全相湍流式多功能高效反应机—GWF型系列机

本文介绍全相湍流式多功能高效反应机－GWF型系列机特点及技术特性，并列举了GWF型系列机的典型实用实例，希望能对客户选用本设备有一定的参考价值和帮助。

全相湍流式多功能高效反应机—GwF型系列机

本文介绍全相湍流式多功能高效反应机—GwF型系列机特点及技术特性 ,并对GwF型系列机的典型应用例 。

80型多功能高真空四螺杆新型反应混炼机

由化工部晨光化工研究院成都分院(原晨光化工研究院一分院)研制成功,并与重庆市华光塑料机械厂联合开发生产的80型多功能高真空四螺杆新型反应混炼机,今年8月已正式投放市场,这是继40型多功能高真空四螺杆新型反应混炼机投放市场之后,首次问世的生产用的大型机器。该机是根据高分子化合物的合成、后处理及塑料共混改性。

采用多功能高真空四螺杆新型反应混炼机进行尼龙6直接熔融脱低分子物的新工艺

ε—己内酰胺的聚合过程为一可逆反应,聚合后制成的切片一般含有10%左右的环状单体和低聚物(以下统称低分子物),这些在切片内的低分子物必须在抽丝前或注塑成型前预先除去,使最终产品的低分子物含量低于2%,否则不利于成品的储存,造成后加工困难,影响产品质量。这些低分子物可以用水或低级醇萃取分离出来。目前在生产上大都采用工序多而复杂的水煮萃取工艺。我们采用多功能高真空四螺杆新型反应混炼机进行尼龙6直接熔融真空脱低分子物新工艺研究,取得了较理想的结果,为尼龙6直接熔融脱低分子物的工业化生产打下了良好的基础。

多层堆叠中晶圆级金金键合的可靠性提升

基于电学互联的贯穿硅通孔技术和高精度金金圆片键合技术,开发了一套可应用于制备三维集成射频(RF)收发系统的工艺,并利用反应离子刻蚀机(RIE)中氧气加六氟化硫的键合前处理技术解决了多层堆叠中键合强度较弱的问题。经过扫描电镜(SEM)观察和分析,键合强度弱确认为芯片贴装过程中晶圆表面沾污所致。传统的湿法前处理有一定的局限性,氧气等离子体方法去污能力较弱,均无法用于去除遗留的沾污。利用反应离子刻蚀机氧气加六氟化硫的前处理方式进行键合前处理,不仅增强了去污能力,而且将旧金表面低活性的金层去除,露出干净、活性高的新金表面,有效提升了金金键合的强度,为多层金金键合提供了一种有效的键合前处理方法。

筒锥式反应过滤干燥多功能机的研发及其应用

介绍了国内外反应过滤干燥多功能机的概况和筒锥式反应过滤干燥多功能机的研发及其应用 ,特别介绍了该机的最新结构、重大改进和工作原理。

反应堆压力容器整体螺栓拉伸机液压系统设计探讨

反应堆压力容器整体螺栓拉伸机(以下简称“整体螺栓拉伸机”)能够同时拉伸反应堆压力容器的所有主螺栓到预定值,拧紧和拧松主螺母等操作,是实现反应堆压力容器开关盖的最重要设备。螺栓拉伸机液压系统设计是整体螺栓拉伸机的两项关键技术之一,目前公开的拉伸机液压系统的设计资料很少,文章对华龙一号堆型反应堆压力容器整体螺栓拉伸机的操作流程和液压系统的动作进行了详细的分析,对液压系统设计方案进行研究后给出了液压缸单元设计方案和液压系统原理图,成果可为后续工程设计提供参考。

血液透析中热原反应的原因分析

血液透析中热原反应的原因分析石秀芳毕爱娜（烟台毓璜顶医院，２６４０００）热原反应是指透析中（尤其是透析开始１ｈ左右）出现发冷、寒战，继而发热，伴有头痛和全身不适，体温达３８℃以上，持续数小时后体温恢复正常，可伴有血压升高，有时可引起血压下降。１临床资...

