弹性波叠前有限元反时偏移

基于反时外推的概念,我们利用有限元方法发展了弹性波叠前反时偏移算法,并在去年用这种方法对有偏移距的合成地表记录进行偏移。在本文中,我们用此方法对合成地表数据和合成VSP数据同时进行偏移。使用地表数据兼VSP数据偏移结果得到改善,偏移成像被准确地收敛于反射点的真实深度。偏移深度剖面上的另一改善是通过引入“调整场”显示技术而达到的,它将偏移剖面的垂直和水平分量结合起来。以往偏移剖面上使得每单一位移分量的偏移成像变得模糊不清的噪音现在在“调整场”偏移深度剖面上被很好地消去。随即,偏移成像更加清楚地勾划出反射点。为展示利用地表数据兼VSP记录和引入“调整场”显示技术所得的改善。这里给出二个合成实例:一个是弹性半空间上二个弹性层;另一个是弹性半空间上倾斜与水平的组合层。

最小二乘逆时偏移成像方法的实现与应用研究

复杂岩性油气藏勘探开发需要高保真的地震成像资料。与常规偏移方法相比,最小二乘逆时偏移(LSRTM)成像基于反演理论,可为岩性储层估计提供更加保真的高分辨率反射系数成像剖面,成为当前成像方法的研究热点和发展趋势。通过对误差泛函建立、逆时反偏移数据重构算法、Hessian逆预条件梯度计算及基于高斯-牛顿法的反演迭代更新方法等关键技术研究,实现了迭代最小二乘逆时偏移成像。为了使该偏移成像方法能够应用于实际资料,研究了针对性的数据预处理技术和最小平方匹配滤波模拟数据校正处理技术,探索建立了面向实际资料的最小二乘逆时偏移实现流程。某探区实际二维地震资料的最小二乘逆时偏移成像结果表明,相比传统的逆时偏移成像技术,最小二乘逆时偏移在成像分辨率和保幅性方面具有一定的优势。

基于偏移反过程的一次反射波模拟

针对当前描述线性化反射波传播的数学物理方程不明确的问题,提出基于地下介质反射率函数的一次反射波方程.该线性化模拟方法是在Born近似下,以地震波传播的散射理论为基础,利用高频近似理论对地下速度扰动的空间变化进行近似,定义反射率函数,再由散射波传播方程推导得到线性化一次反射波传播方程.反射波场的形成与逆时偏移有相反的数学物理过程,是由空间域的成像结果获得数据域的地震记录,故该线性化模拟方法也可称为逆时反偏移(RTDM).数值试验结果表明,一次反射波模拟方法获得的地震数据具有较高的精度和稳定性,能够得到振幅和相位信息准确的反射波场.

Conjugate gradient and cross-correlation based least-square reverse time migration and its application

Although conventional reverse time migration can be perfectly applied to structural imaging it lacks the capability of enabling detailed delineation of a lithological reservoir due to irregular illumination. To obtain reliable reflectivity of the subsurface it is necessary to solve the imaging problem using inversion. The least-square reverse time migration （LSRTM） （also known as linearized refleetivity inversion） aims to obtain relatively high-resolution amplitude preserving imaging by including the inverse of the Hessian matrix. In practice, the conjugate gradient algorithm is proven to be an efficient iterative method for enabling use of LSRTM. The velocity gradient can be derived from a cross-correlation between observed data and simulated data, making LSRTM independent of wavelet signature and thus more robust in practice. Tests on synthetic and marine data show that LSRTM has good potential for use in reservoir description and four-dimensional （4D） seismic images compared to traditional RTM and Fourier finite difference （FFD） migration. This paper investigates the first order approximation of LSRTM, which is also known as the linear Born approximation. However, for more complex geological structures a higher order approximation should be considered to improve imaging quality.

Optimized nonhyperbolic moveout correction equation of long-offset seismic data for TI media with an arbitrary spatial orientation

The conventional long-offset nonhyperbolic moveout equation is derived for the transverse isotropic media with a vertical symmetric axis（VTI）.It cannot be extended to the transverse isotropic media with an arbitrary spatial orientation of symmetry axis（ATI）.In this paper,we optimize a modified long-offset nonhyperbolic moveout equation for ATI media based on the conventional nonhyperbolic moveout equation and the exact analytical solution of the quartic moveout coefficient（A_4） and NMO velocity for ATI media that were derived in our previous work.Compared with the exact traveltimes of the ray-tracing algorithm for anisotropic media,this optimized equation can be used to calculate the traveltime varying with survey line azimuth in arbitrary strong or weak ATI media.It can replace the time-consuming, multi-offset,and multi-azimuth ray tracing method for forward modeling of long-offset reflection traveltimes in ATI media,which is useful to further anisotropic parameter inversion using long-offset nonhyperbolic moveout.

