There are many well-known analytical methods for determination of iron（Ⅱ） and iron（Ⅲ）. Among these methods： Gravimetric, titrimetric, potentiometric, conductometric and batch and flow-injection spectrophotometr...There are many well-known analytical methods for determination of iron（Ⅱ） and iron（Ⅲ）. Among these methods： Gravimetric, titrimetric, potentiometric, conductometric and batch and flow-injection spectrophotometric methods. In present study, two batch spectrophotometric, atomic absorption spectrometric and biolabo kit methods have been used for determination of iron（Ⅱ）, iron（Ⅲ） and total iron. The present methods have the advantages of high sensitivity, low cost reagent, low operation cost, simplicity, speed and their applications for determination of iron（Ⅱ） and iron（Ⅲ） in some serum samples of normal human and fl-thalasemia patients in Erbil city. For the first time especially in Erbil city attempts were made to use zero, first and second derivative spectra to identify the serum samples of some β-thallasemia patients from the normal human serum samples due to the appearance and resolution of peaks in both cases.展开更多
This paper reviews the standard methods for the determination of the Aluminum and its salts, and makes comparative analyses from the operation conditions and its characteristics. The current national standard and the ...This paper reviews the standard methods for the determination of the Aluminum and its salts, and makes comparative analyses from the operation conditions and its characteristics. The current national standard and the industry standard methods include： the inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, the atomic absorption spectrometry, the spectrophotometric method, the potential analysis and the titration analysis.展开更多
Based on observations and historical simulations from the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP5) archive, the contributions of human activities(including greenhouse gases(GHGs), anthropogenic ...Based on observations and historical simulations from the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP5) archive, the contributions of human activities(including greenhouse gases(GHGs), anthropogenic aerosols(AAs), and land use(LU)) and external natural forcings(Nat) to climate changes in China over the past 50 years were quantified. Both anthropogenic and external natural forcings account for 95%–99% of the observed temperature change from 1951–1975 to 1981–2005. In particular, the temperature changes induced by GHGs are approximately 2–3 times stronger than the observed changes, and AAs impose a significant cooling effect. The total external forcings can explain 65%–78% of the observed precipitation changes over the past 50 years, in which AAs and GHGs are the primary external forcings leading to the precipitation changes; in particular, AAs dominate the main spatial features of precipitation changes in eastern China. Human activities also dominate the long-term non-linear trends in observed temperature during the past several decades, and, in particular, GHGs, the primary warming contributor, have produced significant warming since the 1960 s. Compared to the long-term non-linear trends in observed precipitation, GHGs have largely caused the wetting changes in the arid-semiarid region since the 1970 s, whereas AAs have led to the drying changes in the humid-semihumid region; both LU and Nat can impose certain impacts on the long-term non-linear trends in precipitation. Using the optimal fingerprinting detection approach, the effects of human activities on the temperature changes can be detected and attributed in China, and the effect of GHGs can be clearly detected from the observations in humid-semihumid areas. However, the anthropogenic effects cannot be detected in the observed precipitation changes, which may be due to the uncertainties in the model simulations and to other issues. Although some results in this paper still need improvement due to uncertainties in the coupled models, this study is expected to provide the background and scientific basis for climate changes to conduct vulnerability and risk assessments of the ecological systems and water resources in the arid-semiarid region of China.展开更多
文摘There are many well-known analytical methods for determination of iron（Ⅱ） and iron（Ⅲ）. Among these methods： Gravimetric, titrimetric, potentiometric, conductometric and batch and flow-injection spectrophotometric methods. In present study, two batch spectrophotometric, atomic absorption spectrometric and biolabo kit methods have been used for determination of iron（Ⅱ）, iron（Ⅲ） and total iron. The present methods have the advantages of high sensitivity, low cost reagent, low operation cost, simplicity, speed and their applications for determination of iron（Ⅱ） and iron（Ⅲ） in some serum samples of normal human and fl-thalasemia patients in Erbil city. For the first time especially in Erbil city attempts were made to use zero, first and second derivative spectra to identify the serum samples of some β-thallasemia patients from the normal human serum samples due to the appearance and resolution of peaks in both cases.
文摘This paper reviews the standard methods for the determination of the Aluminum and its salts, and makes comparative analyses from the operation conditions and its characteristics. The current national standard and the industry standard methods include： the inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, the atomic absorption spectrometry, the spectrophotometric method, the potential analysis and the titration analysis.
基金National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2012CB956203)the China Meteorological Administration R&D Special Fund for Public Welfare (Meteorology) (Grant No. GYHY201306027)+1 种基金the Open Research Fund Program of Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province (Grant No. PAEKL-2015-C1)the National Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41405090)
文摘Based on observations and historical simulations from the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP5) archive, the contributions of human activities(including greenhouse gases(GHGs), anthropogenic aerosols(AAs), and land use(LU)) and external natural forcings(Nat) to climate changes in China over the past 50 years were quantified. Both anthropogenic and external natural forcings account for 95%–99% of the observed temperature change from 1951–1975 to 1981–2005. In particular, the temperature changes induced by GHGs are approximately 2–3 times stronger than the observed changes, and AAs impose a significant cooling effect. The total external forcings can explain 65%–78% of the observed precipitation changes over the past 50 years, in which AAs and GHGs are the primary external forcings leading to the precipitation changes; in particular, AAs dominate the main spatial features of precipitation changes in eastern China. Human activities also dominate the long-term non-linear trends in observed temperature during the past several decades, and, in particular, GHGs, the primary warming contributor, have produced significant warming since the 1960 s. Compared to the long-term non-linear trends in observed precipitation, GHGs have largely caused the wetting changes in the arid-semiarid region since the 1970 s, whereas AAs have led to the drying changes in the humid-semihumid region; both LU and Nat can impose certain impacts on the long-term non-linear trends in precipitation. Using the optimal fingerprinting detection approach, the effects of human activities on the temperature changes can be detected and attributed in China, and the effect of GHGs can be clearly detected from the observations in humid-semihumid areas. However, the anthropogenic effects cannot be detected in the observed precipitation changes, which may be due to the uncertainties in the model simulations and to other issues. Although some results in this paper still need improvement due to uncertainties in the coupled models, this study is expected to provide the background and scientific basis for climate changes to conduct vulnerability and risk assessments of the ecological systems and water resources in the arid-semiarid region of China.
