刘向政治伦理思想及其当代价值——以《说苑·反质》为聚焦点

刘向在《说苑》一书中阐述了“质”与“文”的关系,包括以质为本以文为调节、先质而后文、抑制文而推崇质、文质互相配合不可偏废等。“反质”意味着回归事物的本质,力戒奢侈淫靡,做到质朴节俭。“反质”思想是古代政治伦理思想的集中体现,与儒家所倡导的“文质彬彬”治国理念一脉相承。“反质”思想中包含的民本思想、禁欲戒奢、以身作则、敢于进谏、尊贤礼士、重在实践等内容,是中华优秀传统文化的组成部分,对当今推进社会治理体系建设仍具有重要借鉴意义。

《说苑》“反质修文”的人性论解析

《说苑》一方面以血气心知的生理之性界定人性,认为此心无所谓善恶,但有欲望,其欲望易受外物的引诱而走向恶;另一方面又认为,此心在没有外物诱惑之下,为一诚朴之质,有善的质素与认知向善的能力。在这一人性认识基础上,《说苑》提出了反质修文的人性修养方法。反质是指摒除干扰道德修养的外在智识,使人沉静欲望,返回本有的诚朴之质;修文则指通过礼乐修养,使人心最终达到"三无"境界,这样就可以使生理欲望之心得以完全的转化,最终塑成以仁爱为本、真诚恻怛的"道德心"。《说苑》的人性论是对孟荀及董仲舒人性思想的综合。

托伐普坦纳米晶口崩片的制备与质量评价

目的 制备托伐普坦纳米晶口崩片,并评价其质量。方法 采用反溶剂沉淀-高压均质法制备托伐普坦纳米晶,并通过Box-Behnken实验设计优化托伐普坦纳米晶的处方;以甘露醇作为载体,用喷雾干燥将托伐普坦纳米晶制备成固体颗粒,并制备成托伐普坦纳米晶口崩片;用扫描电镜观察托伐普坦纳米晶及固体颗粒的微观结构;考察托伐普坦纳米晶在喷雾干燥前、后的稳定性;比较托伐普坦纳米晶口崩片与市售托伐普坦口崩片的体外药物溶出速度。结果 羟丙基纤维素(HPC SL)的质量浓度为15 mg·mL^(-1),普朗尼克(pluronic F127)的质量浓度为5 mg·mL^(-1),水相与有机相的体积比为9∶1时,制备的托伐普坦纳米晶的平均粒径为(214.6±11.5) nm,多聚分散系数为(0.261±0.009),Zeta电位为(-11.6±0.3) mV;扫描电镜下可以观察到托伐普坦纳米晶呈球形颗粒;托伐普坦纳米晶经喷雾干燥后粒径有所增大;自制的托伐普坦纳米晶口崩片的体外药物溶出速度显著快于市售制剂。结论 将托伐普坦制备成纳米晶口崩片,处方设计合理,工艺可行,有望提高托伐普坦的生物利用度。

Syntheses and catalytic performances of three coordination polymers with tetracarboxylate ligands

Three zincand cobaltcoordination polymers,namely{[Zn_(2)(μ_(6)-adip)(phen)_(2)]·4H_(2)O}_(n)(1),{[Co_(2)(μ_(6)-adip)(bipy)_(2)]·4H_(2)O}_(n)(2),and[Co_(2)(μ4-adip)(μ-bpa)_(2)]_(n)(3)have been constructed hydrothermally using H4adip(H4adip=5,5′-azanediyldiisophthalic acid),phen(phen=1,10-phenanthroline),bipy(bipy=2,2′-bipyridine),bpa(bpa=bis(4-pyridyl)amine),and zinc and cobalt chlorides at 160℃.The products were isolated as stable crystalline solids and were characterized by IR spectra,elemental analyses,thermogravimetric analyses,and single-crystal X-ray diffrac-tion analyses.Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses revealed that three compounds crystallize in the orthorhom-bic system Pnna(1 and 2)or P21212(3)space groups.All compounds exhibit 3D frameworks.The catalytic perfor-mances in the Henry reaction of these compounds were investigated.Compound 3 exhibited an effective catalytic activity in the Henry reaction at 70℃.CCDC:2339391,1;2339392,2;2339393,3.

