The research introduced pollution caused by animal farming on waters,agricultural lands,and atmosphere,as well as environment pollution and economic causes.Furthermore,a series of economic policies were proposed on pr...The research introduced pollution caused by animal farming on waters,agricultural lands,and atmosphere,as well as environment pollution and economic causes.Furthermore,a series of economic policies were proposed on preventing animal farming,such as definition of rights property,economic impetus and circular farming.展开更多
An environmentally friendly method for the synthesis of 3‐organylselenyl quinolones through theelectrochemical cross‐dehydrogenative coupling of 4‐quinolones and diorganyl diselenides wasdeveloped.As a green,atom e...An environmentally friendly method for the synthesis of 3‐organylselenyl quinolones through theelectrochemical cross‐dehydrogenative coupling of 4‐quinolones and diorganyl diselenides wasdeveloped.As a green,atom economic and self‐separating process,the present reaction requiresneither external oxidants nor electrolytes,forming a recyclable catalytic system.展开更多
Traditional 3R-rulea have been regarded as behaviour rules.for developing recycling economy. However. with the development of modern advanced manufacturing techniquea, the important vatue of remanufacturing in promoti...Traditional 3R-rulea have been regarded as behaviour rules.for developing recycling economy. However. with the development of modern advanced manufacturing techniquea, the important vatue of remanufacturing in promoting recycling economy has been given more and more attention to in revere years. Remanufaeturtng engineering technology, which utilizes advanced sub;face engineering and forming technology, produces directly with useable components of scraped machines. It can conserve the most of materials （about 83%-95%） and energy （about 80-85%） of ortginal prodacts with less pollution. By remamifacturing, we can reduce resources consumption under the condition of meeting the needs of social and economic development. Remanufacturing is an advanced method for recycling economy in industry Therefore, we think that the rules of .ecycting economy in industry could be extended from 3 R-rules to 4R-rules. The 4R-rules optimal sequence would be reduce,reuse. remanufacture, and recycle.展开更多
C2 prenylated indoles are widespread in a variety of bioactive natural alkaloids.Therefore,theselective installation of prenyl group at C2 position of NH indoles is of great significance.However,the known protocols ge...C2 prenylated indoles are widespread in a variety of bioactive natural alkaloids.Therefore,theselective installation of prenyl group at C2 position of NH indoles is of great significance.However,the known protocols generally require a multi‐step procedure and stoichiometric promoters.Hereinwe develop a one‐step C2 prenylation of NH indole with cheap tert‐prenyl alcohol enabled by acidcatalysis.Salient features include good regioselectivity,step‐and atom‐economy,broad substratescope,and simple catalytic system.The mechanistic investigations demonstrate that both C2prenylation and C3 prenylation/migration pathways are engaged in the reaction.Notably,this practicalstrategy can be applied to the late‐stage diversification of tryptophan‐based peptides and concisesynthesis of tryprostatin B.展开更多
A statistics analysis was conducted on the basic information about fatalities from the Lijiang MS7.0 earthquake in 1996. The factors include age, gender, educational background, occupation, cause of death, death place...A statistics analysis was conducted on the basic information about fatalities from the Lijiang MS7.0 earthquake in 1996. The factors include age, gender, educational background, occupation, cause of death, death place, etc. We found that even though deaths caused by the Lijiang earthquake had some common features with those from earthquakes in other places in China, it also showed some specific features because of the multiracial and economically-underdeveloped situation of Lijiang area. The results reached in the paper can serve as a reference for studying the features of casualties caused by future strong earthquakes in Yunnan, and for the delicate and human-oriented emergency treatment.展开更多
Multiple coal seams widely develop in the deep Chinese coal-bearing strata. Ground in situ stress and coal seam gas pressure increase continuously with the increase of the mining depth, and coal and gas outburst disas...Multiple coal seams widely develop in the deep Chinese coal-bearing strata. Ground in situ stress and coal seam gas pressure increase continuously with the increase of the mining depth, and coal and gas outburst disasters become increasingly severe. When the coal is very deep, the gas content and pressure will elevate and thus coal seams tends to outburst-prone seams. The safety and economics of exploited firstmined coal seams are tremendously restricted. Meanwhile, the multiple seams occurrence conditions resulted in different methane pressure systems in the coal-bearing strata, which made the reservoir reconstruction of coal difficult. Given the characteristics of low saturation, low permeability, strong anisotropy and soft coal of Chinese coal seams, a single hydraulic fracturing surface well for reservoir reconstruction to pre-drain the coalbed methane(CBM) of multiple seams concurrently under the different gas pressure systems has not yet gained any breakthroughs. Based on analyses of the main features of deep CBM reservoirs in China, current gas control methods and the existing challenges in deep and multiple seams, we proposed a new technology for deep CBM reservoir reconstruction to realize simultaneous high-efficiency coal mining and gas extraction. In particular, we determined the first-mined seam according to the principles of effectiveness and economics, and used hydraulic fracturing surface well to reconstruct the first-mined seam which enlarges the selection range of the first-mined seam. During the process of mining first-mined seam, adjacent coal seams could be reconstructed under the mining effect which promoted high-efficiency pressure relief gas extraction by using spatial and comprehensive gas drainage methods(combination of underground and ground CBM extraction methods). A typical integrated reservoir reconstruction technology, ‘‘One well for triple use", was detailed introduced and successfully applied in the Luling coal mine. The application showed that the proposed technology could effectively promote coal mining safety and simultaneously high-efficiency gas extraction.展开更多
