“反其真”:《庄子·秋水》篇主旨新论

目前,学界乃至中学、大学语文在选编《秋水》篇时都认为,该篇的主旨是阐述认知与价值判断的相对性等等。若从篇章结构、语境、内容及其哲学思想等总体把握该篇,其所探讨的人对万事万物价值判断的相对性等不是该篇主旨,恰是得出"无以人灭天,无以故灭命,无以得殉名,谨守而勿失"总论的重要缘由和依据,而"三无一守"又是构成其后"反其真"命题的前提和条件,故"三无一守"所指向的"反其真"命题应是《秋水》主旨的落脚点,展示的是一条层层推进的为何、又如何"反其真"的逻辑线索。该篇在结构的安排和布局上与《逍遥游》有异曲同工之妙,凸显了《庄子》以其独特的文学艺术风格阐发丰富的哲学智慧这一特色。

倡真反伪 弃虚返实——《儒林外史》主题新探

关于《儒林外史》的主题,至今众说纷纭。解决这个问题的核心是从这部讽刺小说中找出作者的价值判断。书中所讽刺的各种人物,归于一点,在于学问或人格的“伪妄”。而小说的价值判断标准,即为“真儒”的人格学问之“真”和他们“礼乐兵农”的济世方案之“实”。所以,人才观念上的倡真反伪和社会主张上的弃虚返实,即为小说的基本主题。

“反其真”与“回归自然”——庄子与卢梭的浪漫主义自然观

庄子和卢梭是两位中西浪漫主义大师,他们的浪漫主义自然观都是以人的异化为主,要求恢复人的自然本性,但二者之间又有各自的不同。庄子以"道"为核心,要求返回到自然的本真状态;而卢梭则提出"回归自然"的口号,但他认为文明的缺陷是要靠更高的文明来克服的。

Ablation behaviour and mechanical performance of ZrB_(2)-ZrC-SiC modified carbon/carbon composites prepared by vacuum infiltration combined with reactive melt infiltration

The development of advanced aircraft relies on high performance thermal-structural materials,and carbon/carbon com-posites(C/C)composited with ultrahigh-temperature ceramics are ideal candidates.However,the traditional routes of compositing are either inefficient and expensive or lead to a non-uniform distribution of ceramics in the matrix.Compared with the traditional C/C-ZrC-SiC composites prepared by the reactive melt infiltration of ZrSi_(2),C/C-ZrB_(2)-ZrC-SiC composites prepared by the vacuum infiltration of ZrB_(2) combined with reactive melt infiltration have the higher content and more uniform distribution of the introduced ceramic phases.The mass and linear ablation rates of the C/C-ZrB_(2)-ZrC-SiC composites were respectively 68.9%and 29.7%lower than those of C/C-ZrC-SiC composites prepared by reactive melt infiltration.The ablation performance was improved because the volatilization of B_(2)O_(3),removes some of the heat,and the more uniformly distributed ZrO_(2),that helps produce a ZrO2-SiO2 continu-ous protective layer,hinders oxygen infiltration and decreases ablation.

A Fast Federated Learning-based Crypto-aggregation Scheme and Its Simulation Analysis

To solve the problem of increased computation and communication costs caused by using homomorphic encryption(HE) to protect all gradients in traditional cryptographic aggregation(cryptoaggregation) schemes,a fast crypto-aggregation scheme called RandomCrypt was proposed.RandomCrypt performed clipping and quantization to fix the range of gradient values and then added two types of noise on the gradient for encryption and differential privacy(DP) protection.It conducted HE on noise keys to revise the precision loss caused by DP protection.RandomCrypt was implemented based on a FATE framework,and a hacking simulation experiment was conducted.The results show that the proposed scheme can effectively hinder inference attacks while ensuring training accuracy.It only requires 45%~51% communication cost and 5%~23% computation cost compared with traditional schemes.

