深度学习认知架构的反表征主义转向

当代认知研究发展出了符号主义和联结主义两种不同的范式。符号主义的计算-表征是以思想语言假说为基础的“句法图像”,具有内容与载体相分离、符号语境无关性等表征特征。深度学习是对联结主义技术的创新和深化,其认知架构是具有分布式加工和叠加存储、语境敏感和原型提取学习等特点的亚符号计算,表现出一系列的反表征特征,反映在深度网络中并不以明确的概念表征为对象的操作,推动了认知哲学中反表征主义的兴起。在充分理解符号主义和深度学习认知架构表征方式的基础上,探索二者在某种程度上的统一,也许是值得努力的目标。

文化表征与美国华裔文学的反表征书写

美国华裔文学以其卓越的成就和蓬勃发展之趋势受到了全球文学界和评论界的深度关注。而西方的批评激发了华裔作家的创作热忱,为华裔文学的繁荣注入了新活力。近年来兴起并颇具世界影响力的"文化表征理论"受到了文学和文化研究者关注,为全球文学和文化研究提供了一种崭新视角。在系统、深入研究该理论的基础上,他们对美国特定历史时期出现的一种文学表征形式——美国华裔文学书写进行一种全新解读,以期进一步推动和拓展华裔文学的传承、发展和研究。

华裔美国文学发展过程中的文化反表征探究

斯图亚特·霍尔的表征理论指出通过语言生产意义的过程就是用“表征”将事物、概念和符号连接起来。表征因此具有了观念系统的再现、对身份的表现或者建构一种有误的再现的特征。文章将文化表征运用到华裔美国文学发展的三个阶段,通过分析各个阶段的代表作品,发现华裔美国文学一直致力于反抗西方主流对中国文化刻板化描写的反表征。

如何成为一名反表征论的实在论者?--经由语用中介的表达论策略

表征论认为心灵内的观念是关于外部世界中事物的表象,在此意义上,表征论必然预设承诺外部世界实存的实在论立场。将表征论和实在论捆绑在一起的通常理解是值得商榷的,我们可以在反表征的意义上成为一名实在论者。早期维特根斯坦在《逻辑哲学论》中试图分离表征论和实在论,其策略是用纯粹形式化的命题图画来“显示”世界,其问题在于无法直接谈论外部事物,认为任何试图超出思维范围外的“言说”均是“胡说”。借助布兰顿哲学及其对后期维特根斯坦的阐释,经由语用中介的表达论策略.将逻辑图画直接放入世界之中,我们就可以在后继的主体间的语义交往活动中阐明(表达)世界内容,这在保障实在论的同时,也未陷入表征论。

跨文化传播视角下非洲媳妇Rose短视频之反表征与共情互动

随着全球化进程加快,中非交流增多带动了人口流动。非洲媳妇成为一个特殊群体嫁到中国农村,作为个体的Rose在短视频展演中,以日常生活的具体性和真实性,呈现出亲社会性的积极融入形象,据此进行系列反表征建构,抵抗解构中介化的非洲印象,形塑着新的非洲表征。视频内容引起粉丝共情互动,呈现出中国传统文化观念中天下无外的跨文化对话心理路径。在短视频社交媒介平台上,个体影响力建构群体表征,与粉丝评论形成动态的影响与互动,共同形塑和影响着社会大众对非洲的认知。

反表征主义与实用主义的元哲学向度

当代实用主义哲学最核心的主张是反表征主义,这一观念具有强烈的元哲学性质,其要义主要不在于对当代哲学的核心问题给出不同的解答,而是重在重述那些问题的基本性质及我们对之进行思考的基本方向。以反表征主义为核心主张的实用主义挑战的是我们理解语言、意义、真理、指称、信念、心灵等概念的基本框架,尤其是挑战在意向性结构下理解与解答相关问题的哲学框架。以真理观为例,我们将进一步说明实用主义反表征主义的真理观与当代哲学的形而上学新研究范式不相容,但这种不相容并不表明实用主义与当代形而上学新范式形成了简单的“错位”,而是前者对当代形而上学新范式得以开启的基本通道的严肃否定。由此可见,实用主义在元哲学维度有着重要的理论后果。