Syntheses,crystal structures,and catalytic properties of three zinc(Ⅱ),cobalt(Ⅱ)and nickel(Ⅱ)coordination polymers constructed from 5⁃(4⁃carboxyphenoxy)nicotinic acid

Three zinc(Ⅱ),cobalt(Ⅱ),and nickel(Ⅱ)coordination polymers,namely[Zn(μ^(3-)cpna)(μ-dpea)_(0.5)]_(n)(1),[Co(μ^(3-)cpna)(μ-dpey)_(0.5)]_(n)(2),and[Ni(μ^(3-)cpna)(μ-dpey)_(0.5)(H_(2)O)]_(n)(3),have been constructed hydrothermally using H_(2)cpna(5-(4-carboxyphenoxy)nicotinic acid),dpea(1,2-di(4-pyridyl)ethane),dpey(1,2-di(4-pyridyl)ethylene),and zinc,cobalt,and nickel chlorides at 160℃.The products were isolated as stable crystalline solids and were characterized by IR spectra,elemental analyses,thermogravimetric analyses,and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses.Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses revealed that three compounds crystallize in the triclinic system,space group P1.Compounds 1-3 show 2D layer structures.The catalytic activities in the Knoevenagel condensation reaction of these compounds were investigated.Compounds 1 and 2 exhibit effective catalytic activities in the Knoevenagel condensa-tion reaction at room temperature.For this reaction,various parameters were optimized,followed by the investiga-tion of the substrate scope.CCDC:2335676,1;2335677,2;2335678,3.

第五讲 轻质外墙大板的生产工艺

本讲主要介绍常用轻质外墙大板的生产工艺

The role of titanium at the interface of hematite photoanode in multisite mechanism:Reactive site or cocatalyst site?

Hematite(α-Fe_(2)O_(3))constitutes one of the most promising photoanode materials for oxygen evolution reaction(OER).Recent research on Fe_(2)O_(3) have found a fast OER rate dependence on surface hole density,suggesting a multisite reaction pathway.However,the effect of heteroatom in Fe_(2)O_(3) on the multisite mechanism is still poorly understood.Herein we synthesized Fe_(2)O_(3) on Ti substrates(Fe_(2)O_(3)/Ti)to study the oxygen intermediates of OER by light-dark electrochemical scans.We identified the Fe-OH species disappeared and Ti-OH intermediates appeared on Fe_(2)O_(3)/Ti when pH=11‒14,which significantly improved the OER performance of Fe_(2)O_(3)/Ti.Combined with the density functional theory calculations,we propose that Ti atom acts as cocatalyst site and captures proton from neighboring Fe-OH species under highly alkaline condition,thereby promoting the coupling of Fe=O and reducing the energy barrier of the non-electrochemical step.Our work provides a new insight into the role of heteroatom in OER multisite mechanism based on clarifying the reaction intermediates.

Amorphous core-shell NiMoP@CuNWs rod-like structure with hydrophilicity feature for efficient hydrogen production in neutral media

Using interface engineering,a highly efficient catalyst with a shell@core structure was successfully synthesized by growing an amorphous material composed of Ni,Mo,and P on Cu nanowires(Ni-MoP@CuNWs).This catalyst only requires an overpotential of 35 mV to reach a current density of 10 mA cm^(-2).The exceptional hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)activity is attributed to the unique amorphous rod-like nature of NiMoP@CuNWs,which possesses a special hydrophilic feature,en-hances mass transfer,promotes effective contact between the electrode and electrolyte solution,and exposes more active sites during the catalytic process.Density functional theory revealed that the introduction of Mo weakens the binding strength of the Ni site on the catalyst surface with the H atom and promotes the desorption process of the H_(2) product significantly.Owing to its facile syn-thesis,low cost,and high catalytic performance,this electrocatalyst is a promising option for com-mercial applications as a water electrolysis catalyst.

1株铁基质自养反硝化菌的脱氮特性

从武汉市东湖深层底泥中分离得到1株铁基质自养反硝化细菌W5,对其自养反硝化脱氮性能进行了研究.结合生理生化试验和16S rRNA基因序列分析,初步鉴定菌株W5属于微杆菌属(Microbacterium sp.).对其脱氮能力和影响因素的研究结果表明,W5菌株的最适脱氮培养条件为NO-3-N 40 mg·L-1,Fe2+500 mg·L-1,pH 6.8~7.0.在最适脱氮条件下培养一周,硝酸氮去除率可达到87.0%,在整个培养过程中亚硝氮产生量很少,最高不超过0.31 mg·L-1.同时未见有氨氮生成,硝酸氮大部分转化成N2.作为电子供体的Fe2+的氧化率达到95.2%.