Based on the principle of biomimetic catalysis, β-cyclodextrin was applied to the acetalation reaction as a facile and efficient catalyst, and the synthesis was environmentally friendly with atomic economy. The influ...Based on the principle of biomimetic catalysis, β-cyclodextrin was applied to the acetalation reaction as a facile and efficient catalyst, and the synthesis was environmentally friendly with atomic economy. The influencing factors of the acetalation reaction e.g. the reaction time, the volume of water-carrying agent,the molar ratio of catalyst to benzaldehyde and the molar ratio of glycol to benzaldehyde had been studied.The yield of benzaldehyde glycol acetal would reach a maximum of 81.3% under the conditions approached.Six of other acetals were also synthesized. Moreover, a plausible reaction mechanism for the formation of acetal had been proposed.展开更多
In August 2012 a bloody strike broke out at the Marikana platinum mine, close to Rustenburg in the Northwest Province. The strike, involving 3,000 African miners, became violent and police opened fire and killed 34 pe...In August 2012 a bloody strike broke out at the Marikana platinum mine, close to Rustenburg in the Northwest Province. The strike, involving 3,000 African miners, became violent and police opened fire and killed 34 people. The issue of minimum wages and union recognition, inter alia, were underlying causes of this strike. The much televised Marikana strike had a knock-on effect and a few months later a widespread strike broke out among workers in the agricultural sector of the Western Cape. Large-scale destruction of property and crop damage took place on farms reaching levels of militancy never previously encountered in this sector. As in the case of the Marikana strike the root causes of the strike action in the Western Cape seemed to be the question of minimum wages, and, to a lesser extent, union recognition and other social issues involving political undertones. This article explores the socio-economic causes of the strike and its ramifications for labour and agriculture in the province.展开更多
After a transition from the central planning into a market economy, Poland was compelled to implement a new tax system. It was based on income taxes and turnover （especially value added） taxes. Primarily income taxe...After a transition from the central planning into a market economy, Poland was compelled to implement a new tax system. It was based on income taxes and turnover （especially value added） taxes. Primarily income taxes had high tax rates. In corporate tax the rate was proportional and at the beginning amounted to 40%. For natural persons the taxation had a progressive tendency. The tax rates amounted to 21%, 33% and 45% respectively with very low limits of income, which resulted in changing the rate. Since the beginning of 1991 and 1992 till now the tax rates have been decreased significantly. Now the tax rates amount to 18% and 32% respectively with high level of income, which results in changing the rate. The question arises whether such changes were really effective for the central budget. The article formulates and verifies a hypothesis assuming that lowering the rates was justified by the contemporary ＂fashion＂ rather than economic reasons. According to financial aspects, the impact of lower rates on the central budged will be examined.展开更多
In this paper, it explained the process of demographic aging in Republic of Macedonia. There is relevant information for the gradually process of aging. At the end of the text, there are few charts. Macedonia gained i...In this paper, it explained the process of demographic aging in Republic of Macedonia. There is relevant information for the gradually process of aging. At the end of the text, there are few charts. Macedonia gained independence in 1991, in the course of transition from planned to market economy, many socio-economic parameters changed： Demography become evident that fertility rate dropped significantly. In the previous 20 years, number of infants born decreased somewhat 5-6 times compared to 1980. Number of divorce grew rapidly. Also, in the Republic of Macedonia, there followed a parallel process of immigration to western countries, especially western Europe, USA and Australia as well as other countries from the developed world. This migration happened as a result of mainly economic reasons, i.e., countries in which Macedonians migrate have much higher real incomes when compared with Macedonia, and comparatively much higher living standard. One also can find reason for migration in political reasons also, and family reunification. Low fertility is associated with low income and unemployment. People in Macedonia had suffered greatly in transition times with high unemployment, low wages, and corruption, which largely derogated their chances of better future and career and contributed to the demographic aging and low fertility rates.展开更多
基金Supported by National Key Technology R&D Program(No.2012BAD15B03)China CDM Fund(1213054)~~
文摘The research introduced pollution caused by animal farming on waters,agricultural lands,and atmosphere,as well as environment pollution and economic causes.Furthermore,a series of economic policies were proposed on preventing animal farming,such as definition of rights property,economic impetus and circular farming.
