move,however,becoming the first non-Communist country to recognize the PRC.Not long after,relations between the two countries began to cool,partly because of geopolitical factors but mostly due to the fact that China’s revolutionary diplomacy was incommensurate with Burma’s pro-British,pro-American tendencies.After the Korean War broke out,Burma rapidly enshrined“neutralism”as the guiding principle of its diplomacy,while China began to establish ties with countries in the“Intermediate Zone.”In 1953,the two countries had the opportunity to repair their relations because of strains in the Burma-US relationship due to remnant Kuomintang forces,rising Chinese demand for Burmese rubber,and a drastic decline in the international market for Burmese rice.