表征/反表征:女性主义批评的发生

在后现代语境下,符号与真实的关系受到普遍质疑,女性主义者愈来愈清晰地意识到妇女正处于错误表征的丛林之中。在《女权辩护》中,妇女踏上了漫长而艰难的反表征之路。在《一间自己的房间》中,则看到了妇女自我表征的可能性,与此同时,妇女深陷表征/反表征的迷宫之中。在《第二性》与《性的政治》中,明确提出了妇女自我表征的政治诉求与文化诉求。从发生学意义上考察女性主义批评,表征/反表征可以被视为女性主义批评的逻辑起点。

反合表征的辩证互补与自然生成

反合,是钱冠连哲学思想的特识。作为语言表征的一种独特的认知方式,它不仅为语言哲学研究提供了一个重要的语言分析框架,而且在事物与思维一体两面表征中具有重要的方法论意义。文章以反合论为切入点,考察反合表征的辩证互补,借助于反合的对立等级性,探究反合的自然生成的表征方式,以便为语言研究提供一种辩证发展模式的表征方式。

英语商务广告中的反合表征及汉译策略研究

翻译过程中译者忠实于原文语境与译文表达之间的语义力度差距,为翻译策略的反合表征提供了研究空间。基于反合理论研究英语商务广告中的语言表征现象,考察英语广告中“形意”、“音义”和“音形”之“反”与汉译本所蕴含的汉文化哲学的“中”之道,可以揭示原文广告语境与汉译本之间的语义反合性质,并在关系反合、程度反合和互补反合等不同语言等级表征基础上,尝试性提出拼糅法、合成法与分拆法三种汉译策略,以调和广告汉译中原文与译本之间的反合关系,实现译本有效传递原文广告中的语用意图,为翻译实践活动提供有效的指导方法。

《道德经》中“有”与“无”及其英译本的反合表征分析

从反合论出发,讨论“有”与“无”的哲学辩证关系,借助语言等级中数量等级的蕴含性与反合等级的对立互补性,并对比分析其英译本的反合表征,为典籍翻译研究提供一种行之有效的语言哲学认识论。在“有”与“无”英译过程中,汉语句读分为单字译词与组合译词两种。一方面,单字译词的语义力度排列具有数量等级的蕴含性,译词之间存在相互包含关系。另一方面,组合译词的语义随搭配语境的变化而不同,处于可能相反的反合等级的对立互补性的语言等级之中,两者的关联语义自然生成一个连续性综合体。

网络民粹主义: 反话语表征与治理路径

网络民粹主义是社会底层借助互联网技术,运用套路化、模式化的话语策略聚合言论力量、社会行动,介入、影响公共舆论的话语霸权。中国社会转型激发的“深层矛盾”,“后真相”现象渲染的“病态心理”等症结,经由新媒体“技术赋权”的无限放大,形塑和推动网络民粹主义的泛起、传播。作为一种“符号—行为”的话语形式,网络民粹主义聚焦“社会议题”,运用“二元对立”叙事结构、“另类事实”吸睛方式、“情感互动”舆论手段等生产策略,塑造出以“‘平民至上’‘虚无主义’‘暴力崇拜’”为特征的反话语体系,与社会主义主导话语引领舆情秉持的民本性、科学性、法治性背道而驰。结合网络民粹主义的反话语表征,必须立足马克思主义意识形态的价值引领,从改善和保障民生、强化网络监管和法规建设、提升公众理性认知等方面对这些行为进行消解,使社会舆论回归公共利益的真正诉求。

超越表征和计算:生成认知范式理论研究

当前,心理学界出现了对以表征、计算为主要特征的传统认知范式的批判和挑战,其中生成认知范式是最为彻底、最具革命性的。因此,应该有机整合4E认知理论,实现对传统认知范式当中离身认知身心关系论、实验室研究定位、表征认知本质观、信息加工认知机制、"亚人"层次研究水平的彻底转向。生成认知范式致力于研究人的经验,提出调和人文科学和自然科学的方法论主张。目前,该范式已经发展出瓦雷拉自创生、诺伊感觉运动、赫托激进化、德耶格交互生成四种具有代表性的研究方案。文章对生成认知范式的是非功过进行了评述,认为未来还应该摈弃蕴含于此范式当中非此即彼的二歧思维,厘清研究中理论与实践的关系,建立更适于人的特有本质的研究方式,以推动心理学理论的健康发展。

