Objective To investigate whether desferoxamine （DFO） preconditioning can induce tolerance against cerebral ischemia and its effect on the expression of hypoxia inducible factor 1 α （HIF- 1α） and erythropoietin ...Objective To investigate whether desferoxamine （DFO） preconditioning can induce tolerance against cerebral ischemia and its effect on the expression of hypoxia inducible factor 1 α （HIF- 1α） and erythropoietin （EPO） in vivo and in vitro. Methods Rat model of cerebral ischemia was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion with or without DFO administration. Infarct size was examined by TTC staining, and the neurological severity score was evaluated according to published method. Cortical neurons were cultured under ischemia stress which was mimicked by oxygen-glucose deprivation （OGD）, and the neuron damage was assessed by MTT assay. Immunofluorescent staining was employed to detect the expressions of HIF-1 and EPO. Results The protective effect induced by DFO （decreasing the infarction volume and ameliorating the neurological function） appeared at 2 d after administration ofDFO （post-DFO）, lasted until 7 d and disappeared at 14 d （P 〈 0.05）; the most effective action was observed at 3 d post-DFO. DFO induced tolerance of cultured neurons against OGD： neuronal viability was increased 23%, 34%, 40%, 48% and 56% at 8 h, 12 h, 24 h, 36 h, and 48 h, respectively, post-DFO （P 〈 0.05）. Immunofluorescent staining found that HIF-1 α and EPO were upregulated in the neurons of rat brain at 3 d and 7 d post-DFO; increase of HIF-1 α and EPO appeared in cultured cortex neurons at 36 h and 48 h post-DFO. Conclusion DFO induced tolerance against focal cerebral ischemia in rats, and exerted protective effect on OGD cultured cortical neurons. DFO significant induced the expression of HIF- 1 α and EPO both in vivo and in vitro. DFO preconditioning can protect against cerebral ischemia, which may be associated with the synthesis of HIF- 1 α and EPO.展开更多
This review examines the organizational principles underlying olfactory learning in three specialized contexts that occur during sensitive periods of enhanced neural plasticity and emphasizes some of their common feat...This review examines the organizational principles underlying olfactory learning in three specialized contexts that occur during sensitive periods of enhanced neural plasticity and emphasizes some of their common features. All three forms of olfactory learning are associated with neural changes in the olfactory bulb （OB） at the first stage of sensory processing. These changes require the association of the olfactory and somatosensory signals in the OB. They all depend on somatosensory stimulation-induced release of noradrenaline that induces structural and functional changes at mitral-granule cell reciprocal synapses in the OB, resulting in increases in inhibitory transmission. In the accessory olfactory bulb, this represents the enhanced self-inhibition of mitral cells, which selectively disrupts the transmission of the mating male＇s pregnancy-blocking signal at this level. In contrast, an extensive network of secondary dendrites of mitral cells in the main olfactory bulb probably results in a sharpening of the odor-induced pattern of activity, due to increases in lateral inhibition, leading to offspring recognition in sheep and neonatal learning in rats and rabbits. These findings show that inhibitory intemeurons play a critical role in olfactory learning. Further work on how these neurons shape olfactory circuit function could provide important clues to understand memory functions of interneurons in other systems. Moreover, recent research has suggested that three forms of olfactory learning are controlled by synergistic, redundant, and distributed neural mechanisms. This has general implications regarding the mechanisms that may contribute to the robustness of memories [Current Zoology 56 （6）： 819-833, 2010].展开更多
It is commonly accepted that females and males differ in their experience of pain. Gender differences have been found in the prevalence and severity of pain in both clinical and animal studies. Sex-related hormones ar...It is commonly accepted that females and males differ in their experience of pain. Gender differences have been found in the prevalence and severity of pain in both clinical and animal studies. Sex-related hormones are found to be involved in pain transmission and have critical effects on visceral pain sensitivity. Studies have pointed out the idea that serum estrogen is closely related to visceral nociceptive sensitivity. This review aims to summarize the literature relating to the role of estrogen in modulating visceral pain with emphasis on deciphering the potential central and peripheral mechanisms.