Density functional theory study of influence of impurity on electronic properties and reactivity of pyrite

The electronic property of pyrite supercell containing As,Se,Te,Co or Ni hetero atoms were calculated using density functional theory（DFT）,and the reactivities of pyrite with oxygen and xanthate were discussed by frontier orbital methods.The cell volume expands due to the presence of impurity.Co and Ni mainly affect the bands near Fermi levels,while As mainly affects the shallow and deep valence bands,and Se and Te mainly affect the deep valence bands.Electronic density analysis suggests that there exists a strong covalent interaction between hetero atom and its surrounding atoms.By frontier orbital calculation,it is suggested that As,Co and Ni have greater influence on the HOMO and LUMO of pyrite than Se and Te.In addition,pyrite containing As,Co or Ni is easier to oxidize by oxygen than pyrite containing Se or Te,and pyrite containing Co or Ni has greater interaction with collector.These are in agreement with the observed pyrite practice.

Effect of sulfur impurity on coke reactivity and its mechanism

Effect of sulfur impurity on coke reactivity was investigated by simulating petroleum coke with low-impurity pitch coke and impurities doping. And its mechanism was discussed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The results show that sulfur has strong catalysis on both air and CO2 reactivity of coke in the case of no other impurity interference. Its catalysis is probably realized by triggering organic sulfur→H2S→SO2→COS and elemental sulfur (Sx)→SO2 and organic sulfur→H2S→COS→Sx→C2S→COS reaction systems during coke?O2 and coke?CO2 reactions, respectively, which are partly circular with functions of increasing carbon consumption and enlarging coke specific surface area.

Co_3O_4 nanoparticles assembled on polypyrrole/graphene oxide for electrochemical reduction of oxygen in alkaline media

The development of highly efficient catalysts for cathodes remains an important objective of fuel cell research. Here, we report Co3O4 nanoparticles assembled on a polypyrrole/graphene oxide electrocatalyst （Co3O4/Ppy/GO） as an efficient catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction （ORR） in alkaline media. The catalyst was prepared via the hydrothermal reaction of Co2＋ ions with Ppy-modified GO. The GO, Ppy/GO, and Co3O4/Ppy/GO were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The incorporation of Ppy into GO nanosheets resulted in the formation of a nitrogen-modified GO po-rous structure, which acted as an efficient electron-transport network for the ORR. With further anchoring of Co3O4 on Ppy/GO, the as-prepared Co3O4/Ppy/GO exhibited excellent ORR activity and followed a four-electron route mechanism for the ORR in alkaline solution. An onset potential of -0.10 V vs. a saturated calomel electrode and a diffusion limiting current density of 2.30 mA/cm^2 were achieved for the Co3O4/Ppy/GO catalyst heated at 800 ℃; these values are comparable to those for noble-metal-based Pt/C catalysts. Our work demonstrates that Co3O4/Ppy/GO is highly active for the ORR. Notably, the Ppy coupling effects between Co3O4 and GO provide a new route for the preparation of efficient non-precious electrocatalysts with hierarchical porous structures for fuel cell applications.

Separation of Ions from Volatile Organic Compounds Using High-Field Asymmetric Waveform Ion Mobility Spectrometry-Mass Spectrometer

A combination of high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry （FAIMS） with mass spectrometer （MS） was analyzed. FAIMS separates ions from the volatile organic compounds in the gas-phase as an ion-filter for MS. The sample ions were created at ambient pressure by ion source, which was equipped with a 10.6 eV UV discharge lamp （A=116.5 nm）. The drift tube of FAIMS is composed of two parallel planar electrodes and the dimension is 10 mm×8 mm×0.5 mm. FAIMS was investigated when driven by the high-filed rectangular asymmetric waveform with the peak-to-peak voltage of 1.36 kV at the frequency of 1 MHz and the duty cycle of 30%. The acetone, the butanone, and their mixture were adopted to characterize the FAIMS-MS. The mass spectra obtained from MS illustrate that there are ion-molecular reactions between the ions and the sample neutral molecular. And the proton transfer behavior in the mixture of the acetone and the butanone is also observed. With the compensation voltage tuned from -30 V to 10 V with a step size of 0.1 V, the ion pre-separation before MS is realized.

