江苏秦朝县数汇考

从文献考察,秦朝江苏境内究竟有多少个县,各家说法不一,大致在20到24之间。诸家所列今江苏境内秦县或多或少出现误差,以现今江苏省域范围是否为秦朝置县之县治的今属地为取舍标准,通过考证获得准确的秦县数为22个;结合学者利用考古发现的文字材料和考古调查得出的最新研究成果,经过综合研究可以基本确认江苏秦朝县数为29个。

高氏荆南入宋县数考

宋太祖建隆四年,高氏荆南政权被北宋所灭。对于荆南入宋的县数目,共有十七、十五、十六,三种说法。通过对荆南存在与否有疑义的诸县进行分析后发现:荆门县在入宋之时并不存在,巴山县在五代时曾被重置,武安县是长林县之误,碧泉县乃是碧泉院的误记;从而得出高氏荆南入宋一共十六县的结论。

从县的密度与官民对比看宋代冗官

冗官不是宋代独有的现象,但在宋代表现尤为突出。宋代冗官问题集中表现于机构设置(以县为例)太多和户口数与官员数对比值太小两个方面。在两宋时期,冗官问题发展过程是,始现于太宗朝,蔓延于真宗朝,而恶化于仁、英两朝,缓和于神宗朝,泛滥于哲、徽宗,造极于南宋之时。在宋朝各路,北方地区冗官问题比南方地区普遍严重,而经济落后地区(如利州路、梓州路)往往是冗官问题的“重灾区”。

Study on the Ecosystem Services Value of Fei County Based on RS and GIS

[Objective] With the background of dramatic changes in land use patterns,the aim was to explore the ecosystem services value of Fei County based on RS and GIS.[Method] Ecological changes in the environment can bring changes in economic value expressed quantitatively by ecosystem service value （ESV）.According to modified ESV equivalency factor tables and three periods of interpreted TM remote sensing images in 1990,2000 and 2009,this paper calculated the total ESV in Fei County,Shandong Province,China and analyzed the relationship between ESV and the land-use changes at last.[Result] The results showed that the total ESV of the study area decreased from 2.144×109 yuan in 1990,2.139×109 yuan in 2000,and at last to 2.098×109 yuan in 2009 as the overall study area land use pattern changed dramatically,in which the built-up land increased by 23％,while the cropland and forest were constantly on the decrease.[Conclusion] The research provides theoretical support for the construction of high efficient ecological economic zone and sustainable development of the region.

Monitoring Soil Salt Content Using HJ-1A Hyperspectral Data: A Case Study of Coastal Areas in Rudong County, Eastern China

Hyperspectral data are an important source for monitoring soil salt content on a large scale. However, in previous studies, barriers such as interference due to the presence of vegetation restricted the precision of mapping soil salt content. This study tested a new method for predicting soil salt content with improved precision by using Chinese hyperspectral data, Huan Jing-Hyper Spectral Imager(HJ-HSI), in the coastal area of Rudong County, Eastern China. The vegetation-covered area and coastal bare flat area were distinguished by using the normalized differential vegetation index at the band length of 705 nm(NDVI705). The soil salt content of each area was predicted by various algorithms. A Normal Soil Salt Content Response Index(NSSRI) was constructed from continuum-removed reflectance(CR-reflectance) at wavelengths of 908.95 nm and 687.41 nm to predict the soil salt content in the coastal bare flat area(NDVI705 < 0.2). The soil adjusted salinity index(SAVI) was applied to predict the soil salt content in the vegetation-covered area(NDVI705 ≥ 0.2). The results demonstrate that 1) the new method significantly improves the accuracy of soil salt content mapping(R2 = 0.6396, RMSE = 0.3591), and 2) HJ-HSI data can be used to map soil salt content precisely and are suitable for monitoring soil salt content on a large scale.

Design and Applications of Land Resources and Ecological Environment Information System: A Case Study of Zigui County in the Three Gorges Area of China

The design and applications of a land information system built upon ARC/INFO and ArcView are presented. The proposed system not only maintains all the advantages of the more conventional implementations but also enhances them in the following ways: 1) the application program interfaces (API) are used to transmit data and messages among different parts of the system; 2) the integrated system can support studies on land evaluations and ecological analyses by efficient management of attribute and spatial data and 3) correspondingly, spatial records and attributive records are linked by the same identifiers (ID). A case study application in Zigui County of the Three Gorges Area in China demonstrates that the system could employ land-use maps and land property data to predicate and analyze the land utilization changes in the past, present and future. The ecological environment analysis can be carried out with the data of land, economics and terrain map used, showing that the system can be widely applied, especially to survey land and environment resources in the countryside area.

