汉语史上“程度副词+VP+QP”构式的分化、类化与反类化

汉语史上有程度副词后接动作动词和不定量数量短语的构式(“程度副词+VP+QP”),近代汉语早期“略、稍、颇”进入这一构式中表示低量,由于清代“颇”低量义消失,高量义凸显产生词汇压制,使得构式义分化,“颇+VP+QP”的高量义也凸显,进而类化出“很+VP+QP”构式。现代汉语“很+VP+QP”的某些特征又对“颇+VP+QP”产生反类化。汉语史的不同阶段“程度副词+VP+QP”分化为表示低量的“略/稍/颇+VP+QP”和表示较高量的“很+VP+QP”“颇+VP+QP”。

反式β-芳基硝基乙烯类化合物的合成

提供了一种合成反式 β 芳基硝基乙烯类化合物的新方法 ,即利用试剂乙酸酐

Depolymerization of Organosolv Lignin over Silica-alumina Catalysts

Efficient conversion of lignin to fine chemicals and biofuel become more and more attractive in biorefinery. In this work, we used a series of silica-alumina catalysts （i.e., SiO2-Al2O3, HY, Hβ, and HZSM-5） to degrade lignin into arenes and phenols. The relationship between the catalyst structure and lignin depolymerization performance was investigated. The results showed that both acidity and pore size of the catalyst could influence the conversion of lignin. In the volatilizable product, phenols were identified as the main phenolic monomers via gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. SIO2-Al2O3 was the most efficient catalyst, giving 90.96% degree of conversion, 12.91% yield of phenols, and 2.41% yield of arenes in ethanol at 280℃ for 4 h. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ^1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy analysis demonstrated that deoxygenation and alkylation occurred in this process. The effect of solvents was also investigated and the results showed that ethanol was the most efficient solvent.

An Optimal Algorithm for the Retrieval of Chlorophyll,Suspended Sediments and Gelbstoff of Case Ⅱ Waters in the Pearl River Estuary

An optimal algorithm for the retrieval of chlorophyll, suspended sediments and gelbstoff of case Ⅱ waters in the Pearl River estuary was established with the optical parameters derived from the in-situ data obtained in Jan. 2003 in the same area. And then, the chlorophyll, suspended sediments and gelbstoff of the SeaWiFS pixels on Jan. 29, 2003 corresponding to the in-situ sites of Jan. 25 and 26, 2003 were synchronously retrieved, with average relative errors of 14.9%, 12.1% and 13.6% for chlorophyll, suspended sediments and gelbstoff, respectively. The research results indicated that the optimal retrieval algorithm established here was relatively fit for the retrieval of the chlorophyll, suspended sediments and gelbstoff of case Ⅱ waters in the Pearl River estuary, and had quite good retrieval accuracy.

Optimization of ISSR-PCR Reaction System and Preliminary Construction of ISSR Fingerprinting of Some Species in Bryaceae

[Objective] The aim was to provide molecular basis for the identification of species in the moss family Bryaceae by the construction of inter-simple sequence repeats （ISSR） fingerprinting. [Method] In order to seek standardizing PCR reaction set-up, an orthogonal design was used to optimize ISSR-PCR amplification system of Bryaceae in five factors （Mg2＋, dNTPs, primer, DNA template, Taq DNA polymerase） at four levels respectively. [Result] A suitable ISSR reaction system was obtained, namely： 20 μl reaction system containing 5 ng of DNA template, 0.2 μmol/L primer, 2.25 mmol/L MgCl2, 0.6 U of Taq DNA polymerase, 0.4 mmol/L dNTPs. Proper annealing temperature was found at 48-50 ℃.The above system and six ISSR-PCR primers were used for the PCR amplification of 14 samples from Bryaceae and the related species in Mniaceae. A total of 86 bands were amplified, all showed polymorphism. NJ cluster analysis showed a star-shaped cladogram. [Conclusion] The results manifested that ISSR fingerprinting could provide the appropriate degree of polymorphism at low taxonomic level, so it would be a useful tool to provide additional evidence for resolving taxonomic relationships at the species level of Bryaceae.

Synthesis of Sedative-hypnotic Zopiclone Analogues

Eight new cyclopyrrolone compounds were synthesized according to the structure activity relationship and action mechanism of Zopiclone, a cyclopyrrolone hypnotic. Their preliminary pharmacodynamics are under investigation.

