CD-R/DVDR光盘生产中的反射率测试与控制

反射率是评价光盘质量的重要性能参数,严重影响可写光盘的伺服、读取性能。槽反射率、岸反射率、反射率径向变化、反射率切向变化都应严格控制。控制反射率,实现高质量CD-R/DVDR光盘生产的关键在于:精确的测试染料在槽内和岸上的分布。

光纤传感器在叶尖间隙测量中的应用

介绍了叶片叶尖间隙测量的目的与意义,并分析了传统的测量方法的优缺点.在此基础上,采用了基于光纤传感的叶尖间隙测量技术对叶片叶尖的间隙进行非接触测量.该方法采用三组接收光纤的强度调制型光纤传感器接收叶尖表面的散射光,此传感器既可以消除光源波动、叶尖表面反射率变化对测量结果的影响,也可以大大减小叶尖表面不平度对测量结果的影响.

不同施肥决策对冬小麦生长影响的高光谱监测及对比分析

为了明确不同变量施肥算法下的冬小麦冠层光谱特征,以及确定适宜我国气候条件的变量施肥算法,于2006年通过田间试验,分别测量了六种不同施肥决策下的冬小麦冠层光谱和产量,对这六种施肥算法进行了对比分析。结果表明,通过对施肥后冬小麦冠层光谱反射率、施肥前后反射率变化量以及不同时期的归一化植被指数的分析,得知不同施肥处理的冬小麦冠层光谱反射率存在差异,可以反映出冬小麦长势的强弱,其中基于光谱指数和作物生长模型相结合的算法(Z)进行施肥的冬小麦长势最佳。与均一施肥(W)和不施肥(CK)处理相比,变量施肥处理均显著提高小麦产量;除基于土壤养分变量施肥处理(T)外,产量变异系数明显降低,其中基于归一化SPAD值变量施肥处理(S)的变异系数最小。Z变量施肥算法综合效果最佳,S变量施肥算法在降低产量变异度方面效果最佳。拔节期施肥对开花期或灌浆初期小麦生长影响最大;并且这两时期的植被指数与产量的相关性也最好,尤其红边三角光谱指数(RTVI)最好(相关系数达到0.700),可见采用RTVI指数进行产量预测效果更优。

The Seasonal Variations of Aerosols over East Asia as Jointly Inferred from MODIS and OMI

Data on aerosol optical thickness(AOT) and single scattering albedo(SSA) derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer(MODIS) and Ozone Monitoring Instrument(OMI) measurements,respectively,are used jointly to examine the seasonal variations of aerosols over East Asia.The seasonal signals of the total AOT are well defined and nearly similar over the land and over the ocean.These findings indicate a natural cycle of aerosols that originate primarily from natural emissions. In contrast,the small-sized aerosols represented by the fine-mode AOT,which are primarily generated over the land by human activities,do not have evident seasonalscale fluctuations.A persistent maximum of aerosol loadings centered over the Sichuan basin is associated with considerable amounts of fine-mode aerosols throughout the year.Most regions exhibit a general spring maximum. During the summer,however,the aerosol loadings are the most marked over north central China.This occurrence may result from anthropogenic fine particles,such as sulfate and nitrate.Four typical regions were selected to perform a covariation analysis of the monthly gridded AOT and SSA.Over southwestern and southeastern China,if the aerosol loadings are small to moderate they are composed primarily of the highly absorptive aerosols. However,more substantial aerosol loadings probably represent less-absorptive aerosols.The opposite covariation pattern occurring over the coastal-adjacent oceans suggests that the polluted oceanic atmosphere is closely correlated with the windward terrestrial aerosols.North central China is strongly affected by dust aerosols that show moderate absorption.This finding may explain the lower variability in the SSA that accompanies increasing aerosol loadings in this region.

