核电汽轮机转子焊缝金属原奥氏体尺寸对疲劳裂纹稳定扩展区和近门槛区临界点的影响规律研究

研究了25Cr2Ni2MoV核电汽轮机低压焊接转子模拟件埋弧焊焊缝金属疲劳裂纹扩展速率和应力强度因子幅关系曲线,发现了不同试样疲劳裂纹稳定扩展区和近门槛区临界点对应的应力强度因子幅不同的现象。使用逆推法在金相中确定了临界点位置,并进一步研究了临界点处的原奥氏体晶粒尺寸,发现其与裂纹尖端单向塑性区最大尺寸有较好的对应关系。而模拟件多层多道焊焊缝金属组织不均匀性带来的临界点位置的差异是造成门槛值测试结果分散的重要原因之一。

辊锻连杆原坯料尺寸的选择

辊锻连杆原坯料尺寸的选择主要是指截面尺寸和长度尺寸的选择。通常,模锻制坯可以通过滚挤聚料使截面增大,而辊股则依据计算毛坯直径图来确定坯料直径,所选择的坯料截面可小于锻件的最大截面。辊锻制坯只能使截面缩小,因此辊锻制坯的截面尺寸是以锻件的最大截面积乘以截面增大系数来确定的。模锻制坯与辊锻制坯两种工艺所形成的飞边形状也各不相同。成形模锻时。

关于材料力学中小变形问题的讨论

着重讨论了材料力学中小变形假设下采用原尺寸原理和以直代曲方法所引起的相对误差,得出小变形假设的适用范围,主要通过对称结构、非对称结构和超静定对称结构,分析应用原尺寸原理所得的结果与根据实际变形计算的结果之区别,得出小变形的定义是个相对的概念,与结构的初始角度和允许的应变有关;小变形假设的适用范围是由工程中的允许误差来确定的。

原奥氏体晶粒尺寸对低合金高强度系泊链钢氢脆敏感性的影响

通过预充氢拉伸和动态充氢拉伸两种试验研究3种不同温度淬火然后560℃回火试样中原奥氏体晶粒尺寸对一种低合金高强度系泊链钢的氢脆敏感性的影响。结果表明,电流密度>1.0 m A/cm2时发生氢诱发裂纹而在发生屈服时就脆断,原奥氏体晶粒尺寸对预充氢拉伸与动态充氢拉伸的氢脆敏感性都没有影响。当电流密度<1.0 m A/cm2时,发生应力诱发氢致滞后裂纹而断裂,在预充氢后拉伸时,原奥氏体晶粒尺寸对氢脆敏感性略有影响,氢脆敏感性随原奥氏体晶粒增大而略微增大;在动态充氢拉伸时,原奥氏体晶粒尺寸对氢脆敏感性基本没有影响。因此,原奥氏体晶粒尺寸对这种低合金高强度系泊链钢的氢脆敏感性作用不明显。

铝中空位形成能计算时的原胞尺寸等参数效应

使用第一原理赝势法计算简单金属铝中空位的形成能，详细讨论空位形成能的理论计算值与所用超原胞大小、ｋ点数等参数的关系．结果显示，使用第一原理的超原胞方法计算单个空位的形成能时，超原胞的大小应取到百余个原子．用１０８个原子的超原胞进行计算时，所得结果与实验值符合很好．

为《梦轩变古笺谱》编目

《萝轩变古笺谱》为吴发祥于明天启六年(1626年)刻于南京,卷首有福建颜继祖(绳稷别署白门散史)“小引”。原为清代张宗松清绮斋旧藏,现归上海博物馆入藏。余帙上、下两册,计笺一百八十二页,上卷最后一页“陇上云”,为明季流寓南京的名画字吴相如(号士冠)所绘。自去年由朵云轩照各笺原尺寸及设色的复刻本出版以来,深为国内外学术家所称誉,这是对我国文化艺术优良传统的赞赏和珍视的反映。