Nonlinear inversion of electrical resistivity imaging using pruning Bayesian neural networks

Conventional artificial neural networks used to solve electrical resistivity imaging （ERI） inversion problem suffer from overfitting and local minima. To solve these problems, we propose to use a pruning Bayesian neural network （PBNN） nonlinear inversion method and a sample design method based on the K-medoids clustering algorithm. In the sample design method, the training samples of the neural network are designed according to the prior information provided by the K-medoids clustering results; thus, the training process of the neural network is well guided. The proposed PBNN, based on Bayesian regularization, is used to select the hidden layer structure by assessing the effect of each hidden neuron to the inversion results. Then, the hyperparameter αk, which is based on the generalized mean, is chosen to guide the pruning process according to the prior distribution of the training samples under the small-sample condition. The proposed algorithm is more efficient than other common adaptive regularization methods in geophysics. The inversion of synthetic data and field data suggests that the proposed method suppresses the noise in the neural network training stage and enhances the generalization. The inversion results with the proposed method are better than those of the BPNN, RBFNN, and RRBFNN inversion methods as well as the conventional least squares inversion.

Remote ischemic perconditioning prevents liver transplantation-induced ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats: Role of ROS/RNS and e NOS

AIM To investigate the underlying mechanisms of the protective role of remote ischemic perconditioning (RIPerC) in rat liver transplantation. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to sham, orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), ischemic postconditioning (IPostC) or RIPerC. After 3 h reperfusion, blood samples were taken for measurement of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatinine (Cr) and creatinine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB). The liver lobes were harvested for the following measurements: reactive oxygen species (ROS), H2O2, mitochondrial membrane potential (Delta psi m) and total nitric oxide (NO). These measurements were determined using an ROS/H2O2, JC1 and Total NOx Assay Kit, respectively. Endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) was analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) and western blotting, and peroxynitrite was semiquantified by western blotting of 3-nitrotyrosine. RESULTS Compared with the OLT group, the grafts subjected to RIPerC showed significantly improved liver and remote organ functions (P < 0.05). ROS (P < 0.001) including H2O2 (P < 0.05) were largely elevated in the OLT group as compared with the sham group, and RIPerC (P < 0.05) reversed this trend. The collapse of Delta psi m induced by OLT ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury was significantly attenuated in the RIPerC group (P < 0.001). A marked increase of NO content and phosphoserine eNOS, both in protein and mRNA levels, was observed in liver graft of the RIPerC group as compared with the OLT group (P < 0.05). I/R-induced 3-nitrotyrosine content was significantly reduced in the RIPerC group as compared with the OLT group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the RIPerC and IPostC groups for all the results except Cr. The Cr level was lower in the RIPerC group than in the IPostC group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Liver graft protection by RIPerC is similar to or better than that of IPostC, and involves inhibition of oxidative stress and up-regulation of the PI3K/Akt/eNOS/NO pathway.

A New Fuzzy Clustering-Ranking Algorithm and Its Application in Process Alarm Management

Overmany alarms of modern chemical process give the operators many difficulties to decision and diag- nosis. In order to ensure safe production and process operating, management and optimization of alarm information are challenge work that must be confronted. A new process alarm management method based on fuzzy clustering- ranking algorithm is proposed. The fuzzy clustering algorithm is used to cluster rationally the process variables, and difference driving decision algorithm ranks different clusters and process parameters in every cluster. The alarm signal of higher rank is handled preferentially to manage effectively alarms and avoid blind operation. The validity of proposed algorithm and solution is verified by the practical application of ethylene cracking furnace system. It is an effective and dependable alarm management method to improve operating safety in industrial process.

Growth Response of Artemisia annua by Effect of Types and Composition of Organic Fertilizer in Lowland

Artemisia annua is a plant used to cure malaria diseases. Artemisia plant contains artemisinin as secondary metabolite that used to eliminate parasite that caused malaria, such as Plasmodium falciparum. Artemisia growth affects production of artemisinin content in plant. Therefore, necessary environment conditions and appropriate organic manure application are needed to support the growth of Artemisia. This research aimed to determine the effect of fertilizer type and proportion in the medium on the Artemisia growth. This research was conducted at greenhouse of Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, in October 2015 to January 2016. This research used a completely randomized design （CRD）, consisting of two factors of treatment with three replications. The first factor was type of fertilizer that consists of three types： horse manure fertilizer, compost filter press mud and cow manure fertilizer. The second factor was proportion of fertilizer with media consisted of five levels： fertilizer as media, proportion of fertilizer with media 4：1, 3：2, 2：3 and 1：4. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and Duncan＇s multiple range test with level of 5%. It can be concluded that treatment with compost filter press mud provided the highest of plant height, root length, days to flowering, root volume, fresh weight and dry weight of crop.

