反社会排斥:失地农民和谐就业的社会政策选择

经济排斥、制度排斥、社会关系网络排斥等多方面的排斥是失地农民就业的主要障碍,社会排斥不仅会使失地农民权益受损和限制,同时也会损害社会公正,最终会危及到整个社会的利益。因此,反社会排斥在世界范围内都被看成是消除贫困、消除歧视和偏见以及清除种种障碍以获致稳定、安全而公正的社会的重要途径。制度上的安排要克服集体排他的倾向,给予失地农民平等参与社会竞争的机会,对失地农民就业进行社会政策支持,从而推动社会主义和谐社会的构建和新农村建设。

社区矫正中的社会排斥与反社会排斥

社区矫正对象在劳动力市场、社会网络、社会保障等各个领域遭受社会排斥,它们并非孤立地产生着影响,而是相互交织地发挥着作用,一个方面遭受排斥还会引起其它方面遭受排斥的连锁反应。从而导致矫正目标发生偏离、社会秩序受到威胁、社会公正遭受侵害、法治社会难以实现的不利后果,使社区矫正制度的理念无法障显、功效无法发挥。为了使社区矫正制度的功效得到更大的发挥,消除或减弱社会排斥带来的不利后果,我们必须从转变观念、情感支持、物质帮助、提高技能、机会平等、政策保障等几个方面进行反社会排斥,这些反社会排斥的措施既是必要的也是可行的,只有这种整体的观念才能使社区矫正制度不会孤军奋战。

反社会排斥的民办高校教师权益保障研究

民办高等教育在教育大众化阶段有了蓬勃的发展,随着办学规模的不断升级,很多民办高等教育也开始转向追求高质量、高水平的稳妥发展模式。在这种转变中留住高素质、高水准的优秀教师人才是非常关键的。但是由于民办高校教师长期以来被社会排斥所累,其权益保障问题重重,已经严重影响了民办高校的师资稳定性,形成了社会不公平和社会整合的问题。在考察民办高校教师权益保障现状,即现有权益保障不足的基础上,旨在反社会排斥的层面提出了注重建设制度保障、政府资源配置、监督体系的完善、维权组织的建立等保障路径。

大学生就业社会排斥问题研究

大学生就业社会排斥包括:以个体自然特征为由的排斥,以学历、院校为"门槛"的排斥,以实践经验欠缺为由的排斥,社会资本欠缺带来的排斥四个方面。反就业排斥必须明确相关主体责任,采取恰当措施:健全"反排斥"的国家法律支持体系,改革高校专业设置,健全高校实习制度,重视社会资本开发。

大学生就业社会排斥问题研究

大学生就业社会排斥包括以个体自然特征为由的排斥,以学历、院校为"门槛"的排斥,以实践经验欠缺为由的排斥,社会资本欠缺带来的排斥四个方面。反就业排斥必须明确相关主体责任,采取以下措施:健全"反排斥"的国家法律支持体系,改革高校专业设置,健全高校实习制度,重视社会资本开发,以创业带动就业。

社会排斥与农业从业人员女性化--以福建省东宅村为个案

通过考察福建省东宅村"惠安女"的就业演变方式及回归家庭过程,从一个侧面分析农村女性的社会排斥和自我排斥产生过程及其后果,研究了我国农业从业人员女性化对农村女性发展的影响。研究表明:社会保障制度不完善、劳动力市场歧视、传统文化观念的性别排斥、家庭内部性别分工模式等因素是导致农业从业人员女性化的成因。指出政府应该制定相应的反社会排斥政策,帮助农村女性消除社会排斥、融入主流社会,提高农村女性参与其他经济生活的能力并创造就业机会,以改变农村女性群体的不利处境,促进农村女性的发展。

“社会排斥”解释框架与城市居民收入的差异性分析

城市居民收入的差异性是指城市居民在收入方面所表现出来的差别或不平等程度。作为一个新的分析视角,"社会排斥"理论不再囿于贫困问题的表达视域,而是突破了传统的经济学方法对城市居民收入差异性的解释垄断,以其特有的概念架构和研究范式,揭示了掩盖在经济技术指标下面的不平等问题。在此基础上,基于反"社会排斥"的政策回应,政府处理城市居民收入差异性的行动方案应该嵌入"社会融合"的理念。

