满铁在中国东北设立的博物馆及其作用与性质

满铁作为日本在中国东北推行大陆政策的国策机关,是日本"经营满洲"的先锋和主体,是兼具政治、经济、文化、情报等多种职能于一身的殖民侵略机构。满铁的这种本质决定了它对中国东北的侵略必然是全方位、多层面的。在后藤新平"文装武备论"殖民思想的倡导下,满铁在关东州及附属地内大肆投资建立博物馆,总数多达十余座。博物馆通过从事对满铁经营有关的"满洲"资源及产业资源的现品、标本、参考资料、文物等的陈列及展出,定期举办演讲会、研讨会等活动,实现为掠夺我国东北能源资源提供情报、洗劫文物、奴化东北人民的罪恶目的。

Enhanced CO oxidation over potassium-promoted Pt/Al_2O_3 catalysts:Kinetic and infrared spectroscopic study

A series of K-promoted Pt/Al2O3 catalysts were tested for CO oxidation. It was found that the addition of K significantly enhanced the activity. A detailed kinetic study showed that the activation energies of the K-containing catalysts were lower than those of the K-free ones, particularly for catalysts with high Pt contents （51.6 k）/mol for 0.42K-2.0Pt/Al2O3 and 6：3.6 kJ/mol for 2.0Pt/Al2O3 ）. The CO reaction orders were higher for the K-containing catalysts （about -0.2） than for the K-free ones （about -0.5）, with the former having much lower equilibrium constants for CO adsorption than the latter. In situ Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed that surface CO desorption from the 0.42K-2.0Pt/Al2O3 catalyst was easier than from 2.0Pt/Al2O3. The promoting effect of K was therefore caused by weakening of the interactions between CO and surface Pt atoms. This decreased coverage of the catalyst with CO and facilitated competitive O2 chemisorption on the Pt surface, and significantly lowered the reaction barrier between chemisorbed CO and O2 species.

Theoretical Studies on the Kinetics and Mechanisms of Reactions for Methyl Vinyl Ether and Ozone

The interconversion between the two distinct isomers of methyl vinyl ether （MVE）, the formation of the primary ozonides from O3-initated reactions of MVE, the transformation between the primary ozonides, and the subsequent fragmentation were studied using quantum chemical methods at the BHandHLYP/6311＋＋G（d,p） level of theory for optimized geometries and frequency calculations and at the QCISD/631G（d,p） level for the single point energy calculations. The rate coefficients were calculated for the temperature range 280-440 K by using the canonical transition state theory （TST）. For ozone addition to MVE, there are two different possibilities discussed on the basis of two different possible orientations for ozone attack. The results of the theoretical study indicate that although the synperiplanar-MVE is 7.11 kJ/mol more stable than the antiperiplanar-MVE, the antiperiplanar-MVE plays a more important role in formation of the primary ozonides because the primary ozonides formed from the ozone addition antiperiplanar-MVE are more stable and the energy barriers corresponding to transition states are lower. The intereonversion between the primary ozonides formed from the ozone addition to antiperiplanar-MVE is the most accessible compared with the transformations between other primary ozonides. The cleavage of the primary ozonides mainly leads to the formation of the CH2OO, which is in agreement with the experimental estimates. The calculated overall rate constant for the ozone-initiated reactions is 4.8× 10^-17 cm^3/（molecule.s） at 298.15 K, which agrees with the experimental value for ethyl vinyl ether.

Adaptive variable structure control based on backstepping for spacecraft with reaction wheels during attitude maneuver

An adaptive variable structure control method based on backstepping is proposed for the attitude maneuver problem of rigid spacecraft with reaction wheel dynamics in the presence of uncertain inertia matrix and external disturbances. The proposed control approach is a combination of the backstepping and the adaptive variable structure control. The cascaded structure of the attitude maneuver control system with reaction wheel dynamics gives the advantage for applying the backstepping method to construct Lyapunov functions. The robust stability to external disturbances and parametric uncertainty is guaranteed by the adaptive variable structure control. To validate the proposed control algorithm, numerical simulations using the proposed approach are performed for the attitude maneuver mission of rigid spacecraft with a configuration consisting of four reaction wheels for actuator and three magnetorquers for momentum unloading. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm.