Spectral Response of Different Eroded Soils in Subtropical China: A Case Study in Changting County, China

Hyper-spectral data is widely used to determine soil properties. However, few studies have explored the soil spectral characteristics as response to soil erosion. This study analysed the spectral response of different eroded soils in subtropical China, and then identify the spectral characteristics and soil properties that better discriminate softs with different erosion degrees. Two methods were compared： direct identification by inherent spectral characteristics and indirect identification by predictions of critical soft properties. Results showed that the spectral curves for different degrees of erosion were similar in morphology, while overall reflectance and characteristics of specific absorption peaks were different. When the first method is applied, some differences among different eroded groups were found by integration of associated indicators. However, the index of such indicators showed apparent mixing and crossover among different groups, which reduced the accuracy of identification. For the second method, the correlation between critical soil properties, such as soil organic matter （SOM）, iron and aluminium oxides and reflectance spectra, was analysed. The correlation coefficients for the moderate eroded group were primarily between -0.3 to -0.5, which were worse than the other twogroups. However, the maximum value of R2 was obtained as 0.86 and 0.94 for the non-apparent eroded and the severe group. Furthermore, these two groups also showed some differences in the spectral response of iron complex state （Fep）, Aluminium amorphous state （Alo） and the modelling results for soil organic matter （SOM）. The study proved that it is feasible to identify different degrees of soil erosion by hyperspectral data, and that indirect identification by modelling critical soil properties and reflectance spectra is much better than direct identification. These results indicate that hyper-spectral data may represent a promising tool in monitoring and modelling soil erosion.

National Policy Change＇s Influence on the Landscape Pattern in Maoxian County

Landscape pattern analysis is becoming the core to study global or local change. Incorporated with fast, dynamic and precise spatial information technology, Landscape pattern analysis has been a foundation for the governments to make decision. In this paper, Maoxian county, located in the northwest of Sichuan Province, was selected as the study area. Landsat TM data in 1994 and Landsat ETM data in 2002, with dates are just same as the time of national policy changes, are classified to make the landscape patterns change. The result indicates that, from 1994 to 2002, owing to the policies of the project of wild wood resource protect and the project of returning land for farming to forestry （grass）, the forests has increased about 2.68%, Natural meadow has increased about 0.83%, Shrubby has increased about 0.63%, Farm land has decreased about 4.10% and the fragment of forests in 2002 is lower than in 1994. This states that the national policy actioned during 1990s have much positive influence on the landscape patterns in Maoxian county.

Abnormal Earthquake Intensity Areas and Formation Mechanism of the Minxian-Zhangxian M_S6.6 Earthquake on July 22,2013,Gansu

On July 22, 2013, the Minxian-Zhangxian Ms6. 6 earthquake occurred on the east segment of Lintan-Dangchang fault. The analysis of digital elevation and remote sensing imaging shows that the east segment of Lintan-Dangchang fault is still active and the main thrust feature of the fault switches to left lateral slip. With the field research of intensity and damage, several abnormal areas of degree VIII spread in the isoseismal line of degree VII and some abnormal areas of degree VII spread in the isoseismal line of degree VI. These abnormal areas are distributed along the hanging wall of the fault in a width of 2km. The analysis based on the remote sensing and digital elevation model shows that the segment of the Lintan-Dangchang fault south of Minxian mainly slips in left literal. The fault movement made the soil soft in the fault zone. The earthquake motion propagated along the fault zone. Therefore the strong earthquake motion caused foundation failure in the soft soil along the fault zone and the abnormal intense areas of disaster formed.

