反工业化与残酷戏剧中的空间诗意

20世纪的反工业化倾向促成了安托南·阿尔托的残酷戏剧理论诞生,给西方传统的戏剧观念和模式带来了颠覆性的改革。他反对戏剧娱乐化而主张树立一种严肃的戏剧观。继而从戏剧的本质出发,打破文字和有声语言的限制,建立属于舞台的具体语言体系,激发观众的感官的敏感性,建造戏剧特有的空间诗意。本文对阿尔托空间诗意理论进行梳理,并探讨了其在戏剧创作中的相关实践与应用。

从江村到江城——论全面工业化时代中国乡村的美好发展

在172年间,为了逆转国家和人民的厄运,中国人前仆后继只为实现国家的现代化暨人民尤其是农民的幸福美好生活的梦想。数代人的追求付诸于国家的工业化、城市化,尤其是乡村的工业化、城市化的实施。以"江村"为蓝本,试图说明如何从我国千差万别的乡村实际出发,避免重蹈西方现代化进程的覆辙,探求我国乡村现代化路径多元化的现实性与可能性:走向因地制宜、因时制宜的"反工业化"与"逆城市化"的新型乡村现代化道路,这条道路一定是我国乡村真正改变经济增长方式、实现可持续性的生态化发展以及建设真正美好家园的最佳路径——"市场化"、"信息化"与"原生化"。费孝通先生在《江村经济》中写道:"文化把土地变成了农田",就是这个意思。

论落后地区的工业化道路与后发优势的发挥

我国落后地区的经济增长实质是二元经济制约下的“落后的增长”,要打破“落后的增长”必须走新型工业化道路,培育以竞争优势为核心的“赶超”能力,发挥自主创新型后发优势;转变建立在传统工业化道路上的梯度推移发展思路,选择某些先进产业或优势产业进行突进,实现优势产业的技术区位的反梯度推移发展战略,从而带动落后地区经济持续发展和赶超。

“江村”有没有道路?——关于江村的再调查与再发现

去年是费孝通先生"江村调查"八十周年。八十年间,"江村"经济与社会的变迁是一幅中国农村巨变的完整缩影。而"江村"的工业化、城市化的进程能否代表中国农村现代化的"共同趋势"?中国农村的发展究竟应该选择怎样的发展道路?试从理论与实践两个层面尝试作出回答;亦是《从江村到江城》~[1]的续篇。

基于竞争优势的后发优势战略

中国正处在经济跨越式发展的阶段,也是经济增长方式转型的关键时刻,要依靠以竞争优势为核心的后发优势发挥来实现经济的持续增长。我们在理论分析的基础上提出了后发优势的发挥关键在于创造竞争优势,而这种竞争优势的创造又是以技术内生为核心的。必须建立以竞争优势为核心的"赶超"能力,发挥自主创新型后发优势,实施工业化反梯度推移战略,以达到经济"赶超"的最终目的。

基于竞争优势的内生型技术创新路径

基于资本异质化视角,分析了我国传统工业化粗放式"落后的增长"发展现状,进行了后发优势和竞争优势的比较研究,提出了在信息化和全球化条件下,基于竞争优势的集约化经济增长方式的内核是内生型的技术创新,即我们必须立足于比较优势的传统梯度推移战略理念,由模仿创新快速过渡到自主创新,走以竞争优势为核心的内生型技术创新路径,进行工业化的反梯度推移,并提出了相关建议和应对策略。

Modeling and optimization of industrial Fischer–Tropsch synthesis with the slurry bubble column reactor and iron-based catalyst

To optimize industrial Fischer-Tropsch （IT） synthesis with the slurry bubble column reactor （SBCR） and iron- based catalyst, a comprehensive process model for IT synthesis that includes a detailed SBCR model, gas liquid separation model, simplified CO2 removal model and tail gas cycle model was developed. An effective iteration algorithm was proposed to solve this process model, and the model was validated by industrial demonstration experiments data （SBCR with 5.8 m diameter and 30 m height）, with a maximum relative error 〈 10% for predicting the SBCR performances. Subsequently, the proposed model was adopted to optimize the industrial SBCR performances simultaneously considering process and reactor parameters variations. The results show that C5＋yield increases as catalyst loading increases within 10-70 ton and syngas H2/CO value decreases within 1.3-1.6, but it doesn＇t increase obviously when the catalyst loading exceeds 45 ton （about 15 wt% concentration）. Higher catalyst loading will result in higher difficulty for wax/catalyst separation and higher catalyst cost. There- fore, the catalyst loading （45 ton） is recommended for the industrial demonstration SBCR operation at syngas H2/ CO = 1.3, and the C5 ＋ yield is about 402 ton＂ per day, which has an about 16% increase than the industrial dem- onstration run result.