《庄子·秋水》中的天人之思

天人思想是庄子及庄子学派思想体系中的理论基石,天人之思贯穿在《庄子》全书当中。在《庄子》内篇天人思想的基础上,《秋水》篇继承和发展了内篇中的天人思想。从天的角度,《秋水》的作者提出了“无以人灭天”的思想理路;从人的角度,作者提出了“达理明权”的行动指南;此后作者统合二者,凝练出“返其真”之思想境界。《秋水》中的天人思想导源于《庄子》内篇,但又表现出一定的求变意识和创新工夫,从而与内篇有了不同的特质。《秋水》篇中的天人思想可以视为从《庄子》内篇到《渔父》等篇之间的一种过渡,在庄子及其后学的天人思想体系中独树一帜,值得深入研究。

Optimization of ISSR-PCR Reaction System and Preliminary Construction of ISSR Fingerprinting of Some Species in Bryaceae

[Objective] The aim was to provide molecular basis for the identification of species in the moss family Bryaceae by the construction of inter-simple sequence repeats （ISSR） fingerprinting. [Method] In order to seek standardizing PCR reaction set-up, an orthogonal design was used to optimize ISSR-PCR amplification system of Bryaceae in five factors （Mg2＋, dNTPs, primer, DNA template, Taq DNA polymerase） at four levels respectively. [Result] A suitable ISSR reaction system was obtained, namely： 20 μl reaction system containing 5 ng of DNA template, 0.2 μmol/L primer, 2.25 mmol/L MgCl2, 0.6 U of Taq DNA polymerase, 0.4 mmol/L dNTPs. Proper annealing temperature was found at 48-50 ℃.The above system and six ISSR-PCR primers were used for the PCR amplification of 14 samples from Bryaceae and the related species in Mniaceae. A total of 86 bands were amplified, all showed polymorphism. NJ cluster analysis showed a star-shaped cladogram. [Conclusion] The results manifested that ISSR fingerprinting could provide the appropriate degree of polymorphism at low taxonomic level, so it would be a useful tool to provide additional evidence for resolving taxonomic relationships at the species level of Bryaceae.

Construction and Characterization of an Antisense RNA Eukaryotic Expression Vector for Survivin

Objective: To inhibit specifically survivin expression and block its function in leukemia cells, an antisense RNA expression plasmid for survivin was constructed and transfected into a leukemia cell line.Methods: A cDNA fragment of survivin obtained by RT-PCR was inserted into a plasmid vector named pcDNA3 in the reverse direction. Antisense RNA of survivin was confirmed by restriction enzyme digestion and DNA sequencing. The recombinant plasmid was transfected into the cell line HL-60 by electroporation. The effect of survivin antisense RNA on survivin mRNA expression in transfected cells was examined by RT-PCR.Results: The correct construction of the recombinant plasmid has been shown by restriction enzyme digestion and DNA sequencing. As compared to controls, the level of survivin mRNA expression in transfected cells decreased significantly.Conclusion: An antisense RNA vector for survivin has been successfully constructed and may be useful as a specific inhibitor in leukemia cells. Thus, antisense therapy on the basis of survivin can be further explored in leukemia. Key words leukemia - survivin - antisense RNA This project was supported by a grant from National Key Basis Research Program of China (No. CB 513109) and the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (No. 39970693).

RESEARCH ON NONLINEAR DISTORTION IN AMPLIFIERS

Transistors are nonlinear devices, which can produce nonlinear distortion in amplifier while amplifying signals. For weak nonlinear distortion, the expressions of total harmonic distortion (THD), the second order intermodulation distortion(IM2 ), the third order intermodulation distortion(IM 3) and intercept point(IP 3) are deduced. With the aid of software Multisim, we simulate transistor common emitter amplifier, transistor common emitter amplifier with resistor in emitter, differential amplifier and differential amplifier with resistor between emitters. The simulational results and theoretical analyses are almost the same.

Maximizing the probability an aerial anti-submarine torpedo detects its target

As a result of the high speed of anti-submarine patrol aircraft as well as their wide range, high efficiency and other characteristics, aerial torpedoes released by anti-submarine patrol aircraft have become the key anti submarine tool. In order to improve operational efficiency, a deep study was made of the target detection probabilities for aerial torpedoes released by anti-submarine patrol aircraft. The operational modes of aerial torpedoes were analyzed and mathematical-simulation models were then established. The detection probabilities of three attacking modes were then calculated. Measures were developed for improving low probabilities of detection when attacking a probable target position. This study provides an important frame of reference for the operation of aerial torpedo released by anti-submarine patrol aircraft.

A novel intra refresh scheme for wireless video transmission

The burst error of wireless channels and the two-state Markov wireless model are analyzed. Based on this model and the coding modes of the video encoder,the channel distortion of inter-coding and intra-coding due to burst error is deduced. Then we propose a novel intra refresh scheme in rate-distortion (R-D) framework. This scheme optimizes the error resilience and coding efficiency of wireless video transmission system. It can also stop error propagation and reduce channel distortion effectively. Simulations under different channel conditions verify the improvements of the proposed scheme with respect to error resilience for wireless video communication.