Temporal-spatial Variations of Dynamic Source Parameters in the Capital Circle Region and Its Surrounding Areas before the 2006 M_S5.1 Wenan Earthquake in Hebei Province

Source spectra,corner frequency and zero frequency amplitudes in near-source conditions were measured using waveform data from 989 earthquakes with magnitudes larger than ML2.0 observed by the Beijing Digital Telemetry Seismic Network in the Capital Circle Region of China and its surrounding areas from January 2002 to June 2006 by the Brune model.Relevant formulas that were used for the calculation of dynamic source parameters include rupture radius,seismic moment,seismic energy,stress drop,and apparent stress.Scaling relations and characteristics of temporal-spatial variations of these dynamic parameters before the MS5.1 Wenan earthquake in Hebei Province that occurred on July 20,2006 were analyzed.Results show that apparent stress,stress drop,and the ratio of seismic energy to the rupture radius had relatively high values in some areas before the Wenan earthquake.These high-value concentration areas were mainly distributed in the North China Plain seismic zone.As is seen from the time curves,parameters,such as apparent stress,stress drop,and ratio of seismic energy to rupture radius underwent significant ascending processes before the Wenan earthquake,but the variation in the corner frequency showed a descending trend.This result might be related to the enhancement of stress in the North China Plain seismic zone before the earthquake.

A Preliminary Discussion on the Mechanism of Abnormal Intensity Zones of the M5.1 Wen'an Earthquake in 2006

An earthquake measuring 5.1 on the Richter scale struck Wen'an county,Hebei Province on July 4,2006. No casualties have been reported,with only slight damage. The disaster level of this event is the slightest on the M4.9～5.1 events record tally since the CCDSN (China Center of Digital Seismic Network) was built in 1999. The epicenter intensity of this earthquake was low,while in areas like Beijing,which is 100km far away,abnormal high intensity zones appeared. This article discusses the reasons behind this abnormal phenomenon,with the diagrams of intensity isolines drawn by the intense seismic stations and networks in the capital circle area as references,as well as the seismogenic mechanism in the source,the seismic histories,the geological structures and the ray pathways of seismic waves in areas within 150km around the epicenter. It was concluded that the special dynamic and geological situations were the main causes for the lower intensity degree and slight damage in the epicenter area,but higher intensity in the surrounding areas.

Study on Focal Mechanism Changing Characteristics of the 2013 Zogang-Markam Ms6. 1 Earthquake Sequence

The M_S6. 1 earthquake was a foreshock-mainshock-aftershock type which occurred in the boundary region between Zogang and Markam counties on August 12,2013. Within 9hours before the main shock seven earthquakes of greater than M_L2. 0 occurred,with a maximum of M_L4. 7. In this paper,the earthquake focal mechanism changing process of the Zogang-Markam M_S6. 1 earthquake sequence is studied by calculating the correlation coefficient of body wave spectral amplitudes,and the result shows that the correlation coefficients of spectral amplitude of foreshocks present high value fluctuation with an average value of 0. 86,which shows that the focal mechanism of foreshocks are similar;and the correlation coefficients of spectral amplitude of aftershocks present low value,which shows that the possibility of a large earthquake is not high after a time.

Numerical modeling and dynamic analysis of the 2017 Xinmo landslide in Maoxian County, China

A catastrophic landslide occurred at Xinmo village in Maoxian County, Sichuan Province,China, on June 24, 2017. A 2.87×106 m3 rock mass collapsed and entrained the surface soil layer along the landslide path. Eighty-three people were killed or went missing and more than 103 houses were destroyed. In this paper, the geological conditions of the landslide are analyzed via field investigation and high-resolution imagery. The dynamic process and runout characteristics of the landslide are numerically analyzed using a depth-integrated continuum method and Mac Cormack-TVD finite difference algorithm.Computational results show that the evaluated area of the danger zone matchs well with the results of field investigation. It is worth noting that soil sprayed by the high-speed blast needs to be taken into account for such kind of large high-locality landslide. The maximum velocity is about 55 m/s, which is consistent with most cases. In addition, the potential danger zone of an unstable block is evaluated. The potential risk area evaluated by the efficient depthintegrated continuum method could play a significant role in disaster prevention and secondary hazard avoidance during rescue operations.

Effects of Changing Relative Value of Mininimum Wages on Wage Distribution in China:Analysis Based on County-Level Data

On the basis of extending Lee's(1999) model, this paper resolves the problem of biased division in the specification of equation and employs Urban Household Survey(UHS) data,China Household Income Project(CHIP) data and county-level minimum wage data collected by authors to investigate the wage distribution effects of change in the effective minimum wages measured by relative value. The result shows that the effective minimum wage will exert a significant spillover effect on wage distribution at the40 th percentile and below, which is favorable to reducing wage gaps at the bottom. This conclusion holds true under various robustness tests. However, the shrinking effective minimum wage has created a downward drag on wages, thus widening wage gaps at the bottom. The shrinking effective minimum wage contributed 150%,53.8%,45.5% and16.7% to the wage gaps at the 10 th, 20 th, 30 th and 40 th percentiles compared with the 50 th percentile. Therefore, the key to ensuring the effectiveness of minimum wages lies in the implementation of an automatic adjustment mechanism correlated with macroeconomic indicators. Compliance with minimum wages must be guaranteed and change in minimum wages must be measured with relative value.

