音乐文化事象的反向特质研究——以土家族哭嫁歌、跳丧鼓、傩戏为例

土家族是我国为数不多的非边疆集中居住的少数民族,它的音乐文化事象中呈现诸多反向特质。从哭嫁歌以哭骨肉分离为主来看,土家姑娘在婚礼上不笑而哭,实为在儒家思想支配下对孝文化的宣扬,她们是在以“哭”示“孝”。从跳丧鼓中以情歌为主的丧歌和大量模仿动物的舞姿来看,土家人在葬礼上不悲而乐,实为民众“生”的愿望得到实现,整场歌舞活动其实就是一场传达生殖崇拜的仪式。从傩戏中粗俗的唱词和原始形态的面具法器来看,土家人看似以丑为美的审美情趣,实为对以污冲邪和以丑制丑的傩巫信仰的虔诚。哭嫁歌、跳丧鼓和傩戏是土家族歌、舞、戏的代表,它们共同构成了土家族音乐的土色土香。

Mass transfer characteristics in a rotating packed bed with split packing

The rotating packed bed （RPB） with split packing is a novel gas-liquid contactor, which intensifies the mass transfer processes controlled by gas-side resistance. To assess its efficacy, the mass transfer characteristics with adjacent rings in counter-rotation and co-rotation modes in a split packing RPB were studied experimentally. The physical absorption system NH3-H2O was used for characterizing the gas volumetric mass transfer coeffi- cient （kyae） and the effective inteffacial area （ae） was determined by chemical absorption in the CO2-NaOH sys- tem. The variation in kyae and ae with the operating conditions is also investigated. The experimental results indicated that kyae and ae for counter-rotation of the adjacent packing rings in the split packing RPB were higher than those for co-rotation, and both counter-rotation and co-rotation of the split packing RPB were superior over conventional RPBs under the similar ooerating conditions.