Optimizing the wavefield storage strategy in reflection-acoustic logging reverse-time migration

In this paper,wavefield storage optimization strategies are discussed with respect to reverse-time migration(RTM)imaging in reflection-acoustic logging,considering the problem of massive wavefield data storage in RTM itself.In doing so,two optimization methods are proposed and implemented to avoid wavefield storage.Firstly,the RTM based on the excitation-amplitude imaging condition uses the excitation time to judge the imaging time,and accordingly,we only need to store a small part of wavefield,such as the wavefield data of dozens of time points,the instances prove that they can even be imaged by only two time points.The traditional RTM usually needs to store the wavefield data of thousands of time points,compared with which the data storage can be reduced by tens or even thousands of times.Secondly,the RTM based on the random boundary uses the idea that the wavefield scatters rather than reflects in a random medium to reconstruct the wavefield source and thereby directly avoid storing the forward wavefield data.Numerical examples show that compared with other migration algorithms and the traditional RTM,both methods can effectively reduce wavefield data storage as well as improve data-processing efficiency while ensuring imaging accuracy,thereby providing the means for high-efficiency and highprecision imaging of fractures and caves by boreholes.

Tunnel seismic tomography method for geological prediction and its application

Typical existing methods of tunnel geological prediction include negative apparent velocity, horizontal seismic profile, and the Tunnel Seismic Prediction （TSP） method as this technology is under development at home and abroad. Considering simpler observational methods and data processing, it is hard to accurately determine the seismic velocity of the wall rock in the front of the tunnel face. Therefore, applying these defective methods may result in inaccurate geological inferences which will not provide sufficient evidence for classifying the wall rock characteristics. This paper proposes the Tunnel Seismic Tomography （TST） method using a spatial observation arrangement and migration and travel time inversion image processing to solve the problem of analyzing the velocity structure of wall rock in the front of the tunnel face and realize accurate imaging of the geological framework of the tunnel wall rock. This method is very appropriate for geological prediction under complex geological conditions.

Least-squares reverse-time migration for reflectivity imaging

A least-squares reverse-time migration scheme is presented for reflectivity imaging. Based on an accurate reflection modeling formula, this scheme produces amplitude-preserved stacked reflectivity images with zero phase. Spatial preconditioning, weighting and the Barzilai-Borwein method are applied to speed up the convergence of the least-squares inversion. In addition, this scheme compensates the effect of ghost waves to broaden the bandwidth of the reflectivity images. Furthermore, roughness penalty constraint is used to regularize the inversion, which in turn stabilizes inversion and removes high-wavenumber artifacts and mitigates spatial aliasing. The examples of synthetic and field datasets demonstrate the scheme can generate zerophase reflectivity images with broader bandwidth, higher resolution, fewer artifacts and more reliable amplitudes than conventional reverse-time migration.

Migration of multiples from the South China Sea

The South China Sea where water depth is up to 5000 m is the most promising oil and gas exploration area in China in the future.The seismic data acquired in the South China Sea contain various types of multiples that need to be removed before imaging can be developed.However,compared with the conventional reflection migration,multiples carry more information of the underground structure that helps provide better subsurface imaging.This paper presents a method to modify the conventional reverse time migration so that multiple reflections can migrate to their correct locations in the subsurface.This approach replaces the numerical impulsive source with the recorded data including primaries and multiples on the surface,and replaces the recorded primary reflection data with multiples.In the reverse time migration process,multiples recorded on the surface are extrapolated backward in time to each depth level,while primaries and multiples recorded on the surface are extrapolated forward in time to the same depth levels.By matching the difference between the primary and multiple images using an objective function,this algorithm improves the primary resultant image.Synthetic tests on Sigsbee2 B show that the proposed method can obtain a greater range and better underground illumination.Images of deep water in the South China Sea are obtained using multiples and their matching with primaries.They demonstrate that multiples can make up for the reflection illumination and the migration of multiples is an important research direction in the future.