Magnéli phases TinO2n-1 as novel ozonation catalysts for effective mineralization of phenol

Magnéli phases TinO2n-1 have been demonstrated as promising environmentally friendly materials in advanced oxidation processes.In this study,Magnéli phases TinO2n-1 have been used as catalysts for the ozonation of phenol in aqueous solution for the first time.The materials exhibited excellent catalytic ozonation activities both in phenol degradation and mineralization.When Ti4O7was added,the reaction rate was six-fold higher than that of with ozone alone,while the total organic carbon removal rate was substantially elevated from around 19.2%to 92%.By virtue of the good chemical stability of the materials,a low metal leaching of less than 0.15 mg·L^-1could effectively avoid the secondary pollution by metal ions.Radical quenching tests revealed·O2^-and ^1O2to be active oxygen species for phenol degradation at p H 5.As semiconductor catalysts,TinO2n-1 materials show electronic transfer capability.Ozone adsorbed at B-acid sites of the catalyst surface can capture an electron from the conversion of Ti（Ⅲ）to Ti（Ⅳ）,and is thereby broken into the active oxygen species.It was interesting to observe that TinO2n-1 exhibit better catalytic activity for phenol degradation and mineralization with lower n value.The difference in electrical conductivity can be considered as a major factor for the catalytic performances.More highly conductive catalysts show a faster electron-transfer rate and better catalytic activity.Thus,significant evidences have been obtained for a single-electron-transfer mechanism of catalytic ozonation with Magnéli phases TinO2n-1.

Analytical Results of a Two-Species Predator-Prey Model

We propose a sequential monomer reaction model for a two-species predator-prey system, in which the aggregates of either species can spontaneously produce or lose one monomer and meanwhile, a type-B aggregate can prey upon one monomer of a type-A aggregate when they meet. Using the mean-field rate equation approach, we analytically investigate the kinetic behavior of the system. The results show that the evolution of the system depends crucially on the details of the rate kernels. The aggregate size distribution of either species approaches the conventional or modified scaling form in most cases. Moreover, the total size of either species grows exponentially with time in some cases and asymptotically retains a constant quantity in other cases, while it decays with time and vanishes finally in the rest cases.

Hepato-cardiovascular response and its regulation

AIM: To determine the possible existence of a hepato-cardiovascular response and its regulatory mechanism in normal rats. METHODS: Systemic hemodynamic changes following intraportal injection of latex microspheres were studied in two modified rat models of hepatic circulation, in which the extrahepatic splanchnic circulation was excluded by evisceration and the liver was perfused by systemic blood via either the portal vein (model 1) or hepatic artery (model 2) in vivo. RESULTS: In model 1, intraportal injection of two sized microspheres (15-μm and 80-μm) induced a similar decrease in mean arterial pressure, while extrahepatic portal venous occlusion induced an immediate increase in mean arterial pressure. In model 2, microsphere injection again induced a significant reduction in mean arterial pressure, aortic blood flow and aortic resistance. There were no significant differences in these parameters between liver-innervated rats and liver-denervated rats. The degrees of microsphere-induced reduction in mean arterial pressure (-38.1±1.9% in liver-innervated rats and -35.4±2.1% in liver-denervated rats, respectively) were similar to those obtained by withdrawal of 2.0 mL of blood via the jugular vein (-33.3±2.1%) (P>0.05). Injection of 2.0 mL Haemaccel in microsphere-treated rats, to compensate for the reduced effective circulating blood volume, led to a hyperdynamic state which, as compared with basal values and unlike control rats, was characterised by increased aortic blood flow (+21.6±3.3%), decreased aortic resistance (-38.1±3.5%) and reduced mean arterial pressure (-9.7±2.8%). CONCLUSION: A hepato-cardiovascular response exists in normal rats. It acts through a humoral mechanism leading to systemic vasodilatation, and may be involved in the hemodynamic disturbances associated with acute and chronic liver diseases.

CATALYSIS OF POLYSTYRENE N-HYDROXYL SULFONAMIDE FOR ESTERIFICATION OF BUTANOL WITH ACETIC ANHYDRIDE

Polystyrene N-hydroxyl sulfonamide resin 1 was prepared and used to catalyze the esterification of n-butanol and acetic anhydride. The mechanism of catalytic esterification proved by IR spectra of the resins was found that O-H and N-H of the N-hydroxyl sulfonamide resin reacted with the acetic anhydride respectively to form the active intermediate polystyrene N,O-diacetyl sulfonamate which was cleaved by n-butanol to produce butyl acetate. The catalytic esterification by resin 1 was in good agreement with the kinetic model of 揵i-bi-ping-pong?mechanism.