Cloning of cDNA Encoding CCoAOMT from Populus tomentosa and Down-regulation of Lignin Content in Transgenic Plant Expressing Antisense Gene

cDNA encoding caffeoyl CoA O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT) from Chinese white poplar ( Populus tomentosa Carr.) was cloned by RT-PCR and sequenced. Northern analysis displayed that the CCoAOMT was expressed specifically in the developing secondary xylem and its expression was coincident with lignification. The antisense CCoAOMT cDNA was transformed into P. tremula x P. alba mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens ( Smith et Townsend) Conn. Transgenic plants were identified with PCR, PCR-Southern and Southern analysis. Lignin content in 5- to 6-month-old transgenic plants was measured. One of the transgenic lines had significant reduction of 17.9% in Klason lignin content as compared with that of untransformed poplar. The results demonstrate that antisense repression of CCoAOMT is an efficient way to reduce lignin content for improving pulping property in engineered trees.

Reflection coefficients of P-SV waves in weak anisotropic media

We introduce the Thomsen anisotropic parameters into the approximate linear reflection coefficient equation for P-SV wave in weakly anisotropic HTI media. From this we get a new, more effective, and practical reflection coefficient equation. We performed forward modeling to AVO attributes, obtaining excellent results. The combined AVO attribute analysis of PP and PS reflection data can greatly reduce ambiguity, obtain better petrophysical parameters, and improve parameter accuracy.

Recursive impedance inversion of ground-penetrating radar data in stochastic media

The travel time and amplitude of ground-penetrating radar （GPR） waves are closely related to medium parameters such as water content, porosity, and dielectric permittivity. However, conventional estimation methods, which are mostly based on wave velocity, are not suitable for real complex media because of limited resolution. Impedance inversion uses the reflection coefficient of radar waves to directly calculate GPR impedance and other parameters of subsurface media. We construct a 3D multiscale stochastic medium model and use the mixed Gaussian and exponential autocorrelation function to describe the distribution of parameters in real subsurface media. We introduce an elliptical Gaussian function to describe local random anomalies. The tapering function is also introduced to reduce calculation errors caused by the numerical simulation of discrete grids. We derive the impedance inversion workflow and test the calculation precision in complex media. Finally, we use impedance inversion to process GPR field data in a polluted site in Mongolia. The inversion results were constrained using borehole data and validated by resistivity data.

A Novel Cotton Gene Encoding a New Class of Chitinase

DA novel chitinase gene (GhChia7) was isolated from salicylic acid (SA)-treated cotton cotyledons and characterized by DNA sequence analysis of its cDNA and genomic DNA clone. The deduced amino acid sequence, designated as class VII chitinase, shares about 30% identity to class I or II chitinases, and does not correspond to any of the previously characterized classes I-VI chitinases. Northern blotting analysis showed that the transcripts of GhChia7 were abundant both in cotton fibers and in the roots of the seedlings. The accumulation of GhChia7 mRNA in SA-treated cotyledons reached maximum at 7.5 mmol/ L concentration after 18 h. Results indicate that GhChia7 might play an important role in cotton's active defense response.

塞来昔布纳米混悬剂的制备及大鼠体内药动学研究

目的:制备塞来昔布纳米混悬剂(CXB-NSs),并考察大鼠灌胃给药后体内药动学特征。方法:采用反溶剂沉淀-高压均质法制备CXB-NSs,并考察其粒度分布,多聚分散系数和Zeta电位。将12只Wistar大鼠随机分为CXB-NSs组和CXB混悬液组,灌胃给药剂量均为100 mg·kg^(-1),采用高效液相色谱法测定大鼠血浆中的CXB浓度,用3P97软件计算相应的药动学参数。结果:CXB-NSs平均粒径为(442.5±61.9)nm,多聚分散系数为0.312±0.057,Zeta电位为(-31.6±3.9)m V。CXBNSs和CXB混悬液在大鼠体内的AUC_(0-t)分别为(5.13±0.77)和(13.51±3.18)mg·L^(-1)·h;t_(1/2)分别为(12.31±1.91)和(12.73±1.83)h;T_(max)分别为(2.48±0.37)和(1.41±0.27)h;C_(max)分别为(0.94±0.31)和(2.38±0.25)mg·L^(-1)。结论:CXB-NSs能显著提高药物在大鼠体内的生物利用度。

A Simple and Easy Method for Site-specific Mutagenesis Using Long-distance Inverse PCR in the Presence of Pfu-DNA Polymerase

Site_specific mutagenesis has been widely used in molecular biology and biochemistry. The authors have developed a simple and easy method for site_specific mutagenesis of any genes on plasmids using long distance inverse PCR in the presence of Pfu_DNA polymerase. The efficiency of this method is higher than 90% and the entire procedure can be performed just in one tube. No subcloning is needed. This method is especially useful for obtaining mutant genes on large plasmids such as Ti plasmids used for plant transformation.