A robot simulation system with virtual force display and feedback based on master manipulator

This paper describes a virtual environment, which can present dynamic force transformation during the control of objects. A 5-DOF haptic interface with the capability to generate kinesthetic effect is combined. In this system, the operator manipulates an object in a virtual environment by using the 5-DOF master arm. When contacting with the virtual object, the contact force can be calculated and shown in the graphic interface. The contact response and deformation of the virtual object, which are usually called haptic rendering, also can be performed. The study supplies an approach to improve the operator’s immersion and can be used in many tele-robot control fields.

The anti-correlation method for removing harmonic distortion in vibroseis slip-sweep data

The slip-sweep technique is one of the high-efficiency, high-fidelity, and environmental vibroseis seismic prospecting techniques which consists of a vibrator group sweeping without waiting for the previous group＇s sweep to terminate. The cycle time can be reduced drastically and hence the production efficiency can be increased significantly but harmonic distortion of one sweep will leak into the record of the other sweep. In this paper, we propose an anti-correlation method for removing harmonic distortion in vibroseis data. This method is based on decomposition of the ground force signal into fundamental and harmonic components. Then the corresponding anti-correlation operator can be computed to estimate the energy of each harmonic after correlating the vibroseis data with the corresponding harmonic component. Finally, the vibroseis harmonic noise to be removed can be obtained by subtracting the extracted harmonic noise from the traces of the previous group＇s sweep. The advantage of the proposed method is that it can process both uncorrelated and correlated vibroseis seismic data. Moreover, the algorithm is simple, stable, and computationally fast. Especially, the significant contribution of this method is a considerable reduction in the harmonic without any alteration of the desired signals. The method was tested on both synthetic and field data sets to validate the good harmonic noise suppression results.

Thermodynamic analysis and dynamics simulation on reaction of Al_2O and AlCl_2 with carbon under vacuum

The feasibility study of the AlCl(g) generated by Al_2O-AlCl_2-C system under vacuum was carried out by thermodynamic analysis and CASTEP package of the Material Studio program which was based on density functional theory(DFT) formalism. Thermodynamic calculations indicate that Al Cl and CO molecules can be formed under conditions of temperature 1760 K and the pressure of 60 Pa. The interaction of Al_2O and AlCl_2 with C shows that the chemical adsorption of Al_2O and AlCl_2 does take place on C(001) crystal plane, and at the same time, new chemical bond is formed between Al atom in Al_2O and Cl atoms from one of the Al—Cl bonds in AlCl_2. The results, after 1.25 ps dynamics simulation, indicate that adsorbed Al Cl molecules are generated and CO molecule will be formed in this system, and they will escape from C(001) surface after a longer period of dynamic simulation time. It means that the reaction of Al_2O and AlCl_2 with C can be carried out under given constraint condition.

Large Enhancement of Probe Amplification with Population Inversion in a Four-Level Atomic System with Vacuum-Induced Coherence

In this paper, we discuss and analyze theoretically probeabsorption-amplification response in a four-level coherent atomic system with vacuum-inducedcoherence via changing the sign of the parameter f, with f denoting the ratio of a pair of dipolemoments associated with a doublet of closely upper hypernne sublevels. We find that the amplitude ofthe probe amplification for the case f = -1 can be about one order of magnitude larger than thatachievable for the case f = 1. In addition, with respect to the case f = -1 the probe amplificationcan be maintained all the time with weak incoherent pumping for a wide range of the probe detuning.

A novel process integrating vacuum distillation with atmospheric chlorination reaction for flexible production of tetrachloroethane and pentachloroethane

In this paper, we developed a novel process integrating vacuum distillation with atmospheric chlorination reaction(VD-ACR) to realize the flexible production of tetrachloroethane(TeCA) and pentachloroethane(PCA)from 1,2-dichloroethane(DCA). During the simulation, the distillation column and reactors were operated for separation and chlorination respectively under variable pressures and temperatures. It is interesting to note that VD-ACR processes producing pure TeCA or PCA can exhibit the similar configuration parameters after optimization, which enables the flexible production of TeCA and PCA with different molar ratios via changing operating parameters. The molar ratio of TeC A/PCA can be fine-tuned within the range of 0.9:0.1-0.1:0.9 through adjusting the amount of chlorine pumped into side reactors, giving rise to the increase of the heat duty of reboiler by five times. A pilot-scale experiment was then operated based-upon this VD-ACR process and the result matched well with the simulation. Therefore, the VD-ACR model presented in this study will be beneficial for the industrial-scale flexible production of TeCA and PCA from DCA.