Conversions of fuel-N, volatile-N, and char-N to NO and N_2O during combustion of a single coal particle in O_2/N_2 and O_2/H_2O at low temperature

Oxy-steam combustion is a promising next-generation combustion technology.Conversions of fuel-N,volatile-N,and char-N to NO and N2O during combustion of a single coal particle in O2/N2and O2/H2O were studied in a tube reactor at low temperature.In O2/N2,NO reaches the maximum value in the devolatilization stage and N2O reaches the maximum value in the char combustion stage.In O2/H2O,both NO and N2O reach the maximum values in the char combustion stage.The total conversion ratios of fuel-N to NO and N2O in O2/N2are obviously higher than those in O2/H2O,due to the reduction of H2O on NO and N2O.Temperature changes the trade-off between NO and N2O.In O2/N2and O2/H2O,the conversion ratios of fuel-N,volatile-N,and char-N to NO increase with increasing temperature,and those to N2O show the opposite trends.The conversion ratios of fuel-N,volatile-N,and char-N to NO reach the maximum values at 〈O2〉=30 vol%in O2/N2.In O2/H2O,the conversion ratios of fuel-N and char-N to NO reach the maximum values at 〈O2〉=30 vol%,and the conversion ratio of volatile-N to NO shows a slightly increasing trend with increasing oxygen concentration.The conversion ratios of fuel-N,volatile-N,and char-N to N2O decrease with increasing oxygen concentration in both atmospheres.A higher coal rank has higher conversion ratios of fuel-N to NO and N2O.Anthracite coal exhibits the highest conversion ratios of fuel-N,volatile-N,and char-N to NO and N2O in both atmospheres.This work is to develop efficient ways to understand and control NO and N2O emissions for a clean and sustainable atmosphere.

A comparing design of satellite attitude control system based on reaction wheel

The disturbance caused by the reaction wheel with a current controller greatly influences the accuracy and stability of the satellite attitude control system. To solve this problem, the idea of speed feedback compensation control reaction wheel is put forward. This paper introduces the comparison on design and performance of two satellite attitude control systems, which are separately based on the current control reaction wheel and the speed feedback compensation control reaction wheel. Analysis shows that the speed feedback compensation control flywheel system may effectively suppress the torque fluctuation. Simulation results indicate that the satellite attitude control system with the speed feedback compensation control flywheel has improved performance.

COMPLEXITY AND CHAOTIC DYNAMICS OF ROCK FAULTING

Fault is a complex dynamic system controlled by the coupling of rock texture, reaction, fluid flow,stress, and rock deformation mechanism. A coupled reaction-transport- mechanical dynamic model for fault system is established and described in this paper. An example is presented for the Shuikoushan deposit, Hunan. The results of dynamic simulation indicate that the evolution and magnitude of fracture permeability of different rocks are different, and that faulting can enhance the spatial heterogeneity of rock permeability and facilitate fluid flow and mineralization in local fault zone. The pressure for a fault usually shows a variation mode of aperiodic oscillation with time, which reflects the chaotic behavior of the evolution of a fault.

Counter-Rotating Type Tidal Stream Power Unit Moored by Only One Cable

The authors have proposed that a counter-rotating type tidal stream power unit mounted rigidly on a pile, and outputs of the power unit and forces acting on the pile were investigated experimentally at a previous paper, A single propeller makes the pile undertake a reaction force orthogonal to the stream direction. On the contrary, proposed counter-rotating propellers do not require undertaking the reaction force of the pile, because the rotational torque is counter-balanced in the unit. This advantage means that the unit can be moored by only one cable. Continuously, this paper proposes such a power unit with tandem propellers, and experimentally investigates a behavior of the unit floating in a water channel. The vibrations of the power unit are induced from not only the individual but also the interacting rotations of the front and the rear propellers.