Modeling of mass transfer characteristics of bubble column reactor with surfactant present

Danckwert’s method was used to determine the specific interfacial area, a, and the individual mass transfer coefficient, kL, during absorption of CO2 in a bubble column with an anionic surfactant in the carbonate-bicarbonate buffer solution and NaAsO2 as catalyst, the presence of which decreases the specific interfacial area and the individual mass transfer coefficient. The specific interfacial area and the individual mass transfer coefficient increase with increasing su- perficial gas velocity. The specific interfacial area decreases whereas the individual mass transfer coefficient increases with increasing temperature. The results of experiments were used to determine the dependence of a, kL, and kLa on the surface tension, the temperature of the absorption phase, and the superficial velocity of the gas. The calculated results from the correlation were found to be within 10% deviation from the actual experimental results.

Process optimization study on the carbonylation of methyl acetate

Acetic anhydride is the important organic chemical raw material, and is used widely in chemical industry,pharmaceutical industry, dyes, spices and other fields. In this paper, the process of carbonylation of methyl acetate in rhodium iodine catalyst system was studied, and the suitable reaction conditions were determined.At the same time, the kinetic model was established. The optimum reaction conditions were as follows： the reaction pressure was 5 MPa, the hydrogen content was 8%, the amount of iodomethane was 15%, the amount of lithium iodide was 3%, the reaction temperature was 150 ℃ and the reaction time is 3 h. Under the above reaction conditions, the selectivity of the reaction is close to 100% and the conversion is as high as 92%. The macroscopic kinetic model of the reaction was established in the temperature range of 120 ℃–150 ℃. The reaction is an irreversible reaction without the formation of by-products and the dynamic equation is also given in the Conclusions section.

FCC Catalysts to Meet Demand of New Era

The CGP series FCC catalysts for manufacture of clean gasoline and propylene and the catalyst RSC-2006 for processing inferior residuum with high yield of light distillates are novel catalysts jointly developed by Qilu Catalyst Branch Company of SINOPEC Corp. and the Research Institute of Petroleum Processing (RIPP). The results of commercial application of these catalysts have revealed that they can satisfactorily meet the requirements for environmental protection, good economic benefits and capability for processing inferior FCC feed under new circumstances.

Polyethoxylation and polypropoxylation reactions：Kinetics,mass transfer and industrial reactor design

Ethoxylation and propoxylation reactions are performed in the industry to produce mainly non-ionic surfactants and ethylene oxide(EO)–propylene oxide(PO) copolymers.Both the reactions occur in gas–liquid reactors by feeding gaseous EO,PO or both into the reactor containing a solution of an alkaline catalyst(KOH or Na OH).Non-ionic surfactants are produced by using liquid starters like fatty alcohols,fatty acids or alkyl-phenols,while when the scope is to prepare EO–PO copolymers the starter can be a mono-or multi-functional alcohol of low molecular weight.Both reactions are strongly exothermic,and EO and PO,in some conditions,can give place to runaway and also to explosive side reactions.Therefore,the choice of a suitable reactor is a key factor for operating in safe conditions.A correct reactor design requires:(i) the knowledge of the kinetic laws governing the rates of the occurring reactions;(ii) the role of mass and heat transfer in affecting the reaction rate;(iii) the solubility of EO and PO in the reacting mixture with the non-ideality of the reacting solutions considered;(iv) the density of the reacting mixture.All these aspects have been studied by our research group for different starters of industrial interest,and the data collected by using semibatch well stirred laboratory reactors have been employed for the simulation of industrial reactors,in particular Gas–Liquid Spray Tower Loop Reactors.

Consequence Identification for Maloperation in Batch Process

Batch processes are important in chemical industry,in which operators usually play a major role and hazards may arise by their inadvertent acts.In this paper,based on hazard and operability study and concept of qualitative simulation,an automatic method for adverse consequence identification for potential maloperation is proposed.The qualitative model for production process is expressed by a novel directed graph.Possible operation deviations from normal operating procedure are identified systematically by using a group of guidewords.The proposed algorithm is used for qualitative simulation of batch processes to identify the effects of maloperations.The method is illustrated with a simple batch process and a batch reaction process.The results show that batch processes can be simulated qualitatively and hazards can be identified for operating procedures including maloperations.After analysis for possible plant maloperations,some measures can be taken to avoid maloperations or reduce losses resulted from maloperations.

Applicable Scope of Equity Theory and Reaction on Productivity under the Influence of Traditional Culture

Equity theory was proposed by John.Stacey.Adams. Under the background in China, nor matter the staff in state owned enterprises with better pay or the compliant workers feel unfair remuneration. Is the unfairness objective reality or caused by special cultural environment in China？ The paper deeply observes the inapplicability of equity theory in China and reaction of it on productivity.

Heterogeneous dynamic modeling and simulation of an industrial ethylene oxide reactor experiencing catalyst deactivation

This paper investigates steady-state and dynamic simulation of an industrial fixed-bed ethylene oxide reactor. A mathematical heterogeneous one-dimensional model is developed for simulation of reactor performance in the presence of long term deactivation of silver/a-alumina catalyst. In this paper, steady-state model of the reactor is solved and results of steady state simulation are fed to dynamic simulator as initial condition. When results of dynamic simulation are compared with industrial reactor data, it is found that there were good agreements between simulation results and industrial data. The proposed model is also validated by industrial process data for a period of 1100 operating days.