19世纪后期旧金山华人的反排华抗争——以保护华埠为例

自华人移居美国开始,当地白人排斥华人的活动不断发生。随着19世纪70年代美国西部排华氛围的高涨,旧金山华埠逐渐成为排华运动的主要目标。旧金山工人党分别于1876年、1877年发动了对华埠的破坏活动,旧金山政府及加州议会也分别出台了排斥华埠的法令法规。华人面对这些排斥活动进行了不懈的斗争。在会馆组织的领导下防御暴徒的破坏,使华埠避免被毁。在旧金山总领事黄遵宪鼓励下,华人积极抵抗排斥法令,运用法律武器抗争,并取得了胜利,维护了自身利益。在此过程中可以看出19世纪后期华人开始由原来的忍受排斥转变为积极抗争,并寻求清政府外交人员的帮助来保护华埠,心态发生了变化。同时华埠也反映了中美文化的碰撞与融合。

欧盟社会排斥理论研究动向

20世纪70年代,社会排斥理论作为贫困问题研究的重要范式之一开始兴起,逐步引起了学术界和政府相关部门的广泛关注。90年代以后,关于社会排斥的理论研究与反社会排斥的社会政策实践在欧洲表现出很强的对应性,欧盟主要成员国开始采取一系列反排斥社会政策来控制和化解社会排斥问题,尤其是劳动力市场的失业,以便促进社会融合、防止社会分裂和动荡。

支持失地农民的发展性政策选择

随着我国社会经济体制的转型,产生了规模不小的各类弱势群体,而失地农民在一定程度上成为新的弱势群体。文章试图从国际视角出发,通过详细的文献梳理,对西方反社会排斥实践尤其是补偿性教育进行经验总结,并在此基础上与国内已有做法进行细致的比较分析,研究发现:补偿教育是国外反社会排斥公共政策的研究热点。通过细致的文献梳理,发现西方不仅从生存方面对弱势群体进行了援助,而且用补偿教育的手段对弱势群体的发展能力进行了本质提升;反之,国内对失地农民的关注焦点主要集中在补偿与社会保障体系的建设上,一定程度上忽略了教育培训的运用。所以,文章建议国内应从社会责任观的培育,发展性公共政策体系的建立以及法律、金融措施保障三方面展开深化研究。这对提升弱势群体特别是失地农民的生存和发展能力从而走出"边缘化困境"有重要的现实和理论意义。

Adult-to-adult right lobe living donor liver transplantation:Comparison of endoscopic retrograde cholangiography with standard T2-weighted magnetic resonance cholangiography for evaluation of donor biliary anatomy

AIM: To compare the value of endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) and standard T2-weighted magnetic resonance cholangiography (MRC) in the evaluation process as adult-to-adult right lobe living donor liver transplantation (LDLTx) demands a successful outcome, and exact knowledge of the biliary tree is implicated to avoid biliary complications, postoperatively.METHODS: After starting the LDLTx program, 18 liver transplant candidates were selected for LDLTx by a stepwise evaluation process. ERC and standard T2-weighted MRC were performed to evaluate the biliary system of the donor liver. The anatomical findings of ERC and MRC mapping were compared using the Ohkubo classification. RESULTS: ERC allowed mapping of the whole biliary system in 15/15 (100%) cases, including 14/15 (93.3%) with biliary variants while routine MRC was only accurate in 2/13 (15.4%) cases. MRC was limited in depicting the biliary system proximal of the hepatic bifurcation. Postoperative biliary complications occurred in 2 donors and 8 recipients. Biliary complications were associated with Ohkubo type C, E or G in 6/8 recipients, and 2/3 recipients with biliary leak received a graft with multiple (≥2) bile ducts. CONCLUSION: Pretransplant ERC is safe and superior over standard MRC for detection of biliary variations that occur with a high frequency. However, precise knowledge of biliary variants did not reduce the incidence of postoperative biliary complications.