Recent Advances on Ruthenium-based Electrocatalysts for Lithium-oxygen Batteries

Rechargeable lithium-oxygen(Li-O_(2))batteries have attracted wide attention due to their high energy density.However,the sluggish cathode kinetics results in high overvoltage and poor cycling performance.Ruthenium(Ru)-based electrocatalysts have been demonstrated to be promising cathode catalysts to promote oxygen evolution reaction(OER).It facilitates decomposition of lithium peroxide(Li_(2)O_(2))by adjusting Li_(2)O_(2) morphologies,which is due to the strong interaction between Ru-based catalyst and superoxide anion(O_(2))intermediate.In this review,the design strategies of Ru-based electrocatalysts are introduced to enhance their OER catalytic kinetics in Li-O_(2) batteries.Different configurations of Ru-based catalysts,including metal particles(Ru metal and alloys),single-atom catalysts,and Ru-loaded compounds with various substrates(carbon materials,metal oxides/sulfides),have been summarized to regulate the electronic structure and the matrix architecture of the Ru-based electrocatalysts.The structure-property relationship of Ru-based catalysts is discussed for a better understanding of the Li_(2)O_(2) decomposition mechanism at the cathode interface.Finally,the challenges of Ru-based electrocatalysts are proposed for the future development of Li-O_(2) batteries.

Single-atom catalysts based on polarization switching of ferroelectric In_(2)Se_(3)for N2 reduction

The polarization switching plays a crucial role in controlling the final products in the catalytic pro-cess.The effect of polarization orientation on nitrogen reduction was investigated by anchoring transition metal atoms to form active centers on ferroelectric material In_(2)Se_(3).During the polariza-tion switching process,the difference in surface electrostatic potential leads to a redistribution of electronic states.This affects the interaction strength between the adsorbed small molecules and the catalyst substrate,thereby altering the reaction barrier.In addition,the surface states must be considered to prevent the adsorption of other small molecules(such as*O,*OH,and*H).Further-more,the V@↓-In_(2)Se_(3)possesses excellent catalytic properties,high electrochemical and thermody-namic stability,which facilitates the catalytic process.Machine learning also helps us further ex-plore the underlying mechanisms.The systematic investigation provides novel insights into the design and application of two-dimensional switchable ferroelectric catalysts for various chemical processes.

基于PLC的步进电机直接控制系统

提出了一种简单实现PLC直接控制步进电机的方法,设计了直接控制步进电机系统的软硬件。并在反应离子刻蚀机中验证了该方法是可行的,工作可靠。

Perfecting HER catalysts via defects:Recent advances and perspectives

Defect engineering has become a promising approach to improve the performance of hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)catalysts.Non-noble transition metal-based catalysts(TMCs)have shown significant promise as effective alternatives to traditional platinum-group catalysts,attracting considerable attention.However,the industrial application of TMCs in electrocatalytic hydrogen production necessitates further optimization to boost both catalytic activity and stability.This review comprehensively examines the types,fabrication methods,and characterization techniques of various defects that enhance catalytic HER activity.Key advancements include optimizing defect concentration and distribution,coupling heteroatoms with vacancies,and leveraging the synergy between bond lengths and defects.In-depth discussions highlight the electronic structure and catalytic mechanisms elucidated through in-situ characterization and density functional theory calculations.Additionally,future directions are identified,exploring novel defect types,emphasizing precision synthesis methods,industrial-scale preparation techniques,and strategies to enhance structural stability and understanding the in-depth catalytic mechanism.This review aims to inspire further research and development in defect-engineered HER catalysts,providing pathways for high efficiency and cost-effectiveness in hydrogen production.

The role of titanium at the interface of hematite photoanode in multisite mechanism:Reactive site or cocatalyst site?