Identification of the development stage-specific factors in mouse fetal liver binding to the human β-globin gene promoter

In order to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of globin gene expression during embryonic development, the nuclear extracts from mouse hematopoietic tissue at different stages of development have been prepared. By using DNase I footprinting and gel mobility shift assays, the binding of protein factors in these extracts to the human βglobin promoter was analyzed. The differences in the binding patterns of protein factors during development were observed. An erythroid-specific and stage-specific nuclear protein in the nuclear extract from d 18 mouse fetal liver was identified, which can bind to the sequence (from -66bp to -90bp) of human β-globin promoter. We therefore speculate that the function of this cis-acting element may be similar to stage selector element (SSE) in chieken βA- promoter.

A stage-specific protein factor binding to a CACCC motif in both human β-globin gene promoter and 5'-HS2region

The DNasel hypersensitive site 2 (HS2) of human β-globin locus control region (LCR) is required fOr the high level expression of human d-globin genes. In the present study, a stage-specific protein factor (LPF-β) was identified in the nuclear extract prepared from mouse fetal liver at d 18 of gestation, which could bind to the HS2 region of humanβ-globin LCRt We also found that the shift band of LPF-βfactor could be competed by humanβ-globin promoter. However, it couldn’t be competed by human E-globin promoter or by human Aβ-globin promoter. Furthermore, our data demonstrated that the binding-sequence of LPF-d factor is 5’CACACCCTA 3’,which is located at the HS2 region ofβ-LCR (from -10845 to -10853 bp) and humanβ-globin promoter (from -92 to -84 bp). We speculated that these regions containing the CACCC box in both the humallβ-globin promoter and HS2 might function as stage selector elements in the regulation of humanβd-globin switching and the LPF-βfactor might be a stage-specific protein factor involved in the regulation of humanβ-globin gene expression.

New ab initio Potential Energy Surfaces for Cl（^2P3/2,^2P1/2）＋H2 Reaction

New global three dimensional potential energy surfaces for the Cl＋H2 reactive system have been constructed using accurate multireference configuration interaction calculations with a large basis set. The three lowest adiabatic potential energy surfaces correlating asymptotically with Cl（^2p）＋H2 have been transformed to adiabatic representation, which leads to a fourth coupling potential for non-linear geometries. In addition, the spin-orbit coupling surfaces have also been computed using the Breit-Pauli Hamiltonian. Properties of the new potential are described. Reaction dynamics based on the new potential agrees with the recent experimental results quite well.

Seismic Response of a Structure under Various Subsoi Models

Three types of the soil-structure interaction are used for structure analysis loaded by seismic effects. An example of the real RC building is used to demonstrate differences in the dynamic response results in the calculation of internal forces and displacements. Variant three options of the soil models were used as a building supporting structure. In the case of soil model A, the soil was modelled by using of equivalent stiffness values, stemming from the theory of a rigid circular disc on an elastic homogeneous half-space. Non-uniformly modelled vertical stiffness of the soil according to the Boussinesq model was used for model B. Both models A and B are characterised by the ＂averaged＂ soil model on the bases of spring constants. Model C was used for the soil better corresponding to its actual composition by the Winkler-Pasternak theory. Model C, where the actual layered soil is considered, is modelled more accurately than for the ＂averaged＂ soil of models A and B. The dynamic response of models operating with ＂averaged＂ values of rigid and soft soil layers is markedly shifted to the conservative smaller values of internal forces. The building response tbr model C in dynamic displacements is significantly higher than for the both models A and B.

Interface engineering of heterostructured electrocatalysts towards efficient alkaline hydrogen electrocatalysis

Boosting the alkaline hydrogen evolution and oxidation reaction(HER/HOR)kinetics is vital to practicing the renewable hydrogen cycle in alkaline media.Recently,intensive research has demonstrated that interface engineering is of critical significance for improving the performance of heterostructured electrocatalysts particularly toward the electrochemical reactions involving multiple reaction intermediates like alkaline hydrogen electrocatalysis,and the research advances also bring substantial non-trivial fundamental insights accordingly.Herein,we review the current status of interface engineering with respect to developing efficient heterostructured electrocatalysts for alkaline HER and HOR.Two major subjects—how interface engineering promotes the reaction kinetics and what fundamental insights interface engineering has brought into alkaline HER and HOR—are discussed.Specifically,heterostructured electrocatalysts with abundant interfaces have shown substantially accelerated alkaline hydrogen electrocatalysis kinetics owing to the synergistic effect from different components,which could balance the adsorption/desorption behaviors of the intermediates at the interfaces.Meanwhile,interface engineering can effectively tune the electronic structures of the active sites via electronic interaction,interfacial bonding,and lattice strain,which would appropriately optimize the binding energy of targeted intermediates like hydrogen.Furthermore,the confinement effect is critical for delivering high durability by sustaining high density of active sites.At last,our own perspectives on the challenges and opportunities toward developing efficient heterostructured electrocatalysts for alkaline hydrogen electrocatalysis are provided.