350MW火电机组给水泵行星差动调速装置改造的研制与应用

说明锅炉给水泵综合节能改造的必要性,提出行星液力调速装置改造方案,并阐述了行星液力调速装置工作原理和节能特点。以新疆某电厂为例,从机械系统、滑油系统和电气系统三个方面介绍了用行星液力调速装置原尺寸代替液力偶合器给水泵机组的改造工程。对给水泵综合节能改造方案从可行性、经济性和改造后实施的效果进行对比分析。总结出用行星液力调速装置改造的优势,使电厂用电率下降0.4%,同时具备安全稳定,高效节能等特点。

百年老屋

据悉,目前已有6幢古建筑在被按照原尺寸在凤凰山修筑,还有包括屈原祠在内的7幢古老建筑将在这里按修旧如旧的原则进行复建。秭归县被称为坝首第一县,1997年其县城从库区整体迁至坝区。2002年11月4日,工人在给湖北省秭归县三峡坝区旁的郑万琅老屋作粉刷。

正火温度对G115钢组织及室温强度的影响

对G115钢进行1065~1120℃不同温度的正火处理,研究其显微组织和室温拉伸性能。结果表明：正火温度由1065℃升至1075℃时,抗拉强度由802.91 MPa降至741.15 MPa;正火温度由1075℃升至1105℃时,抗拉强度出现一个“平台”,约为798.97 MPa;当正火温度由1105℃升至1120℃时,抗拉强度降至745.13 MPa,屈服强度的变化规律与抗拉强度相似;随正火温度由1065℃升至1095℃,G115钢原奥氏体平均晶粒尺寸由38.40μm减小至34.45μm左右,在1075℃至1095℃亦出现个“平台”;当温度升至1120℃时,原奥氏体平均晶粒尺寸为67.64μm。不同正火温度试样均发现较多的富W和Fe元素的Laves相。

中锰钢中原奥氏体晶粒尺寸对马氏体相变的影响

对中锰钢中原奥氏体晶粒尺寸对马氏体相变动力学的影响进行了分析。利用SEM、XRD、热膨胀相变仪和EBSD等检测手段,研究了不同原奥氏体晶粒尺寸下马氏体相变速率和马氏体板条组织的变化。通过不同温度的奥氏体化处理,分别得到了尺寸为(190±15)、(36±2)、(11±2)和(4.8±2)μm的原奥氏体晶粒。结果表明:随着原奥氏体晶粒尺寸的降低,马氏体相变开始温度由289℃降低到250℃,而马氏体的相变速率先升高后降低。分析表明,马氏体的相变速率与马氏体的形核点数量直接相关,而马氏体的形核点数量受原奥氏体晶粒尺寸大小和马氏体板条的宽长比影响。当原奥氏体晶粒尺寸小于5μm时,马氏体板条的宽长比明显增加,马氏体形核点数目随过冷度增加而增加的速率明显降低,从而造成马氏体相变速率降低。

Effect of salt-assisted reduction method on morphologies and size of metallic tungsten particles

A simple method was proposed to produce tungsten(W)particles with controllable shape and size by employing the salt-assisted hydrogen reduction.W particles with controlled shape and size were prepared by adjusting the amount of chlorine salts and the temperature.After adding salt additives,the dispersibility of final particles was obviously improved and more adequate growth of particles was obtained.It was found that the effect of NaCl and LiCl is particularly significant.The average sizes of the obtained W particles at 1038 K after adding 0.1 wt.%NaCl and 0.1 wt.%LiCl were 0.924 and 1.128μm,respectively.With the increase of temperature and amount of chlorine salts,the dispersity of the produced W particles became much better,the size of W sub-particles was increased,and the shape of W sub-particles was changed from spherical to polyhedral.At 1349 K,the addition of chlorine salts even multiplied the particle size,and the average sizes of W particles with 1 wt.%NaCl and 1 wt.%LiCl were raised up to 21.367 and 29.665μm,respectively.Based on the conventional pseudomorphic transformation and chemical vapor transport mechanisms,the effects of adding salts on the reaction mechanism were investigated in detail as well.