Evaluating the impacts of land use and land cover changes on surface air temperature using the WRF-mosaic approach

Satellite-derived land surface data in 1980 and 2010 were used to represent land use and land cover（LULC） changes caused by the rapid economic development and human activities that have occurred over the past few decades in East Asia and China. The effects of LULC changes on the radiation budget and 2-m surface air temperature（SAT） were explored for the period using the Weather Research and Forecasting（WRF） model. The mosaic approach, which considers the N-most abundant land use types within a model grid cell（here, N = 3） and precisely describes the subgridscale LULC changes, was adopted in the integrations. The impacts of LULC changes based on two 36-year integrations showed that SAT generally decreased, with the sole exception being over eastern China, resulting in decreased SAT in China（-0.062 °C） and East Asian land areas（EAL,-0.061 °C）. The LULC changes induced changes in albedo, which influenced the radiation budget. The radiative forcings at the top of the atmosphere were-0.56 W m-2 across the whole of China, and-0.50 W m-2 over EAL. Meanwhile, the altered roughness length mainly influenced near-surface wind speeds, large-scale and upward moisture fluxes, latent heat fluxes, and cloud fractions at different altitudes. Though the impacts caused by the LULC changes were generally smaller at regional scales, the values at local scales were much stronger.

Quantifying biochemical variables of corn by hyperspectral reflectance at leaf scale

To further develop the methods to remotely sense the biochemical content of plant canopies,we report the results of an experiment to estimate the concentrations of three biochemical variables of corn,i.e.,nitrogen(N),crude fat(EE) and crude fiber(CF) concentrations,by spectral reflectance and the first derivative reflectance at fresh leaf scale. The correlations between spectral reflectance and the first derivative transformation and three biochemical variables were analyzed,and a set of estimation models were established using curve-fitting analyses. Coefficient of determination(R2),root mean square error(RMSE) and relative error of prediction(REP) of estimation models were calculated for the model quality evaluations,and the possible opti-mum estimation models of three biochemical variables were proposed,with R2 being 0.891,0.698 and 0.480 for the estimation models of N,EE and CF concentrations,respectively. The results also indicate that using the first derivative reflectance was better than using raw spectral reflectance for all three biochemical variables estimation,and that the first derivative reflectances at 759 nm,1954 nm and 2370 nm were most suitable to develop the estimation models of N,EE and CF concentrations,respectively. In addition,the high correlation coefficients of the theoretical and the measured biochemical parameters were obtained,especially for nitrogen(r=0.948).

抗干扰并行物方差动轴向的高精度三维形貌测量

分析并行物方差动轴向测量方法在样品表面反射率变化以及照明光不均匀情况下的两种乘法性误差,并提出一种误差修正模型。构建表征乘法性扰动干扰的图像灰度矩阵的数学表达式,通过对数差动消去乘法性扰动干扰误差,以达到误差修正的目的。最后通过两组对比实验,对误差修正模型进行实验验证。对高度为4.739μm、周期为50μm的台阶样品进行形貌测量,测量的相对误差由修正前的2.91%降低到修正后的0.78%。在低倍数物镜和光照不均匀测量条件下,对表面反射率不均匀的硬币进行快速三维形貌实验,该方法测量结果与光学表面轮廓仪测得的结果相比,相对偏差为1.62%。两组实验结果表明,本文方法能较好地修正乘法性误差的影响,可提升适应性。本文方法可为智能制造在线检测提供适用性强、高效率、高精度的微观形貌检测。

Energy exchange of an alpine grassland on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

The seasonal variability in the surface energy exchange of an alpine grassland on the eastern Qinghai- Tibetan Plateau was investigated using eddy covariance measurements. Based on the change of air temperature and the seasonal distribution of precipitation, a winter season and wet season were identified, which were separated by transitional periods. The annual mean net radiation （Rn） was about 39 % of the annual mean solar radiation （Rs）. Rn was relatively low during the winter season （21% of Rs） compared with the wet season （54 % of Rs）, which can be explained by the difference in surface albedo and moisture condition between the two seasons. Annually, the main consumer of net radiation was latent heat flux （LE）. During the winter season, sensible heat flux （H） was dominant because of the frozen soil condition and lack of precipita- tion. During the wet season, LE expended 66 % of Rn due to relatively high temperature and sufficient rainfall cou- pled with vegetation growth. Leaf area index （LAI） had important influence on energy partitioning during wet season. The high LAI due to high soil water content （θv） contributed to high surface conductance （go） and LE, and thus low Bowen ratio （β）. LE was strongly controlled by Rn from June to August when gc and θv were high. During the transitional periods, H and LE were nearly equally parti- tioned in the energy balance. The results also suggested that the freeze-thaw condition of soil and the seasonal distribution of precipitation had important impacts on the energy exchange in this alpine grassland.