Causal propagation of signals in strangeon matter

The state equation for strangeon matter is very stiff due to the non-relativistic nature of its particles and their repulsive interaction, such that pulsar masses as high as ～ 3M would be expected. However, an adiabatic sound speed, cs = √P/ρ, is usually superluminal in strangeon matter, and the dynamic response of a strangeon star （e.g., binary merger） is not tractable in numerical simulations. In this study, we examined signal propagation in strangeon matter and calculate the actual propagation speed, Csignal. We found that the causality condition, Csignal 〈 c, is satisfied and the signal speed is presented as a function of stellar radius.

Kinetics of FeSe_2 oxidation by ferric iron and its reactivity compared with FeS_2

The mobility and bioavailability of selenium is a major health and environmental issue and a main concern for geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste. Chemically and/or microbially mediated oxidation of insoluble Se-bearing particulate, such as iron selenides, to dissolved and mobile phases controls the transport and distribution of Se in the environment. The oxidation of ferroselite （FeSe2） by ferric iron was investigated in anoxic conditions. The redox reaction can be represented by： FeSe2 ＋ 2Fe3＋ = 2Se^0 ＋ 3Fe2＋. Kinetic studies indicated that the reaction can be described by second-order rate law, with rate constants of 0.49±0.01, 0.85±0.02, 1.84±0.04, and 3.29±0.13 L mol^-1 s^-1 at pH 1.62, 1.87, 2.23, and 2.49, respectively. The positive correlation between reaction rate and pH implies that diffusion of Fe3＋ oxidant to the mineral surface is the rate-determining step. The strong reactivity of FeSe2 towards Fe^3＋ suggests that ferric iron may play a significant role in FeSe2 oxidation process （e.g., by Se^4＋, 02, etc.） and Se^0 should be the first reaction product. Also, it was shown that the reduction rate of Fe^3＋ or Se^4＋ by pyrite （FeS2） can be significantly increased in the presence of FeSe2, suggesting a stronger reactivity of FeSe2 compared with pyrite. The results obtained extend our knowledge about the subtle interaction between Se, pyrite and iron selenides in the environment, and give insight into the transfer of selenium from iron selenides to bio-available selenium （i.e., selenite and selenate） in the Se-rich environment.

Nitrogen Isotopic Fractionation Related to Nitrification Capacity in Agricultural Soils

A laboratory-based aerobic incubation was conducted to investigate nitrogen （N） isotopic fractionation related to nitrification in five agricultural soils after application of ammonium sulfate （（NH4）2804）. The soil samples were collected from a subtropical barren land soil derived from granite （RGB）, three subtropical upland soils derived from granite （RQU）, Quaternary red earth （RGU）, Quaternary Xiashu loess （YQU） and a temperate upland soil generated from alluvial deposit （FAU）. The five soils varied in nitrification potential, being in the order of FAU 〉 YQU 〉 RGU 〉 RQU 〉 RGB. Significant N isotopic fractionation accompanied nitrification of NH4＋. 615N values of NH4＋ increased with enhanced nitrification over time in the four upland soils with NH4＋ addition, while those of NO3 decreased consistently to the minimum and thereafter increased. 515N values of NH4＋ showed a significantly negative linear relationship with NH4＋-N concentration, but a positive linear relationship with NO3-N concentration. The apparent isotopic fractionation factor calculated based on the loss of NH4＋ was 1.036 for RQU, 1.022 for RGU, 1.016 for YQU, and 1.020 for FAU, respectively. Zero- and first-order reaction kinetics seemed to have their limitations in describing the nitrification process affected by NH4＋ input in the studied soils. In contrast, N kinetic isotope fractionation was closely related to the nitrifying activity, and might serve as an alternative tool for estimating the nitrification capacity of agricultural soils.