Influence of B4C particle size on microstructure and damping capacities of(B_(4)C+Ti)/Mg composites

To study the influence of B4C particle size on the microstructure and damping capacities of(B_(4)C+Ti)/Mg composites,in situ reactive infiltration technique was utilized to prepare Mg-matrix composites.The microstructure,produced phases and damping capacities of the composites prepared with different particle size of B4C were characterized and analyzed.The results show that the reaction between B4C and Ti tends to be more complete when finer B_(4)C particle was used to prepare the composites.But the microstructure of the as-prepared composites is more homogenous when B4C and Ti have similar particle size.The strain-dependent damping capacities of(B_(4)C+Ti)/Mg composites improve gradually with the increase of strain amplitude,and composites prepared with coarser B4C particles tend to have higher damping capacities.The temperature-dependent damping capacities improve with increasing the measuring temperatures,and the kind of damping capacities of the composites prepared with 5mm B4C are inferior to those of coarser particles.The dominant damping mechanism for the strain-damping capacity is dislocation damping and plastic zone damping,while that for the temperature-damping capacity is interface damping or grain boundary damping.

Improved charge transfer by size-dependent plasmonic Au on C_3N_4 for efficient photocatalytic oxidation of RhB and CO_2 reduction

A series of Au/g-C3N4(Au/CN)nanocomposites were successfully prepared,where g-C3N4 nanosheets(CN NSs)served as a substrate for the growth of different sized Au nanoparticles(Au NPs)using the constant temperature bath-reduction method.The effect of Au NP size on electron transfer efficiency between the interfaces of the nanocomposite was studied.The three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain results revealed that larger Au NPs showed increased strength of the localized surface plasmon resonance effect.An increased number of high-energy electrons were available for transfer from Au NPs to CN under the visible light irradiation,inhibiting electron transfer from CN to Au NPs.Photoelectrochemical performance analysis showed that smaller Au NPs exhibited higher separation efficiency of the electron-hole pairs photo-generated with reasonable distribution density.These results are favorable for the improvement of photocatalytic performance.Compared to other nanocomposites,the 3-Au/CN sample(prepared using 3 mL HAuCl4 solution)with reasonable distribution density and small Au NPs exhibited the best photodegradation activity(92.66%)of RhB in 30 min under the visible light irradiation and photoreduction performance of CO2 to CO and CH4 with yields of 77.5 and 38.5μmol/g,respectively,in 8 h under UV light irradiation.Considering the experimental results in the context of the literature,a corresponding size-dependent photocatalytic mechanism was proposed.

In situ Nanomechanical Research on Large-Scale Plastic Deformation of Individual Ultrathin Multi-walled Carbon Nanotube

Carbon nanotubes are a promising candidate for the application of flexible electronics due to the ultrahigh intrinsic conductivity and excellent mechanical flexibility. In the present work, the morphology of the ultrathin (diameter<20 nm) multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) under an axial compression was investigated by using in-situ transmission electron microscopy. Moreover, the overall dynamic deformation processes and the force-displacement (F-D) curves of the MWCNTs were also examined. Interestingly, the MWCNTs almost restored their original morphology after 15 loading-unloading cycles. The deformation and recovery process indicate that the MWCNTs are flexible and exhibit excellent durability against compression. The Young’s modulus of the MWCNTs is estimated with the value of ∽0.655 TPa derived from the F-D curves fitting. Our results suggest that the ultrathin carbon nanotube structures may have great application potentials in flexible devices.

A Physical Simulation Test for the RockBurst in Tunnels

According to the test results of the physical and mechanical properties of similar materials in various quality mixture, a type of material with obvious tendency of rockburst was selected to produce a large-size model to simulate rockburst phenomena in tunnels. The prototype model comes from a typical section of diversion tunnels in Jinping Hydropower Station in China. The simulation of excavating tunnels is carried out by opening a hole in the model after loading. The modeling results indicated that under the condition of normal stresses in the model boundaries the arch top, spandrel and side walls of the tunnel produced an obvious jump reaction of stress and strain and the acoustic emission counts of the surrounding rock also increased rapidly in a different time period after the "tunnel" excavation, showing the clear features of rockburst. The spalling, buckling and breaking occurred in the surrounding rock of model in conditions of over loading. It is concluded that the modeling tunnel segment in Jinping Hydropower Station is expected to form the tensile rockburst with the pattern of spalling, buckling and breaking.