认知生成主义的认识论问题

认知生成主义是认知科学中新兴的一个认知研究纲领,它旨在发起一场对认知科学基础的革命运动,而非传统框架范围内的改良。作为一种反表征主义框架,它对传统认知科学中的计算表征主义提出了严峻挑战。作为一种全新的认知理论构架,它通过整合存在主义现象学和以有机体为核心的生物学,对认知科学中的心身问题和他心问题以及生成主义本身面临的认知鸿沟问题提出了一种新的解决思路和可行性方案。

Adsorption/reaction energetics measured by microcalorimetry and correlated with reactivity on supported catalysts: A review

The formations and transformations of the chemical bonds of reactants and intermediates on cata- lyst surfaces occur in conjunction with the evolution of heat during catalytic reactions. Measure- ment of this evolved heat is helpful in terms of understanding the nature of the interactions be- tween the catalyst and the adsorbed species, and provides insights into the reactivity of the catalyst. Although various techniques have previously been applied to assessments of evolved heat, direct measurements using a Tian-Calvet microcalorimeter are currently the most reliable method for this purpose. In this review, we summarize the relationship between the adsorption/reaction energetics determined by microcalorimetry and the reactivities of supported catalysts, and examine the im- portant role of microcalorimetry in understanding catalytic performance from the energetic point of view.

Reaction Characteristics of Asymmetric Synthesis of (2S,5S)-2,5-Hexanediol Catalyzed with Baker’s Yeast Number 6

Baker’s yeast number 6 was selected by screening. It showed good catalytic activity and enantioselec-tivity for asymmetric reduction of 2,5-hexanedione to produce (2S,5S)-2,5-hexanediol. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed that the intermediate was (S)-5-hydroxyhexane-2-one. Reduction of 2,5-hexanedione proceeded in a two-step reaction. The hydroxyketone was initially formed, and this intermediate was further re-duced to the diol. Factors influencing the product yield and the enantiomeric excess of the reduction of 2,5-hexandione catalyzed by baker’s yeast number 6 were investigated. Higher concentration (≤100 mmol·L-1) of 2,5-hexandione did not influence 5-hydroxyhexane-2-one production, but 2,5-hexanediol production was inhibited by excess accumulation (>30 mmol·L-1) of intermediate. The optimal conditions were glucose as the co-substrate at an initial glucose concentration of 20 g·L-1, 34°C, pH 7.0 and cell concentration 60 g·L-1 (cell dry mass). Under the optimal condition and an initial substrate concentration of 30 mmol·L-1, the yield of 2,5-hexandiol was 78.7% and the enantiomeric excess of (2S,5S)-2,5-hexandiol was 94.4% for 24-h reduction.

Effect of the modification of alumina supports with chloride on the structure and catalytic performance of Ag/Al_(2)O_(3)catalysts for the selective catalytic reduction of NO_(x)with propene and H_(2)/propene

The effect of the modification of an alumina support with chloride on the structure and the catalytic performance of Ag/Al_(2)O_(3)catalysts(SA)was investigated for the selective catalytic reduction(SCR)of NO using C_(3)H_(6)or H_(2)/C_(3)H_(6)as reductants.The Ag/Al_(2)O_(3)catalyst and Cl^(–)-modified Ag/Al_(2)O_(3)catalysts(SA-Cl)were prepared by a conventional impregnation method and characterized by X-ray diffraction,Brunauer-Emmett-Teller isotherm analysis,electron probe microanalysis,transmission electron microscopy,UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,and hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction.The catalytic activities in the C3H6-SCR and H_(2)/C3H6-SCR reactions were evaluated,and the reaction mechanism was studied using in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy and synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectroscopy(SVUV-PIMS).We found that Cl^(-)modification of the alumina-supported Ag/Al_(2)O_(3)catalysts facilitated the formation of oxidized silver species(Ag_(n)^(ᵟ+))that catalyze the moderate-temperature oxidation of hydrocarbons into partial oxidation products(mainly acetate species)capable of participating in the SCR reaction.The low-temperature promoting effect of H_(2)on the C3H6-SCR("hydrogen effect")was found to originate from the enhanced decomposition of strongly adsorbed nitrates on the catalyst surface and the conversion of these adsorbed species to–NCO and–CN species.This"H_(2)effect"occurs in the presence of Ag_(n)^(ᵟ+)species rather than the metallic Ag^(0)species.A gaseous intermediate,acrylonitrile(CH_(2)CHCN),was also identified in the H_(2)/C3H6-SCR reaction using SVUV-PIMS.These findings provide novel insights in the structure-activity relationship and reaction mechanisms of the SA-catalyzed HC-SCR reaction of NO.