Analysis of cancer incidence and mortality in 2010 to the residents of Hai’an county, Jiangsu Province, China

Objective: The aim of the study was to analyze the incidence, mortality and their impact factors and changing trends of malignant tumors in 2010 in the residents of Hai’an county, Jiangsu Province, China. Methods: Using the information of incidence, death registration information database and population data of malignant tumors in 2010 in the residents of Hai’an county, the incidence, mortality, accumulation incidence rates, and truncated incidence rate of malignant tumors were statistically analyzed. Results: The crude incidence, China standardized and world standardized incidence rates of malignant tumors in 2010 in Hai’an county were 281.53 per 100000 persons, 174.96 per 100 000 persons, and 175.14 per 100000 persons, respectively. The cumulative incidence rate from aged 0 to 64 years, the cumulative incidence rate from aged 0 to 74 years and the truncated incidence rate from aged 35 to 64 years were 6.85%, 15.39%, and 193.26 per 100000 persons, respectively. The rough mortality rate, China standardized and world standardized incidence rates were 234.11 per 100000 persons, 145.30 per 100000 persons, and 144.77 per 100000 persons, respectively. The top five cancers in the spectrum of cancer incidence were respectively esophageal cancer, lung cancer, stomach cancer, liver cancer, and colorectal cancer. The top four cancers in the spectrum of cancer death were consistent with the spectrum of cancer incidence. The 5th cancer in the spectrum of cancer death was pancreatic cancer. The incidence and mortality of various age groups were at a low level before 35-year-old age group. The incidence of female was slightly higher than that of male. But the incidence and mortality from the age group of 50 showed "suddenly" upward trend with age. The incidence and mortality of male were significantly higher than those of female. The ratios of male to female of incidence and mortality were 1.52:1 and 1.67:1, respectively. Conclusion: Residents over the age of 50, especially males, are high-risk groups who are exposed to certain risk factors. They should be the key objects of prevention and treatment of malignant tumors.

数读

92.7%义务教育据统计,截至目前,全国有2717个县实现义务教育基本均衡发展,占全国总县数的92.7%,中西部地区实现义务教育基本均衡发展的县数占比达到90.5%。根据《国务院关于深入推进义务教育均衡发展的意见》,到2020年,全国实现义务教育基本均衡发展县比例将达到95%。

当前县乡政府治理中的六个突出问题

应当肯定,当前农村的主流是健康的、积极的,但农村频发易发的群体性事件,也给我们敲响了警钟。从笔者在湖南、湖北、江西三省数县的调查来看,发展不平衡、

Comparison of ArcGIS and SAS Geostatistical Analyst to Estimate Population-Weighted Monthly Temperature for US Counties

Temperature changes are known to have significant impacts on human health. Accurate estimates of population-weighted average monthly air temperature for US counties are needed to evaluate temperature＇s association with health behaviours and disease, which are sampled or reported at the county level and measured on a monthly--or 30-day--basis. Most reported temperature estimates were calculated using ArcGIS, relatively few used SAS. We compared the performance of geostatistical models to estimate population-weighted average temperature in each month for counties in 48 states using ArcGIS v9.3 and SAS v 9.2 on a CITGO platform. Monthly average temperature for Jan-Dec 2007 and elevation from 5435 weather stations were used to estimate the temperature at county population centroids. County estimates were produced with elevation as a covariate. Performance of models was assessed by comparing adjusted R2, mean squared error, root mean squared error, and processing time. Prediction accuracy for split validation was above 90% for 11 months in ArcGIS and all 12 months in SAS. Cokriging in SAS achieved higher prediction accuracy and lower estimation bias as compared to cokriging in ArcGIS. County-level estimates produced by both packages were positively correlated （adjusted R2 range=0.95 to 0.99）; accuracy and precision improved with elevation as a covariate. Both methods from ArcGIS and SAS are reliable for U.S. county-level temperature estimates; However, ArcGIS＇s merits in spatial data pre-processing and processing time may be important considerations for software selection, especially for multi-year or multi-state projects.