Using density functional calculations to elucidate atomic ordering of Pd-Rh nanoparticles at sizes relevant for catalytic applications

Pd-Rh nanoparticles are known to easily undergo surface restructuring in reactive environment. This study quantifies, with the help of density functional(DFT) calculations and a novel topological approach, atomic ordering and surface segregation effects in Pd-Rh particles with compositions 1:3, 1:1 and 3:1 containing up to 201 atoms(ca. 1.7 nm). The obtained data are used to reliably optimise energetically preferred atomic orderings in inaccessible by DFT Pd-Rh particles containing thousands of atoms and exhibiting sizes exceeding 5 nm, which are typical for catalytic metal particles. It is outlined, how segregation effects on the surface arrangement of Pd-Rh nanoalloy catalysts induced by adsorbates can be evaluated in a simple way within the present modelling setup.

Size-dependent melting properties of Sn nanoparticles by chemical reduction synthesis

Tin nanoparticles with different size distribution were synthesized using chemical reduction method by applying NaBH4 as reduction agent.The Sn nanoparticles smaller than 100 nm were less agglomerated and no obviously oxidized.The melting properties of these synthesized nanoparticles were studied by differential scanning calorimetry.The melting temperatures of Sn nanoparticles in diameter of 81,40,36 and 34 nm were 226.1,221.8,221.1 and 219.5？欲espectively.The size-dependent melting temperature and size-dependent latent heat of fusion have been observed.The size-dependent melting properties of tin nanoparticles in this study were also comparatively analyzed by employing different size-dependent theoretical melting models and the differences between these models were discussed.The results show that the experimental data are in accordance with the LSM model and SPI model,and the LSM model gives the better understanding for the melting property of the Sn nanoparticles.

LC-MS/MS Method Applied to the Detection and Quantification of Ursodeoxycholic Acid Related Substances in Raw Material and Pharmaceutical Formulation

Objective： To develop a highly sensitive LC-MS/MS （liquid chromatography-mass spectxometry/mass spectrometry） method applied to the detection and quantitation of UDCA （ursodeoxycholic acid） related substances such as CA （cholic acid）, DCA （deoxycholic acid）, CDCA （chenodeoxycholic acid） and LCA （lithocholic acid） in raw material and pharmaceutical formulation. Methods： The method was validated for specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness. A triple quadrupole mass detector was employed, equipped with an ESI （electrospray ionization） source operated in the negative ion mode. The chromatographic system consisted of a Symmetry C 18 column （150 mm × 4.6 mm, id; particle size 5 μm） and methanol-acetonitrile-ammonium acetate （pH 7.6; 10 mM） （40：40：20, v/v/v） as the mobile phase. The chromatographic conditions were 25 uL injection volume, flow rate of 0.4 mL/min and column temperature set at 35℃. Key tindings： The method requires a minimum sample amount and presents very low LOD （limits of detection） for CA （0.29 ng/mL）, DCA （0.59 ng/mL）, CDCA （0.13 ng/mL） and LCA （0.44 ng/mL） in comparison to LC methods coupled to different detectors like UV （ultraviolet）, fluorescence and refractive index. Conclusions： The developed and validated LC-MS/MS method for the determination of UDCA and related substances in raw material and in a suspension was advantageous since it required a minimum sample amount. In turn, it could be used as a stability indicating method.

Droplets diameter distribution using maximum entropy formulation combined with a new energy-based sub-model

The maximum entropy principle(MEP) is one of the first methods which have been used to predict droplet size and velocity distributions of liquid sprays. This method needs a mean droplets diameter as an input to predict the droplet size distribution. This paper presents a new sub-model based on the deterministic aspects of liquid atomization process independent of the experimental data to provide the mean droplets diameter for using in the maximum entropy formulation(MEF). For this purpose, a theoretical model based on the approach of energy conservation law entitled energy-based model(EBM) is presented. Based on this approach, atomization occurs due to the kinetic energy loss. Prediction of the combined model(MEF/EBM) is in good agreement with the available experimental data. The energy-based model can be used as a fast and reliable enough model to obtain a good estimation of the mean droplets diameter of a spray and the combined model(MEF/EBM) can be used to well predict the droplet size distribution at the primary breakup.