Spatial interfacial heat transfer and surface characteristics during gravity casting of A356 alloy

As one of the key boundary conditions during casting solidification process, the interfacial heat transfer coefficient (IHTC) affects the temperature variation and distribution. Based on the improved nonlinear estimation method (NEM), thermal measurements near both bottom and lateral metal-mold interfaces throughout A356 gravity casting process were carried out and applied to solving the inverse heat conduction problem (IHCP). Finite element method (FEM) is employed for modeling transient thermal fields implementing a developed NEM interface program to quantify transient IHTCs. It is found that IHTCs at the lateral interface become stable after the volumetric shrinkage of casting while those of the bottom interface reach the steady period once a surface layer has solidified. The stable value of bottom IHTCs is 750 W/(m^2·℃), which is approximately 3 times that at the lateral interface. Further analysis of the interplay between spatial IHTCs and observed surface morphology reveals that spatial heat transfer across casting-mold interfaces is the direct result of different interface evolution during solidification process.

H4SiW6Mo6O40-Doped Polyaniline-Synthesis, characterization and catalytic properties of acetals and ketals

A new environmental friendly catalyst, HaSiWrMo6O40/PAn was prepared and identified by means of FT-IR, XRD and TG/DTA. The optimum conditions have been found, that was, mass ratio of m（PAn）： m（HaSiW6Mo6On.） was 1：1.25, volume of methanol was 20 mL, and the reflux reaction time was 2h. The structural identity of Keggin units was preserved after the incorporation into polyaniline matrix. H4SiW6Mo6040/PAn was used as catalyst in catalytic synthesis of acetals and ketals. Effects of n（aldehyde（ketone ））： n（glycol）, catalyst dosage and reaction time on yield were investingated. Optimal conditions were： n（aldehyde（ketone））： n（glycol）=1.0： 1.5; mass fraction of catalyst to reactants, 0.5%; reaction time, 1.0 h and cyclohexane as water-stripped reagent, 15 mL. Under these conditions, yields of actels and ketals were 31.9%-91.6%.

Study on Synthesis, Characterization and Catalytic Activity of Polystyrene-supported Mo (VI) Complex in Epoxidation of Cyclohexene

Molybdenum (VI) complex, namely molybdenum dioxobis(2,4-pentanedione) [MoO2(acac)2] used as epoxidation catalyst species, was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and infrared spectrum. Polystyrene-supported molybdenum dioxobis(2,4-pentanedione) [MoO2(acac)2] for synthesis of epoxycyclohexane was prepared by phase transfer catalysis method. Effects of various factors in synthesis of epoxycyclohexane by reaction of cyclohexene and t-BuOOH in the atmosphere of nitrogen catalyzed by polystyrene-supported MoO2(acac)2 were also investigated. Under the following conditions, n(cyclohexene):n(t-BuOOH)=3.5:l (based on 0.1 mol of t-BuOOH), volume of solvent -10ml, reaction temperature -80℃, reaction time -60min, and mass of molybdenum in the catalyst -2.30×0^(-3)g, the yield of epoxycyclohexane on the basis of t-BuOOH is over 99.5%, and the purity of epoxycyclohexane is about 99.9% by gas chromatogram(GC) analysis.

A new multifunctional polymer:Synthesis and characterization of mPEG-b-PAA-grafted chitosan copolymer

A new multifunctional mPEG-b-PAA-grafted chitosan copolymer possessing amino and carboxyl groups,mPEG-b-PAA-g-CHI(compound 6) ,was designed for a potential application in gene/drug delivery and synthesized by the methods of reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer(RAFT) polymerization of acrylic acid(AA) and grafting reaction of a biodegradable chitosan(CHI) derivative.Completion of the reactions and characterization of the resulting compounds were demonstrated by 1 H NMR,FTIR and gel permeation chtomatography(GPC) studies.The results show that the molar ratio of amino groups to carboxyl groups in the copolymer(compound 6) is 0.41-0.59.