Simulation Study of Shock Reaction on Porous Material

Direct modeling of porous materials under shock is a complex issue. We investigate such a system via the newly developed material-point method. The effects of shock strength and porosity size are the main concerns. For the same porosity, the effects of mean-void-size are checked. It is found that local turbulence mixing and volume dissipation are two important mechanisms for transformation of kinetic energy to heat. When the porosity is very small, the shocked portion may arrive at a dynamical steady state; the voids in the downstream portion reflect back rarefactive waves and result in slight oscillations of mean density and pressure; for the same value of porosity, a larger mean-void-size makes a higher mean temperature. When the porosity becomes large, hydrodynamic quantities vary with time during the whole shock-loading procedure： after the initial stage, the mean density and pressure decrease, but the temperature increases with a higher rate. The distributions of local density, pressure, temperature and particle-velocity are generally non-Gaussian and vary with time. The changing rates depend on the porosity value, mean-void-size and shock strength. The stronger the loaded shock, the stronger the porosity effects. This work provides a supplement to experiments for the very quick procedures and reveals more fundamental mechanisms in energy and momentum transportation.

Simulation of a Reverse Flow Reactor for the Catalytic Combustion of Lean Methane Emissions

This work is focused on the performance prediction of pilot scale catalytic reverse flow reactors used for combustion of lean methane-air mixtures. An unsteady one-dimensional heterogeneous model for the reactor was established to account for the influence of the reactor wall on the heat transfer. Results of the simulation indicate that feed concentration, switch time and compensatory temperature impose important influence on the performance of the reactor. The amount of the heat extracted from the mid-section of the reactor can be optimized via adjusting the parameters mentioned above. At the optimal operating conditions, Le. switching time of 400 s, feed concentration of 1% （by volume）, and insulation layer temperature of 343 K, the axial temperature of the reactor revealed a comparatively symmetrical ＂saddle＂ distribution, indicating a favorable operating status of the catalytic reverse flow reactor.

Carbothermic reduction of alumina with carbon in vacuum

Carbothermic reduction alumina in vacuum was conducted, and the products were analysed by means of XRD and gas chromatography. Thermodynamic analysis shows that in vacuum the initial carbothermic reduction reaction temperature reduces compared with that under normal pressure, and the preferential order of products is Al404C, Al4C3, Al2OC, Al20 and A1. Experiment results show that the carbothermic reduction products of alumina are A1404C and A14C3, and neither A12OC, Al20 or Al was found. During the carbothermic reduction process, the reaction rate of Al203 and carbon decreases gradually with increasing time. Meanwhile, lower system pressure or higher temperature is beneficial to the carbothermic reduction of alumina process. A1404C is firstly formed in the carbothermic reaction, and then A14C3 is formed in lower system pressure or at higher temperature.

EFFECTS OF SDS,PBS SOLUTIONS UPON FLUORESCENCE VALUES OF DERMATOPHAGOIDES PTERRONYSSINUS RADIOALLERGOSORBENT TEST INHIBITION

Objective To explore the effects of SDS, PBS re-dissolvent solutions on fluorescence values of radioallergosorbent test (RAST) inhibition. Methods Dermatophagoides pterronyssinus allergen immunoCAP and UniCAP 100 System were used. The Sera Pool consisted of 20 Dermatophagoides pterronyssinus allergic patients sera, their specific IgE fluorescence values were between 12 505 and 24 776. Results Fluorescence value percentages decreased: 62.9%, 54.1%, 43.5%, 6.7%, 3.7%, 2.6%, 2.2%, and 1.4% respectively, when SDS concentrations were at 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.25%, 0.1%, 0.05%, 0.025%, and 0.01%. Fluorescence values decreased more than 5% with SDS concentrations equal to 0.25% or higher. PBS in 0.1 and 0.01 mol/L concentrations decreased fluorescence values 2.9% and 0.9% respectively. Conclusions SDS is a commonly used surfactants in allergen extract and re-dissolvent prepared allergen precipitation for RAST inhibition. Thus effects of surfactants (e.g. SDS) upon the RAST inhibition tests must be considered when they were used as re-dissolvent agents to improve protein resolution in RAST inhibition.