Design and control of a p-xylene oxidation process

The p-xylene(PX) oxidation process is of great industrial importance because of the strong demand of the global polyester fiber.A steady-state model of the PX oxidation has been studied by many researchers.In our previous work,a novel industrial p-xylene oxidation reactor model using the free radical mechanism based kinetics has been developed.However,the disturbances such as production rate change,feed composition variability and reactor temperature changes widely exist in the industry process.In this paper,dynamic simulation of the PX oxidation reactor was designed by Aspen Dynamics and used to develop an effective plantwide control structure,which was capable of effectively handling the disturbances in the load and the temperature of the reactor.Step responses of the control structure to the disturbances were shown and served as the foundation of the smooth operation and advanced control strategy of this process in our future work.

An adaptive neuro-fuzzy sliding mode controller for MIMO systems with disturbance

This paper introduces the mathematical model of ammonia and urea reactors and suggested three methods for designing a special purpose controller. The first proposed method is Adaptive model predictive controller, the second is Adaptive Neural Network Model Predictive Control, and the third is Adaptive neuro-fuzzy sliding mode controller. These methods are applied to a multivariable nonlinear system as an ammonia–urea reactor system. The main target of these controllers is to achieve stabilization of the outlet concentration of ammonia and urea, a stable reaction rate, an increase in the conversion of carbon monoxide(CO) into carbon dioxide(CO_2) to reduce the pollution effect, and an increase in the ammonia and urea productions, keeping the NH_3/CO_2 ratio equal to 3 to reduce the unreacted CO_2 and NH_3, and the two reactors' temperature in the suitable operating ranges due to the change in reactor parameters or external disturbance. Simulation results of the three controllers are compared. Comparative analysis proves the effectiveness of the suggested Adaptive neurofuzzy sliding mode controller than the two other controllers according to external disturbance and the change of parameters. Moreover, the suggested methods when compared with other controllers in the literature show great success in overcoming the external disturbance and the change of parameters.

资源型经济的形成:自强机制与个案研究(英文)

资源型经济是以矿产资源开发为动力,以能源、矿产等资源部门为主导的经济体系。在资源丰裕区域,由于制造业部门人力资本投资门槛的存在,容易导致对资源部门的投资偏好。一旦资源部门成为主导部门,便会形成资源部门对经济要素特殊的吸纳效应、资源部门的扩张与延伸使产业家族形成粘滞效应、工业化演进过程中的沉淀成本与路径依赖形成对资源功能的锁定效应,产生发展的路径依赖,陷入资源优势陷阱,从而导致资源型经济的自强机制。突破资源优势陷阱的关键在于打破原有的资源自循环机制和路径依赖,引入学习与创新活动,调整资源收益分配机制,实现产业协调和经济转型发展。

12-Tungstophosphoric acid niched in Zr-based metal-organic framework:a stable and efficient catalyst for Friedel-Crafts acylation

Heteropoly acids(HPA) are well known for their versatile solid acid catalysis in diverse chemical reactions, however they suffer from low surface area(<10 m^2/g) and leaching into the reactions media, which reduce their prospects as industrial catalyst.Herein, a novel hybrid material HPW@Zr-BTC,composed of 12-tungstophoric acid(HPW) and Zr^(Ⅳ)-benzene tri-carboxylate(Zr-BTC) metal-organic framework(MOF), was prepared via one-pot solvothermal method. Excellent HPW loading up to 32.3 wt% was achieved, and HPW@Zr-BTC composite proved to be highly stable, besides the crystalline morphology of Zr-BTC was intact. The catalytic activity of the hybrid composite was explored via Friedel-Crafts acylation of anisole with benzoyl chloride.The 28.2 wt% HPW@Zr-BTC showed excellent catalytic performance, with 99.4% anisole conversion and 97.6% yield(pmethoxybenzophenone) under solvent free conditions. Excellent retention of catalytic activity was achieved after at least five consecutive runs due to non-observable HPW leaching. The promising activity and stability of the catalyst forecasted its potential industrial applications.

The self-strengthening mechanism in the development of a resource-based economy： with a case study

A resource-based economy is an economic system driven by the exploitation of mineral resources and dominated by the energy, mineral and other resource sectors. In resource- rich areas, there is often an investment bias toward the resource sector because of the existence of a threshold for investment in human capital in the manufacturing sector. Once the resource sector is dominant, it has a particular atwaction effect on the economic factors; its expansion and spread have a viscosity effect on industry families;, and the sunk costs and path dependence that emerge as industrialization evolves have a lock-in effect on the role of resources. This may give rise to development path dependence and the trap of resource advantage, resulting in a self-strengthening mechanism in resource-based economies. The key to escaping this trap is to break down the resource sector＇s original self-perpetuating mechanism and path dependence, introduce learning and innovation, adjust mechanisms far the distribution of resource benefits and realize industry coordination and transformational economic development.