Correlation of CD95 and soluble CD95 expression with acute rejection status of liver transplantation

AIM: To analyze the expression levels of soluble form of CD95, CD95 ligand (sCD95 and SCD95L, respectively) in plasma and CD95 expression on CD3+cells in liver-transplanted recipients with acute rejection (AR). METHODS: Peripheral blood mohonuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from 30 clinically liver transplanted recipients. CD95 expression on CD3+ cells was quantitatively measured by two-color fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis. Lymphocyte surface phenotypes of CD4, CD8, CD16 and CD56 were determined by flow cytometry. Plasma levels of sCD95 and SCD95L were detected by Enzyme Linked-Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA). The results were compared with that from normal healthy volunteers (n=15 individuals). RESULTS: FACS analysis showed that CD95 expression on CD3+ T cells was significantly increased in liver transplanted recipients with AR compared to that in stable recipients without rejection and infection or healthy individuals who did not undergo transplantation (18 676.93±11 588.34/molecule, 6 848.20±1 712.96/molecule, 6 418.01±2 001.95/molecule, respectively, P<0.01). Whereas no significant difference was seen between liver-transplanted stable recipients and healthy individuals. Furthermore, no significant differences were detected between each group with CD4/CD8 ratio or the percentage of CD16+56+cells. Plasma levels of sCD95 were significantly higher in transplanted recipients with AR compared to that in stable recipients or healthy individuals (391.88±196.00, 201.37±30.30, 148.83±58.25 pg/mL, respectively, P<0.01). In contrast, the plasma levels of sCD95L in liver-transplanted recipients were not significantly different from that in healthy individuals. CONCLUSION: The present results indicate that the increased CD95 expression on CD3+cells and the increased levels of sCD95 in plasma may modify the immunological situation of the recipients after transplantation or represent the ongoing graft rejection.

Overview of immunosuppression in liver transplantation

Continued advances in surgical techniques and immunosuppressive therapy have allowed liver transplantation to become an extremely successful treatment option for patients with end-stage liver disease.Beginning with the revolutionary discovery of cyclosporine in the 1970s,immunosuppressive regimens have evolved greatly and current statistics confirm one-year graft survival rates in excess of 80%. Immunosuppressive regimens include calcineurin inhibitors,anti-metabolites,mTOR inhibitors,steroids and antibody-based therapies.These agents target different sites in the T cell activation cascade,usually by inhibiting T cell activation or via T cell depletion.They are used as induction therapy in the immediate periand post-operative period,as long-term maintenance medications to preserve graft function and as salvage therapy for acute rejection in liver transplant recipients. This review will focus on existing immunosuppressive agents for liver transplantation and consider newer medications on the horizon.

INTRATHYMIC INOCULATION OF LIVER SPECIFIC ANTIGEN ALLEVIATES LIVER TRANSPLANT REJECTION

Objective To study the effects of liver specific antigen(LSA)on liver allotransplantation rejection. Methods Orthotopic liver transplantation was performed in this study. GroupⅠ: syngeneic control(Wistar-to-Wistar); GroupⅡ: acute rejection(SD-to-Wistar). GroupIII: thymic inoculation of SD rat LSA day 7 before transplantation. The observation of general condition and survival time, rejection grades and the NF-кB activity of splenocytes were used to analyze severity of acute rejection and immune state of animals in different groups. Results The general condition of groupⅠwas fair post transplantation with no sign of rejection. All recipients of group Ⅱ died within days 9 to 13 post transplantation with median survival time of 10.7 ±1.37 days. As for group III, 5 out of 6 recipients survived for a long period with remarkably better ge-neral condition than that of group Ⅱ. Its rejection grades were significantly lower than groupⅡ(P < 0.05).NF-кB activity was only detected in groupⅠbetween days 5 and 7 after transplantation, whereas highactivity of NF-кB was detected at all points in group Ⅱ and low NF-кB activity was detected in group III which was significantly lower than that of group Ⅱ(P < 0.05). Conclusions LSA is an important transplantation antigen directly involved in the immunorejection of liver transplantation. Intrathymic inoculation of LSA can alleviate the rejection of liver allotransplantation,grafts survive for a period of time thereby, allowing a novel way to liver transplantation immunotolerance.