文摘An environmentally friendly method for the synthesis of 3‐organylselenyl quinolones through theelectrochemical cross‐dehydrogenative coupling of 4‐quinolones and diorganyl diselenides wasdeveloped.As a green,atom economic and self‐separating process,the present reaction requiresneither external oxidants nor electrolytes,forming a recyclable catalytic system.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Fund of Shandong Province (2004ZX28)Science and Research Fund of Shandong University of Technology.
文摘Traditional 3R-rulea have been regarded as behaviour rules.for developing recycling economy. However. with the development of modern advanced manufacturing techniquea, the important vatue of remanufacturing in promoting recycling economy has been given more and more attention to in revere years. Remanufaeturtng engineering technology, which utilizes advanced sub;face engineering and forming technology, produces directly with useable components of scraped machines. It can conserve the most of materials （about 83%-95%） and energy （about 80-85%） of ortginal prodacts with less pollution. By remamifacturing, we can reduce resources consumption under the condition of meeting the needs of social and economic development. Remanufacturing is an advanced method for recycling economy in industry Therefore, we think that the rules of .ecycting economy in industry could be extended from 3 R-rules to 4R-rules. The 4R-rules optimal sequence would be reduce,reuse. remanufacture, and recycle.
文摘C2 prenylated indoles are widespread in a variety of bioactive natural alkaloids.Therefore,theselective installation of prenyl group at C2 position of NH indoles is of great significance.However,the known protocols generally require a multi‐step procedure and stoichiometric promoters.Hereinwe develop a one‐step C2 prenylation of NH indole with cheap tert‐prenyl alcohol enabled by acidcatalysis.Salient features include good regioselectivity,step‐and atom‐economy,broad substratescope,and simple catalytic system.The mechanistic investigations demonstrate that both C2prenylation and C3 prenylation/migration pathways are engaged in the reaction.Notably,this practicalstrategy can be applied to the late‐stage diversification of tryptophan‐based peptides and concisesynthesis of tryprostatin B.
基金supported by the Special Fund for the Scientific Research of the Seismological Field in 2011-Research on the new pattern and key techniques of the Earthquake Emergency Decision in Southwest China (201108013 )Seismic Field Work and Study of the 2007 M6. 4 Ning'er Earthquake (201108061)
文摘A statistics analysis was conducted on the basic information about fatalities from the Lijiang MS7.0 earthquake in 1996. The factors include age, gender, educational background, occupation, cause of death, death place, etc. We found that even though deaths caused by the Lijiang earthquake had some common features with those from earthquakes in other places in China, it also showed some specific features because of the multiracial and economically-underdeveloped situation of Lijiang area. The results reached in the paper can serve as a reference for studying the features of casualties caused by future strong earthquakes in Yunnan, and for the delicate and human-oriented emergency treatment.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2016YFC0801406)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51674252)+4 种基金the Visitor Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control(Chongqing University)(No.2011DA105287-FW201405)the Qing Lan Projectthe Sponsorship of Jiangsu Overseas Research&Training Program for University Prominent Young&Middle-Aged Teachers and Presidentsthe Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutionsthe Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(No.106112015CDJXY240001)
文摘Multiple coal seams widely develop in the deep Chinese coal-bearing strata. Ground in situ stress and coal seam gas pressure increase continuously with the increase of the mining depth, and coal and gas outburst disasters become increasingly severe. When the coal is very deep, the gas content and pressure will elevate and thus coal seams tends to outburst-prone seams. The safety and economics of exploited firstmined coal seams are tremendously restricted. Meanwhile, the multiple seams occurrence conditions resulted in different methane pressure systems in the coal-bearing strata, which made the reservoir reconstruction of coal difficult. Given the characteristics of low saturation, low permeability, strong anisotropy and soft coal of Chinese coal seams, a single hydraulic fracturing surface well for reservoir reconstruction to pre-drain the coalbed methane(CBM) of multiple seams concurrently under the different gas pressure systems has not yet gained any breakthroughs. Based on analyses of the main features of deep CBM reservoirs in China, current gas control methods and the existing challenges in deep and multiple seams, we proposed a new technology for deep CBM reservoir reconstruction to realize