Hematite(α-Fe_(2)O_(3))constitutes one of the most promising photoanode materials for oxygen evolution reaction(OER).Recent research on Fe_(2)O_(3)have found a fast OER rate dependence on surface hole density,suggesting a multisite reaction pathway.However,the effect of heteroatom in Fe_(2)O_(3)on the multisite mechanism is still poorly understood.Herein we synthesized Fe_(2)O_(3)on Ti substrates(Fe_(2)O_(3)/Ti)to study the oxygen intermediates of OER by light-dark electrochemical scans.We identified the Fe-OH species disappeared and Ti-OH intermediates appeared on Fe_(2)O_(3)/Ti when pH=11‒14,which significantly improved the OER performance of Fe_(2)O_(3)/Ti.Combined with the density functional theory calculations,we propose that Ti atom acts as cocatalyst site and captures proton from neighboring Fe-OH species under highly alkaline condition,thereby promoting the coupling of Fe=O and reducing the energy barrier of the non-electrochemical step.Our work provides a new insight into the role of heteroatom in OER multisite mechanism based on clarifying the reaction intermediates.

Cation effects in electrocatalytic reduction reactions:Recent advances

Electrocatalytic reduction reactions,powered by clean energy sources such as solar energy and wind,offer a sustainable method for converting inexpensive feedstocks(e.g.,CO_(2),N2/NOx,organics,and O_(2))into high-value-added chemicals or fuels.The design and modification of electrocatalysts have been widely implemented to improve their performance in these reactions.However,bottle-necks are encountered,making it challenging to further improve performance through catalyst development alone.Recently,cations in the electrolyte have emerged as critical factors for tuning both the activity and product selectivity of reduction reactions.This review summarizes recent advances in understanding the role of cation effects in electrocatalytic reduction reactions.First,we introduce the mechanisms underlying cation effects.We then provide a comprehensive overview of their application in electroreduction reactions.Characterization techniques and theoretical calcula-tion methods for studying cation effects are also discussed.Finally,we address remaining challeng-es and future perspectives in this field.We hope that this review offers fundamental insights and design guidance for utilizing cation effects,thereby advancing their development.

含氮阻燃剂装置的干燥反应冷却系统

介绍了含氮阻燃剂的干燥反应冷却工艺流程设计思路和主要设备结构。根据设计条件,进行了系统设备选型。与旋转闪蒸干燥、振动流化干燥等热风型干燥方式相比,桨叶干燥反应装置具有诸多优点。装置在工业生产中成功投用,为含氮阻燃剂的干燥反应提供了可供选择的途径。

基于头皮脑电的游戏型脑机接口应用研究综述

游戏型脑机接口(game-BCI)是指将脑机接口与游戏结合,通过对脑电信号的识别,使用户完成对游戏的直接控制,不仅为健康人提供了新型的游戏交互方式,也为残障人士提供了新的康复治疗途径。相比于其它侵入性BCI,基于头皮脑电的BCI有无创、时间分辨率高、成本低、便携性好等优势,具有更加广泛的应用前景。该文对基于头皮脑电的游戏型脑-机接口技术进行了总结,将其按控制信号类型分为主动式、反应式、被动式以及混合范式,介绍不同类型游戏BCI的控制策略和应用场景,并对比分析了游戏BCI中不同类型脑电信号常采用的分类算法,最后讨论了该领域目前存在的问题和未来的发展方向。

Mechanism for thermite reactions of aluminum/iron-oxide nanocomposites based on residue analysis

Sol-gel method was employed to combine Al and iron-oxide to form nanocomposites （nano-Al/xero-Fe2O3 and micro-Al/xero-Fe2O3）. SEM, EDS and XRD analyses were used to characterize the nanocomposites and the results indicated that nano-Al and micro-Al were compactly wrapped by amorphous iron-oxide nanoparticles （about 20 nm）, respectively. The iron-oxide showed the mass ratio of Fe to O as similar as that in Fe2O3. Thermal analyses were performed on two nanocomposites, and four simple mixtures （nano-Al＋xero-Fe2O3, nano-Al＋micro-Fe2O3, micro-Al＋xero-Fe2O3, and micro-Al＋micro-Fe2O3） were also analyzed. There were not apparent distinctions in the reactions of thermites fueled by nano-Al. For thermites fueled by micro-Al, the DSC peak temperatures of micro-Al/Xero-Fe2O3 were advanced by 68.1 ℃ and 76.8 ℃ compared with micro-Al＋xero-Fe2O3 and micro-Al＋micro-Fe2O3, respectively. Four thermites, namely, nano-Al/xero-Fe2O3, nano-Al＋micro-Fe2O3, micro-Al/xero-Fe2O3, and micro-Al＋micro-Fe2O3, were heated from ambient temperature to 1020 ℃, during which the products at 660 ℃ and 1020 ℃ were collected and analyzed by XRD. Crystals of Fe, FeAl2O4, Fe3O4,α-Fe2O3, Al,γ-Fe2O3, Al2.667O4, FeO andα-Al2O3 were indexed in XRD patterns. For each thermite, according to the specific products, the possible equations were given. Based on the principle of the minimum free energy, the most reasonable equations were inferred from the possible reactions.