Effect of operation-synchronizing transfusion of apoptotic spleen cells from donor rats on acute rejection of recipient rats after liver transplantation

AIM: To study effect of operation-synchronizing transfusion of apoptotic spleen cells from donor rats on acute rejection of recipient rats after liver transplantation. METHODS: Two of Wistar rats were chosen randomly for normal liver pathology control and ten of SD rats chosen randomly for liver function control as blank group (no operation). The rest of Wistar and SD rats were divided into four groups: control group (only liver transplantation), Dex group (donors receiving intraperitoneal injection of dexamethasone), SpC group (recipients receiving infusion of spleen cells of donors), Dex-SpC group (recipients receiving infusion of apoptotic spleen cells of donors), with each group except blank group, containing 10 SD rats and 10 Wistar rats, respectively. Wistar rats received liver transplantation from SD rats, in the meantime they received infusion of spleen cells of donors, which were induced by an intraperitoneal injection of dexamethasone (3 mg/(d.kg)·b.w) for three days before liver transplantation. The serum alanine transaminase (ALT), total bilirubin (T bili), liver pathological changes and survival time were analysed. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS 10.0 for Windows. Differences of the parametric data of ALT in means were examined by one-way ANOVA. Differences of ALT between two groups were examined by LSD. Differences of the nonparametric data of T bili in means and scores of pathology classification for acute rejection were examined by Kruskal-Willis H test. The correlations between ALT and T bili were analysed by Bivariate. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to demonstrate survival distribution. The log-rank test was used to compare the survival data. RESULTS: There were significant differences in ALT of the five groups (F= 23.164 P= 0.000), and ALT in Dex-SpC group was significantly higher than that in blank control, control, Dex, and SpC groups (P = 0.000), and ALT in SpC group was significantly higher than that in blank control (P= 0.000), control (P= 0.004), and Dex groups (P= 0.02). Results of nonparametric analysis of T bill showed that there were differences in T bill of the five groups (X2= 33.265 P= 0.000). T bili in Dex-SpC group was significantly higher than that in blank control, control, Dex, and SpC groups. T bili in SpC group was higher than that in blank control, control, and Dex groups. There were significant differences in scores of pathology classification for acute rejection in each of the groups (X2= 25.933, P= 0.000). The pathologically more serious acute rejection was found in Dex-SPC group than in other groups. No sign of acute rejection was observed in the blank control group. Slight acute rejection was observed in the control group. Slight-moderate acute rejection was observed in the Dex group. Moderate-acute rejection was observed in the SpC group. Severe-acute rejection was observed in the Dex-SpC group. The survival time in Dex-SpC group was shorter than in other groups (statistic = 11.13, P= 0.011). ALT and T bili were positively correlated (r= 0.747, P= 0.000, two-tailed). CONCLUSION: In order to reduce quantity of blood loss from rats after liver transplantation, only one of ALT or T bili is needed for liver function measurement of rats. Simultaneous injection of apoptotic spleen cells from donors induced by dexamethasone to liver transplantation rats aggravates acute rejection. One important mechanism of aggravation of acute rejection may be that apoptotic cells are not removed in time and that dead cells including apoptotic cells release inflammatory factors.

Dual protective role of HO-1 in transplanted liver grafts:A review of experimental and clinical studies

Liver transplantation is considered as the most effective treatment for end-stage liver disease.However,serious complications still exist,particularly in two aspects:ischemia and subsequent reperfusion of the liver,causing postoperative hepatic dysfunction and even failure;and acute and chronic graft rejections,affecting the allograft survival.Heme oxygenase(HO),a stressresponse protein,is believed to exert a protective function on both the development of ischemia-reperfusion injury(IRI) and graft rejection.In this review of current researches on allograft protection,we focused on the HO-1.We conjecture that HO-1 may link these two main factors affecting the prognosis of liver transplantations.In this review,the following aspects were emphasized:the basic biological functions of HO-1,itsroles in IRI and allograft rejection,as well as methods to induce HO-1 and the prospects of a therapeutic application of HO-1 in liver transplantation.

EXPRESSION OF ICAM-1 AND LFA-1 MOLECULES IN RELATION TO RENAL ALLOGRAFT REJECTION IN RATS

Objective.The purpose of this study was to assess the renal graft expression of ICAM 1(intercellular adhesion molecule 1) and LFA 1(lymphocyte function associated antigen 1)molecule with relation to graft rejection. Methods.Rat kidney transplantation was performed according to the procedure of Kamada with some modification.Experimental rats were divided into 5 groups.The survival time of recipient rats and function of grafts after renal transplantation were observed.The sections of renal graft were stained for monoclonal antibody ICAM 1 and LFA 1, and then quantification of ICAM 1 and LFA 1 expression was accomplished by computer image analysis. Results.ICAM 1 and LFA 1 increased significantly in the renal allograft rejection group as compared with the non rejection groups(P<0 05). Conclusion.Both biopsy of renal graft and monitoring of ICAM 1 and LFA 1 are useful tools in diagnosing and treating acute rejection.