simultaneous high-efficiency coal mining and gas extraction. In particular, we determined the first-mined seam according to the principles of effectiveness and economics, and used hydraulic fracturing surface well to reconstruct the first-mined seam which enlarges the selection range of the first-mined seam. During the process of mining first-mined seam, adjacent coal seams could be reconstructed under the mining effect which promoted high-efficiency pressure relief gas extraction by using spatial and comprehensive gas drainage methods(combination of underground and ground CBM extraction methods). A typical integrated reservoir reconstruction technology, ‘‘One well for triple use", was detailed introduced and successfully applied in the Luling coal mine. The application showed that the proposed technology could effectively promote coal mining safety and simultaneously high-efficiency gas extraction.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21376265)
文摘Based on the principle of biomimetic catalysis, β-cyclodextrin was applied to the acetalation reaction as a facile and efficient catalyst, and the synthesis was environmentally friendly with atomic economy. The influencing factors of the acetalation reaction e.g. the reaction time, the volume of water-carrying agent,the molar ratio of catalyst to benzaldehyde and the molar ratio of glycol to benzaldehyde had been studied.The yield of benzaldehyde glycol acetal would reach a maximum of 81.3% under the conditions approached.Six of other acetals were also synthesized. Moreover, a plausible reaction mechanism for the formation of acetal had been proposed.
文摘In August 2012 a bloody strike broke out at the Marikana platinum mine, close to Rustenburg in the Northwest Province. The strike, involving 3,000 African miners, became violent and police opened fire and killed 34 people. The issue of minimum wages and union recognition, inter alia, were underlying causes of this strike. The much televised Marikana strike had a knock-on effect and a few months later a widespread strike broke out among workers in the agricultural sector of the Western Cape. Large-scale destruction of property and crop damage took place on farms reaching levels of militancy never previously encountered in this sector. As in the case of the Marikana strike the root causes of the strike action in the Western Cape seemed to be the question of minimum wages, and, to a lesser extent, union recognition and other social issues involving political undertones. This article explores the socio-economic causes of the strike and its ramifications for labour and agriculture in the province.
文摘After a transition from the central planning into a market economy, Poland was compelled to implement a new tax system. It was based on income taxes and turnover （especially value added） taxes. Primarily income taxes had high tax rates. In corporate tax the rate was proportional and at the beginning amounted to 40%. For natural persons the taxation had a progressive tendency. The tax rates amounted to 21%, 33% and 45% respectively with very low limits of income, which resulted in changing the rate. Since the beginning of 1991 and 1992 till now the tax rates have been decreased significantly. Now the tax rates amount to 18% and 32% respectively with high level of income, which results in changing the rate. The question arises whether such changes were really effective for the central budget. The article formulates and verifies a hypothesis assuming that lowering the rates was justified by the contemporary ＂fashion＂ rather than economic reasons. According to financial aspects, the impact of lower rates on the central budged will be examined.
文摘In this paper, it explained the process of demographic aging in Republic of Macedonia. There is relevant information for the gradually process of aging. At the end of the text, there are few charts. Macedonia gained independence in 1991, in the course of transition from planned to market economy, many socio-economic parameters changed： Demography become evident that fertility rate dropped significantly. In the previous 20 years, number of infants born decreased somewhat 5-6 times compared to 1980. Number of divorce grew rapidly. Also, in the Republic of Macedonia, there followed a parallel process of immigration to western countries, especially western Europe, USA and Australia as well as other countries from the developed world. This migration happened as a result of mainly economic reasons, i.e., countries in which Macedonians migrate have much higher real incomes when compared with Macedonia, and comparatively much higher living standard. One also can find reason for migration in political reasons also, and family reunification. Low fertility is associated with low income and unemployment. People in Macedonia had suffered greatly in transition times with high unemployment, low wages, and corruption, which largely derogated their chances of better future and career and contributed to the demographic aging and low fertility rates.