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To study the anaphylaxis of Qingkailing injection(QI) and its components.METHODS:Experimental anaphylactoid and allergic reactions were used.Changes in the behaviors of Beagles and serum levels of histamine,...OBJECTIVE:To study the anaphylaxis of Qingkailing injection(QI) and its components.METHODS:Experimental anaphylactoid and allergic reactions were used.Changes in the behaviors of Beagles and serum levels of histamine,immunoglobulin(Ig)E,IgG,IgM,eosinophil cationic protein(ECP),and interleukin(IL)-4,as well as blood pressure,after injecting QI and its components on the forelimb veins of Beagles were observed.RESULTS:According to comprehensive determination of abnormal behavior scores and changes in serum levels of histamine,IgE,IgG,IgM,ECP,and IL-4,as well as in blood pressure,radix isatidis and hyodeoxycholic acid caused anaphylactoid reactions,and honeysuckle,radix isatidis,hydrolysate,cholic acid and Gardenia jasminoides caused allergic reactions.The anaphylaxis of QI involved anaphylactoid and allergic reactions.CONCLUSION:QI and its components need to be refined further to improve the safety,efficacy,and quality of its use in clinical settings.展开更多
The effects of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) in a dye solution as a co-adsorbent on the photovoltaic performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) based on two organic dyes containing phenothiazine and triarylamine...The effects of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) in a dye solution as a co-adsorbent on the photovoltaic performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) based on two organic dyes containing phenothiazine and triarylamine segments (P1 and P2) were investigated.It was found that the coadsorption of CDCA can hinder the formation of dye aggregates and improve electron injection yield and thus Jsc.This has also led to a rise in photovoltage,which is attributed to the decrease of charge recombination.The DSSC based on dye P2 showed better photovoltaic performance than P1:a maximum monochromatic incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) of 89.5%,a short-circuit photocurrent density (Jsc) of 9.57 mA/cm2,an open-circuit photovoltage (Voc) of 697 mV,and a fill factor (FF) of 0.66,corresponding to an overall conversion efficiency of 4.42% under the standard global AM 1.5 solar light condition.The overall conversion efficiency was further improved to 5.31% (Jsc=10.36 mA/cm2,Voc=0.730 V,FF=0.70) upon addition of 10 mM CDCA to the dye solution for TiO2 sensitization.Electrochemical impedance data indicate that the electron lifetime was improved by coadsorption of CDCA,accounting for the significant improvement of Voc.These results suggest that interfacial engineering of the organic dye-sensitized TiO2 electrodes is important for highly efficient photovoltaic performance of the solar cell.展开更多
文摘Objective To investigate whether desferoxamine （DFO） preconditioning can induce tolerance against cerebral ischemia and its effect on the expression of hypoxia inducible factor 1 α （HIF- 1α） and erythropoietin （EPO） in vivo and in vitro. Methods Rat model of cerebral ischemia was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion with or without DFO administration. Infarct size was examined by TTC staining, and the neurological severity score was evaluated according to published method. Cortical neurons were cultured under ischemia stress which was mimicked by oxygen-glucose deprivation （OGD）, and the neuron damage was assessed by MTT assay. Immunofluorescent staining was employed to detect the expressions of HIF-1 and EPO. Results The protective effect induced by DFO （decreasing the infarction volume and ameliorating the neurological function） appeared at 2 d after administration ofDFO （post-DFO）, lasted until 7 d and disappeared at 14 d （P 〈 0.05）; the most effective action was observed at 3 d post-DFO. DFO induced tolerance of cultured neurons against OGD： neuronal viability was increased 23%, 34%, 40%, 48% and 56% at 8 h, 12 h, 24 h, 36 h, and 48 h, respectively, post-DFO （P 〈 0.05）. Immunofluorescent staining found that HIF-1 α and EPO were upregulated in the neurons of rat brain at 3 d and 7 d post-DFO; increase of HIF-1 α and EPO appeared in cultured cortex neurons at 36 h and 48 h post-DFO. Conclusion DFO induced tolerance against focal cerebral ischemia in rats, and exerted protective effect on OGD cultured cortical neurons. DFO significant induced the expression of HIF- 1 α and EPO both in vivo and in vitro. DFO preconditioning can protect against cerebral ischemia, which may be associated with the synthesis of HIF- 1 α and EPO.
