A series of triethylammonium-based chlorogallate（Ⅲ） ionic liquids with varied Lewis acidity was synthesized, characterized, and firstly applied to isobutane alkylation. The [Et3NHC1]-GaCl3 with XGaCl3 =0.65 display...A series of triethylammonium-based chlorogallate（Ⅲ） ionic liquids with varied Lewis acidity was synthesized, characterized, and firstly applied to isobutane alkylation. The [Et3NHC1]-GaCl3 with XGaCl3 =0.65 displayed a potential catalytic activity for the alkylation. The addition of copper halide into the chlorogallate（Ⅲ） ionic liquids dramatically enhanced the alkylation reac- tion. Up to 70.1% Cs selectivity and 91.3 RON were achieved with the [Et3NHC1]-GaC13-CuC1 （XGaCl3 = 0.65, CuCI = 5% tool） under 0.5 MPa, 900 r/min, 15 min, 288 K using the industrial C4 cut （isobutane/butene = 10）. These results indicate that the chlorogallate（Ⅲ） system may be used as a promising catalyst for the C4 alkylation.展开更多
Functional response is a key index in determining the population fluctuation in predation. However, the lack of operable research system limits the studies on functional response of fungal predators. Hirsutella rhossi...Functional response is a key index in determining the population fluctuation in predation. However, the lack of operable research system limits the studies on functional response of fungal predators. Hirsutella rhossiliensis is a dominant parasite of the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines. In a soil microcosm bioassay, we determined fungal biomass at different days within 21 days after inoculation, and parasitism rate of H. glycines by the fungus was determined. The functional response of H. rhossiliensis to H. glycines was established and found to be Holling＇s type Ill, which was influenced by mycelial densities. Meanwhile, we conducted anti-fungal analysis of metabolic fractions extracted from H. rhossiliensis to explain the potential mechanism of the intraspecific competition illustrated by functional response. The result of anti-fungal experiments indicated that the fungal predators had more complicated interaction at population level than expected, which might be regulated by self-inhibition metabolite（s）. This study was the first functional response study of fungal predators in microcosm. With the in- creasing recognition of emerging fungal threats to animal, plant, and ecosystem health, the methodologies and hypotheses proposed in this study might inspire further research in fungal ecology.展开更多
基金the financial support from the Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation (2122052)Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China (21036007)National Basic Research Program of China (2009CB219904)
文摘A series of triethylammonium-based chlorogallate（Ⅲ） ionic liquids with varied Lewis acidity was synthesized, characterized, and firstly applied to isobutane alkylation. The [Et3NHC1]-GaCl3 with XGaCl3 =0.65 displayed a potential catalytic activity for the alkylation. The addition of copper halide into the chlorogallate（Ⅲ） ionic liquids dramatically enhanced the alkylation reac- tion. Up to 70.1% Cs selectivity and 91.3 RON were achieved with the [Et3NHC1]-GaC13-CuC1 （XGaCl3 = 0.65, CuCI = 5% tool） under 0.5 MPa, 900 r/min, 15 min, 288 K using the industrial C4 cut （isobutane/butene = 10）. These results indicate that the chlorogallate（Ⅲ） system may be used as a promising catalyst for the C4 alkylation.
基金supported by the National Key Basic Research Program of China(2013CB127506)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30800732)the National Public Benefit Research Foundation of China(200903040)
文摘Functional response is a key index in determining the population fluctuation in predation. However, the lack of operable research system limits the studies on functional response of fungal predators. Hirsutella rhossiliensis is a dominant parasite of the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines. In a soil microcosm bioassay, we determined fungal biomass at different days within 21 days after inoculation, and parasitism rate of H. glycines by the fungus was determined. The functional response of H. rhossiliensis to H. glycines was established and found to be Holling＇s type Ill, which was influenced by mycelial densities. Meanwhile, we conducted anti-fungal analysis of metabolic fractions extracted from H. rhossiliensis to explain the potential mechanism of the intraspecific competition illustrated by functional response. The result of anti-fungal experiments indicated that the fungal predators had more complicated interaction at population level than expected, which might be regulated by self-inhibition metabolite（s）. This study was the first functional response study of fungal predators in microcosm. With the in- creasing recognition of emerging fungal threats to animal, plant, and ecosystem health, the methodologies and hypotheses proposed in this study might inspire further research in fungal ecology.