Nuclear effects of ethanol-induced proteasome inhibition in liver cells

Alcohol ingestion causes alteration in several cellular mechanisms, and leads to inflammation, apoptosis, immunological response defects, and fibrosis. These phenomena are associated with significant changes in the epigenetic mechanisms, and subsequently, to liver cell memory. The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is one of the vital pathways in the cell that becomes dysfunctionial as a result of chronic ethanol consumption. Inhibition of the proteasome activity in the nucleus causes changes in the turnover of transcriptional factors, histone modifying enzymes, and therefore, affects epigenetic mechanisms. Alcohol consumption has been associated with an increase in histone acetylation and a decrease in histone methylation, which leads to gene expression changes. DNA and histone modifications that result from ethanol-induced proteasome inhibition are key players in regulating gene expression, especially genes involved in the cell cycle, immunological responses, and metabolism of ethanol. The present review highlights the consequences of ethanol-induced proteasome inhibition in the nucleus of liver cells that are chronically exposed to ethanol.

Theoretical Study of Reaction Paths and Transition States on Conversion Methane into C_2 Hydrocarbons Through Plasma

The direct synthesis of C2 hydrocarbons （ethylene, acetylene and ethane） from methane is one of the most important task in C1 chemistry. Higher conversion of methane and selectivity to C2 hydrocarbons can be real-ized through plasma reaction. In order to explore the reaction process and mechanism, the possible reaction paths （1）—（4） were proposed on coupling reaction of methane through plasma and studied theoretically using semi-PM3 method [PM3 is parameterization method of modified neglect of diatomic overlap （MNDO）] including determining the transition state, calculating the activation energy and thermodynamic state functions and analyzing the bond or-der and intrinsic reaction coordinate. The reaction heat results indicate that the reactions （2） and （4） are exothermic, while reactions of （1） and （3） are endothermic. The activation energy results show that activation energy for reac-tions （1） and （2） was much lower than that of reaction paths （3） and （4）. Therefore, paths （1） and （2） is the favorable reaction path energetically. More interestingly by comparing the intrinsic reaction coordinated （IRC） of the reaction paths （1） and （2）, it is found that the variations of bond lengths in reaction path （1） has a crucial effect on the poten-tial energy, while in reaction path （2）, the adjustment of the system geometry also contributes to the whole potential energy of the system.

Characterization of CulnS2 Thin Films with Different Cu/In Ratio

Thin films of CuInS2 were grown on glass reaction method with different [Cu]/[In] substrate by successive ionic layer adsorption and ratios and annealed at 400℃ for 30 rain. The crystal structure and grain sizes of the thin films were characterized by X-ray diffraction method. Atomic force microscopy was used to determine surface morphology of the films. Optical and electrical properties of these films were investigated as a function of [Cu]/[In] ratios. The electrical resistivity of CuInS~ of thin films was determined using a direct current- two probe method in the temperature range of 300-470 K. It is observed that, the electrical resistivity values show a big decreasing with increasing [Cu]/[In] ratio. Hence, the [Cu]/[In] ratio in the solution can drastically affect the structural, electrical, and optical properties of thin films of CuInS2.

Responses of soil inhabiting nitrogen-cycling microbial communities to wetland degradation on the Zoige Plateau,China

The wetlands on the Zoige Plateau have experienced serious degradation,with most of the original marsh being converted to marsh meadow or meadow.Based on the 3 wetland degradation stages,we determined the effects of wetland degradation on the structure and relative abundance of nitrogencycling(nitrogen-fixing,ammonia-oxidizing,and denitrifying) microbial communities in 3 soil types(intact wetland:marsh soil;early degrading wetland:marsh meadow soil;and degraded wetland:meadow soil) using 454-pyrosequencing.The structure and relative abundance of nitrogen-cycling microbial communities differed in the 3 soil types.Proteobacteria was the predominant phylum in most soil samples but the most abundant soil nitrogenfixing and denitrifying microbial bacteria differed at the class,order,family,and genus levels among the 3soil types.At the genus level,the majority of nitrogenfixing bacterium sequences related to Bradyrhizobium were from marsh and marsh meadow soils;whereas those related to Geobacter originated from meadow soil.The majority of ammonia-oxidizing bacterium sequences related to Nitrosospira were from marsh(except for the 40-60 cm layer),marsh meadow and meadow soils;whereas those related to Candidatus Solibacter originated from 40-60 cm layer of marsh soil.The majority of denitrifying bacterium sequences related to Candidatus Solibacter and Anaeromyxobacter were from marsh and meadow soils;whereas those related to Herbaspirillum originated from meadow soil.The distribution of operational taxonomic units(OTUs)and species were correlated with soil type based upon Venn and Principal Coordinates Analysis(PCoA).Changes in soil type,caused by different water regimes were the most important factors influencing compositional changes in the nitrogen-fixing,ammonia-oxidizing,and denitrifying microbial communities.