基金supported in part by research grants from the Ministry of Education,Culture,Sports,Science and Technology of Japan and Kochi University
文摘This review examines the organizational principles underlying olfactory learning in three specialized contexts that occur during sensitive periods of enhanced neural plasticity and emphasizes some of their common features. All three forms of olfactory learning are associated with neural changes in the olfactory bulb （OB） at the first stage of sensory processing. These changes require the association of the olfactory and somatosensory signals in the OB. They all depend on somatosensory stimulation-induced release of noradrenaline that induces structural and functional changes at mitral-granule cell reciprocal synapses in the OB, resulting in increases in inhibitory transmission. In the accessory olfactory bulb, this represents the enhanced self-inhibition of mitral cells, which selectively disrupts the transmission of the mating male＇s pregnancy-blocking signal at this level. In contrast, an extensive network of secondary dendrites of mitral cells in the main olfactory bulb probably results in a sharpening of the odor-induced pattern of activity, due to increases in lateral inhibition, leading to offspring recognition in sheep and neonatal learning in rats and rabbits. These findings show that inhibitory intemeurons play a critical role in olfactory learning. Further work on how these neurons shape olfactory circuit function could provide important clues to understand memory functions of interneurons in other systems. Moreover, recent research has suggested that three forms of olfactory learning are controlled by synergistic, redundant, and distributed neural mechanisms. This has general implications regarding the mechanisms that may contribute to the robustness of memories [Current Zoology 56 （6）： 819-833, 2010].
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81471126)
文摘It is commonly accepted that females and males differ in their experience of pain. Gender differences have been found in the prevalence and severity of pain in both clinical and animal studies. Sex-related hormones are found to be involved in pain transmission and have critical effects on visceral pain sensitivity. Studies have pointed out the idea that serum estrogen is closely related to visceral nociceptive sensitivity. This review aims to summarize the literature relating to the role of estrogen in modulating visceral pain with emphasis on deciphering the potential central and peripheral mechanisms.
基金Supported by National Science and Technology Major Projects(No.2010ZX09502-002)
文摘OBJECTIVE:To study the anaphylaxis of Qingkailing injection(QI) and its components.METHODS:Experimental anaphylactoid and allergic reactions were used.Changes in the behaviors of Beagles and serum levels of histamine,immunoglobulin(Ig)E,IgG,IgM,eosinophil cationic protein(ECP),and interleukin(IL)-4,as well as blood pressure,after injecting QI and its components on the forelimb veins of Beagles were observed.RESULTS:According to comprehensive determination of abnormal behavior scores and changes in serum levels of histamine,IgE,IgG,IgM,ECP,and IL-4,as well as in blood pressure,radix isatidis and hyodeoxycholic acid caused anaphylactoid reactions,and honeysuckle,radix isatidis,hydrolysate,cholic acid and Gardenia jasminoides caused allergic reactions.The anaphylaxis of QI involved anaphylactoid and allergic reactions.CONCLUSION:QI and its components need to be refined further to improve the safety,efficacy,and quality of its use in clinical settings.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (20772031 & 61006048)National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (2006CB806200)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (WJ0913001)Scientific Committee of Shanghai (10520709700)
文摘The effects of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) in a dye solution as a co-adsorbent on the photovoltaic performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) based on two organic dyes containing phenothiazine and triarylamine segments (P1 and P2) were investigated.It was found that the coadsorption of CDCA can hinder the formation of dye aggregates and improve electron injection yield and thus Jsc.This has also led to a rise in photovoltage,which is attributed to the decrease of charge recombination.The DSSC based on dye P2 showed better photovoltaic performance than P1:a maximum monochromatic incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) of 89.5%,a short-circuit photocurrent density (Jsc) of 9.57 mA/cm2,an open-circuit photovoltage (Voc) of 697 mV,and a fill factor (FF) of 0.66,corresponding to an overall conversion efficiency of 4.42% under the standard global AM 1.5 solar light condition.The overall conversion efficiency was further improved to 5.31% (Jsc=10.36 mA/cm2,Voc=0.730 V,FF=0.70) upon addition of 10 mM CDCA to the dye solution for TiO2 sensitization.Electrochemical impedance data indicate that the electron lifetime was improved by coadsorption of CDCA,accounting for the significant improvement of Voc.These results suggest that interfacial engineering of the organic dye-sensitized TiO2 electrodes is important for highly efficient photovoltaic performance of the solar cell.