Promotional roles of ZrO_2 and WO_3 in V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2-ZrO_2 catalysts for NO_x reduction by NH_3:Catalytic performance,morphology,and reaction mechanism

V2O5/TiO2-ZrO2 catalysts containing various amounts of WO3 were synthesized.The catalyst morphologies,catalytic performances,and reaction mechanisms in the selective catalytic reduction of NOx by NH3 were investigated using in situ diffuse-reflectance infrared Fourier-transform spectroscopy,temperature-programmed reduction（TPR）,X-ray diffraction,and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller（BET） method.The BET surface area of the triple oxides increased with increasing ZrO2 doping but gradually decreased with increasing WO3 loading.Addition of sufficient WO3 helped to stabilize the pore structure and the combination of WO3 and ZrO2 improved dispersion of all the metal oxides.The mechanisms of reactions using V2O5-9%WO3/TiO2-ZrO2 and V2O5-9%WO3/TiO2were compared by using either a single or mixed gas feed and various pretreatments.The results suggest that both reactions followed the Eley-Ridel mechanism;however,the dominant acid sites,which depended on the addition of WO3 or ZrO2,determined the pathways for NOx reduction,and involved[NH4^＋-NO-Bronsted acid site]^＊ and[NH2-NO-Lewis acid site]^＊ intermediates,respectively.NH3-TPR and H2-TPR showed that the metal oxides in the catalysts were not reduced by NH3 and O2did not reoxidize the catalyst surfaces but participated in the formation of H2O and NO2.

Reaction mechanism of preparation of titanium by electro-deoxidation in molten salt

The electro-deoxidation of TiO2 was investigated in molten CaCl2.Back electromotive force measurements,constant voltage electrolytic experiments,contrast experiments of different cathodes,and cyclic voltammograms were carried out for solving the puzzle of reduction mechanism.The results showed that the reduction process proceeded step by step.TiO2 was first reduced to Ti3O5 or Ti2O3,and then further reduced to Ti3O,Ti2O,TiO and Ti.In addition,direct electrochemical reduction of titanium dioxide was the primary cathodic reaction;meanwhile,some calciothermic reduction reactions also happened at the cathode.Cyclic voltammograms of solid titanium dioxide and molybdenum wire in molten salts with different compositions were also studied.

Reaction mechanisms of low-grade molybdenum concentrate during calcification roasting process

The effects of Ca-based additives on roasting properties of low-grade molybdenum concentrate were studied. The resultsshow that calcium-based additives can react with molybdenum concentrate to form CaSO4 and CaMoO4. The initial oxidationtemperature of MoS2 is 450℃, while the formation of CaMoO4 and CaSO4 occurs above 500℃. The whole calcification reactionsare nearly completed between 600 and 650℃. However, raising the temperature further helps for the formation of CaMoO4 but isdisadvantageous to sulfur fixing rate and molybdenum retention rate. Calcification efficiency of Ca-based additives follows theorder： Ca（OH）2〉CaO〉CaCO3. With increasing the dosage of Ca（OH）2, the molybdenum retention rate and sulfur-fixing rate rise, butexcessive dosages would consume more acid during leaching process. The appropriate mass ratio of Ca（OH）2 to molybdenumconcentrate is 1：1. When roasted at 650 ℃ for 90 min, the molybdenum retention rate and the sulfur-fixing rate of low-grademolybdenum concentrate reach 100% and 92.92%, respectively, and the dissolution rate of molybdenum achieves 99.12% withcalcines being leached by sulphuric acid.