Study of oxidization of coal–pitch by O_3

For the purpose of obtaining small molecular and oxygen-containing aromatic compounds, taking a toluene-extracted coal pitch as the research object, the oxidation of coal-pitch by ozone （03） in formic acid was studied. The coal-pitch sample and the oxidized pitch residue were characterized by elementary analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR）, while the small molecular products were analyzed by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer （GC-MS）. The results show that the highest oxygen content of oxidized coal pitch had been acquired at a reaction temperature of 50℃C, an 03 flow rate of 6300 mg/h and a reaction time of 4 h. Quite a lot of hydroxyls and carbonyls were introduced into the structure of the oxidized coal-pitch, while the small molecules produced mainly involve nonpolar aro- matic compounds, aromatic anhydride and quinone compounds. It is speculated that the mechanism is direct electrophilic oxidation in which the molecules of 03 directly attack the aromatic ring at its carbon atoms with high electron density, and then generate hydroxyl or carbonyl until the aromatic ring cracks. This study shows that 03 can make the fused aromatic ring of coal-pitch become oxidized and depoly- merized, and hence the ozonization of coal-pitch can be a potential method for obtaining oxygen- containing aromatic compounds.

Enhanced Fenton,photo-Fenton and peroxidase-like activity and stability over Fe_3O_4/g-C_3N_4 nanocomposites

We prepared the Fe3O4/g‐C3N4nanoparticles(NPs)through a simple electrostatic self‐assembly method with a3:97weight ratio to investigate their Fenton,photo‐Fenton and oxidative functionalities besides photocatalytic functionality.We observed an improvement of the Fenton and photo‐Fenton activities of the Fe3O4/g‐C3N4nanocomposites.This improvement was attributed to efficient charge transfer between Fe3O4and g‐C3N4at the heterojunctions,inhibition of electron‐hole recombination,a high surface area,and stabilization of Fe3O4against leaching by the hydrophobic g‐C3N4.The obtained NPs showed a higher degradation potential for rhodamine B(RhB)dye than those of Fe3O4and g‐C3N4.As compared to photocatalysis,the efficiency of RhB degradation in the Fenton and photo‐Fenton reactions was increased by20%and90%,respectively.Additionally,the horseradish peroxidase(HRP)activity of the prepared nanomaterials was studied with3,3,5,5‐tetramethylbenzidinedihydrochloride(TMB)as a substrate.Dopamine oxidation was also examined.Results indicate that Fe3O4/g‐C3N4nanocomposites offers more efficient degradation of RhB dye in a photo‐Fenton system compared with regular photocatalytic degradation,which requires a long time.Our study also confirmed that Fe3O4/g‐C3N4nanocomposites can be used as a potential material for mimicking HRP owing to its high affinity for TMB.These findings suggest good potential for applications in biosensing and as a catalyst in oxidation reactions.

A Case Study of the Safety Management in WWTPs

Wastewater treatment plants （WWTPs） can represent risks source for human health and environment, due to the use of chemicals and substances produced by the treatment process. In particular, considering a conventional urban wastewater treatment plant, two case studies have been considered in this paper： the phase of disinfection with Peracetic Acid （PAA）, used as reactant and the sludge anaerobic digestion, generating biogas. The aim of the experience is to find out some management suggestions that could make safer these sections of a WWTP.

A New Approach to Explaining the Oscillatory Oxidation of Arsenites, Stibnites and Vismutinites Using Magnetic Method

Magnetic and relativistic effects in uranium catalysts, the movement of charged particles under the effect of a uniform electric field and uniform magnetic field were studied in the paper. We have considered various mechanisms oscillating reactions （Models Jabotinsky-Korzukhina, Brusselator, Oregonator and Advanced Oregonator）. The mechanisms of the motion of charged particles under the influence of an electric field and a uniform magnetic field were proposed.

Synthesis of a Series New 4, 5-Dihydro-3, 5-Diphenyl -1 -（4-PhenyI-Thiazole-2-yl）-Pyrazole Derivatives

A series of novel pyrazoles compounds were synthesized by the reaction of five kinds of substitute α-bromoacetophenone with pyrazole intermediates which was prepared by the reaction of chalcones and thiosemicarbazones. This method has some advantages such as mild reaction condition, easy operation and higher yield. All the compounds were confirmed by elemental analysis, IR and 1H NMR.

Syntheses of Coumarins in Environmentally Friendly Ionics Liquids

Syntheses of 3-substituted coumarins by the condensation reaction of salicylaldehyde with activated methylene compounds （ethyl cyanoacetate, malonic acid） are discussed in media of ionic liquids--（2-hydroxyethyl）ammonium carboxylates （formates, acetates, lactates） without utilization of any other catalysts. The dependence of yields of the reaction product is investigated on the structure of ionic liquids （their cations, anions, total polarity and pseudo-pH values）. 3-Substituted coumarins are prepared in high yields in media of these environmentally friendly ionic liquids which serve simultaneously as reaction media and as catalysts. The mentioned ionic liquids are prepared by reactions of corresponding hydroxyethyl-amines with carboxylic acids, and their quantitative analyses being made by potentiometric titration of ionic liquids with perchloric acid in 100% acetic acid.