A Fuzzy-based Adaptive Genetic Algorithm and Its Case Study in Chemical Engineering

Considering that the performance of a genetic algorithm （GA） is affected by many factors and their rela-tionships are complex and hard to be described,a novel fuzzy-based adaptive genetic algorithm （FAGA） combined a new artificial immune system with fuzzy system theory is proposed due to the fact fuzzy theory can describe high complex problems.In FAGA,immune theory is used to improve the performance of selection operation.And,crossover probability and mutation probability are adjusted dynamically by fuzzy inferences,which are developed according to the heuristic fuzzy relationship between algorithm performances and control parameters.The experi-ments show that FAGA can efficiently overcome shortcomings of GA,i.e.,premature and slow,and obtain better results than two typical fuzzy GAs.Finally,FAGA was used for the parameters estimation of reaction kinetics model and the satisfactory result was obtained.

近30年中国农业源氮磷排放的格局特征与水环境影响

揭示农业源氮磷排放的空间格局、变化特征及其与水环境状况的关系,对于农业面源污染治理投入的合理配置以及区域农业生产结构优化均至关重要。基于这种认识,建立参数化估算模型测算了1990—2017年中国省域尺度的农业源氮磷排放;从总排放量、单位面积排放量和排放重心迁移三个方面研究农业源氮磷排放的变化特征,并通过相关分析与回归分析揭示农业源氮磷排放与水环境状况的关系。研究发现:1990—2017年中国农业源氮磷排放整体上呈随机分布,表明氮磷排放在省际之间并无显著的相互依赖性,主要受省内因素影响。研究期内年均氮磷总排放量最高的省份依次是河南、山东、四川、湖北、河北、安徽和江苏省,格局特征相对稳定但排放重心经历了东西向的往复式转移并具有北偏西方向的总体转移趋势,其中,氮、磷排放的重心分别向北偏西33.52°和15.45°方向转移了33.94 km及52.31 km。在格局研究基础上,结合空间维的格局特征和时间维的变化特征,将31个省份的氮磷排放划分为高排放增长型、高排放平稳型、高排放倒“U”型、中排放增长型、中排放倒“U”型、低排放增长型、低排放倒“U”型和低排放近似“U”型八类,并利用2017年的自动监测站水质数据进一步验证了氮磷排放与水环境状况的关系。研究结果可作为农业面源污染治理中重点区域瞄准的依据。