Diagnosis and treatment of acute rejection in the first case of human living-related small bowel transplantation with a long-term survival in China

AIM： To report the comprehensive diagnosis and treatment of acute rejection in the first case of living-related small bowel transplantation with a long-term survival in China. METHODS： A 18-year-old boy with short gut syndrome underwent living-related small bowel transplantation, with the graft taken from his father （44-year old）. A segment of 150-cm distal small bowel was resected from the donor. The ileo-colic artery and vein from the donor were anastomosed to the infrarenal aorta and vena cava of the recipient respectively. The intestinal continuity was restored with an end-to-end anastomosis between the recipient jejunum and donor ileum, and the distal end was fistulized. FK506, MMF and prednisone were initially used for post-transplant immunosuppression. Endoscopic observation and mucosal biopsies of the graft were carried out through the terminal ileum enterostomy; serum was collected to detect the levels of IL-2R, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-8. The change of the graft secretion and absorption was observed. RESULTS： Acute rejection was diagnosed promptly and cured. The patient was in good health, 5 years after living- related small bowel transplantation. CONCLUSION： The correct diagnosis and treatment of acute rejection are the key to the long-term survival after living-related small bowel transplantation.

CD28/B7-MEDIATED COSTIMULATION IS REQUIRED FOR PARATHYROID GLAND ALLOGRAFT REJECTION IN RATS

The activation of T cells to differentiate and to proliferate is an essential step in the immune response to antigen, especially in cell mediated acute allograft rejection. Besides the interaction of CD3/TCR complex with Ag/MHC complex presented on antigen presenting cells, a complete T cell activation and proliferation requires a second costimulatory signal. The interaction of CD28/CTLA 4 and B7 is a major costimulatory pathway for T Cell activation. Inhibition of this pathway results in development of antigen specific unresponsiveness and clonal anergy.In present study,the biologic function of anti CD28 monoclonal antibody and its Fab fragment were investigated in vitro and in vivo.The results indicate that mAbCD28 and its Fab fragments could promote the functional recovery of allografts and prolong the graft survival,but could not reverse the acute rejection or induce transplantation tolerance in the rat PTG allograft model. We also found that peripheral TNF α level and NK cell activity were suppressed in the presence of mAbCD28 and its Fab fragments for a relatively long time after PTG transplantation.

Low immunogenicity of endothelial derivatives from rat embryonic stem cell-like cells

Embryonic stem cells （ESC） are suggested to be immune-privileged, but they carry the risk of uncontrolled expansion and malignancy. Upon differentiation they lose their tumor-forming capacity, but they become immunogenic by the expression of a normal set of MHC molecules. This immunogenicity might trigger rejection after application in regenerative therapies. In this study MHC expression of and immune responses to endothelial derivatives of rat embryonic stem cell-like cells （RESC） under inflammatory conditions were determined in comparison to primary rat aortic endothelial cells （ECs）. Cellular as well as humoral allo-recognition was analyzed in vitro. In addition, im- mune reactions in vivo were assessed by allo-antibody production and determination of interferon-y （IFNy）-secreting alio-reactive T cells. RESC derivatives expressed low but significant levels of MHC class I, and no MHC class II. In response to IFNy MHC class I expression was enhanced, while class II transactivator induction failed completely in these cells; MHC class II expression remained consistently absent. Functionally, the RESC derivatives showed a reduced allo-stimulatory capacity, protection against humoral allo-recognition in vitro and a slightly diminished sus- ceptibility to cytotoxic T cell lysis. Furthermore, in vivo experiments demonstrated that these ceils do not trigger host immune reactions, characterized by no allo-antibody production and no induction of allo-reactive memory T cells. Our results show that endothelial derivatives of RESC have a distinctive reduced immunogenic potency even under inflammatory conditions.