试论《1Q84》中的暴力因素

暴力因素在村上春树的小说中多有呈现。在《1Q84》中，“暴力”则是指周围世界强加给人的无形压力。这种压力对人的侵害包括多个方面：家庭暴力、思想暴力以及体制化对个人自由的侵犯。作为一个受后现代主义文化浸润的作家，村上的反暴力、反体制化倾向非常鲜明地体现在《1Q84》中。

Preparation of high purity vanadium nitride by magnesiothermic reduction of V2O3 followed by nitriding in N2 atmosphere

High purity vanadium nitride(VN)powders were prepared via a two-step process using vanadium trioxide(V2 O3)as the raw material.The V2 O3 was firstly reduced at 873 K in Ar atmosphere via magnesiothermic reduction reaction to get the mixture of V and MgO,and then the products were further nitrided at 1473 K in N2 atmosphere.Finally,the as-prepared samples were acid-leached to obtain pure VN powders.X-ray diffractometry and field-emission scanning electron microscopy were used to analyze the phase transition and morphological evolution of the samples.The results reveal that the overall morphology of the obtained VN powder retains the morphology of the initial V2 O3 powders.After removing MgO by acidic leaching,the porous VN particles can be obtained,with the oxygen content of 0.178 wt.%.Compared with the traditional methods,high purity VN powders with a small amount of oxygen and no carbon can be obtained.

One Step Preparation of Sulfonated Solid Catalyst and Its Effect in Esterification Reaction

A carbon-based sulfonated catalyst was prepared by direct sulfonation and carbonization （in moderate conditions：200 ＆#176;C, 12 h） of red liquor solids, a by-product of paper-making process. The prepared sulfonated cata-lyst （SC） had aromatic structure, composed of carbon enriched inner core, and oxygen-containing （SO3H, COOH, OH） groups enriched surface. The SO3H, COOH, OH groups amounted to 0.74 mmol·g^-1, 0.78 mmol·g^-1, 2.18 mmol·g^-1, respectively. The fresh SC showed much higher catalytic activity than that of the traditional solid acid catalysts （strong^-acid 732 cation exchange resin, hydrogen type zeolite socony mobile-five （HZSM-5）, sulfated zir-conia） in esterification of oleic acid. SC was deactivated during the reactions, through the mechanisms of leaching of sulfonated species and formation of sulfonate esters. Two regeneration methods were developed, and the catalytic activity can be mostly regenerated by regeneration Method 1 and be fully regenerated by regeneration Method 2, respectively.

Mechanism of stibnite volatilization at high temperature

The volatilization of stibnite(Sb2S3) in nitrogen from 700 to 1000 °C was investigated by using thermogravimetric analysis. The results indicate that in inert atmosphere, stibnite can be volatilized most efficiently as Sb2S3(g) at a linear rate below850 °C, with activation energy of 137.18 k J/mol, and the reaction rate constant can be expressed as k=206901exp(-16.5/T). Stibnite can be decomposed into Sb and sulfur at temperature above 850 °C in a nitrogen atmosphere. However, in the presence of oxygen,stibnite is oxidized into Sb and SO2 gas at high temperature. Otherwise, Sb is oxidized quickly into antimony oxides such as Sb2O3 and Sb O2, while Sb2O3 can be volatilized efficiently at high temperature.

The effect of Tagalsin on mice with transplanted H22 Hepatocarcinoma

Objective： The aim of our study was to explore the inhibitory effect of Tagalsin on murine transplanted tumour and its anti-tumour mechanisms. Methods： Animal models were established by transplanting H22 hepatoma cells to the left oxter of mice, and ten days later they were randomly divided into five groups： blank control group （edible oil）, positive control group （HCFU） and Tagalsin group, including low-dose, middle-dose and high-dose group. All mice were killed 24 h after medication, during which observation was conducted concerning survival conditions, body weight changes, spleen weight and tumor weight of tumor-bearing mice; the spleen index and the tumor inhibitor rate （IR） were calculated and pathological changes of tumor-bearing mice were observed by HE dye. Apoptosis factors p53 and Survivin mRNA were detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR）. Results： Tagalsin can inhibit hepatoma growth effectively without influencing spleen index and body weight, the tumor inhibitor rate （IR） of low, middle and high dose group of Tagalsin were 15.81%, 36.75% and 74.79% respectively, the tumor inhibitor rate （IR） of HCFU were 73.93%. Apoptosis cells could be found from the specimen of the positive control group and Tagalsin groups. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR） results showed that positive control group’s and Tagalsin treatment groups’ p53 gene expression enhanced significantly and Survivin gene expression dropped comparing with blank group （P 0.05）. Conclusion： Tagalsin can inhibit growth of the H22 hepatoma cells significantly, the mechanism of anti-tumor effect may work by up-regulating p53 expression and down-regulating Survivin expression. Tagalsin may be considered as a potential candidate for chemoprevention.

Investigation of Combustion of Emulated Biogas in a Gas Turbine Test Rig

Combustion of biogas in gas turbines is an interesting option for provision of renewable combined heat and power from biomass. Due to an increasing share of fluctuating renewable energies in the power grid(especially from wind and solar power), flexible power generation is of increasing importance. Additionally, with an increasing share of agricultural and municipal waste in biogas production, biogas composition is expected to be within a broader range. In this paper, the combustion of synthetic biogas(carbon dioxide and methane) in a combustion test rig with a swirl burner and a high pressure optical chamber is researched at different conditions. Results are compared to a CHEMKIN-PRO simulation using a detailed reaction mechanism. The results show that within the researched experimental matrix, stable biogas combustion for gas turbines can be achieved even with significantly changing gas composition and nominal power. Carbon dioxide concentration is varied from 0 to 60%. CO concentrations(normalized to 15% O_2) in the flue gas do not change significantly with increasing carbon dioxide in the fuel gas and, for the researched conditions, stayed below 10 ppm. NO_x concentration is below 10 ppm(normalized to 15% O_2) for pure methane, and is further decreasing with increasing carbon dioxide share in the fuel gas, which is mainly due to changing reaction paths as reaction analysis showed. Thermal load of the combustor is varied from 100% to 20% for the reference gas composition. With decreasing thermal load, normalized carbon monoxide flue gas concentration is further reduced, while NOx concentrations are remaining at a similar level around 5 ppm(normalized to 15% O_2).

Pre-activation based stereoselective glycosylations: Stereochemical control by additives and solvent

Stereochemical control is an important issue in carbohydrate synthesis.Glycosyl donors with participating acyl protective groups on 2-O have been shown to give 1,2-trans glycosides reliably under the pre-activation based reaction condition.In this work,the effects of additives and reaction solvents on stereoselectivity were examined using donors without participating protective groups on 2-O.While several triflate salt additives did not have major effects,the amount of AgOTf was found to significantly impact the reaction outcome.Excess AgOTf led to lower stereochemical control presumably due to its coordination with the glycosyl triflate intermediate and a more SN1 like reaction pathway.In contrast,the stereoselectivity could be directed by reaction solvents,with diethyl ether favoring the formation of glycosides and dichloromethane leading to β isomers.The trend of stereochemical dependence on reaction solvent was applicable to a variety of building blocks including the selective formation of β-mannosides.