节流过程是热力学的基本过程之一,它描述了实际气体在绝热等焓过程中的温度变化,其变化趋势由反转曲线方程决定。本文首先回顾了反转曲线方程的一般计算方法,并利用实际气体的Onnes状态方程,推导了它的严格形式。进而,利用两种常用的状...节流过程是热力学的基本过程之一,它描述了实际气体在绝热等焓过程中的温度变化,其变化趋势由反转曲线方程决定。本文首先回顾了反转曲线方程的一般计算方法,并利用实际气体的Onnes状态方程,推导了它的严格形式。进而,利用两种常用的状态方程(van der Waals方程与Dieterici方程),得到了反转曲线方程的近似的具体形式。进而,以氮气为例,将理论结果与实验数据进行了系统的比较,发现由这两种状态方程得到的反转曲线分别在低温区及高温区与实验数据相符。最后,分别对两者产生偏差的区域进行了分析。展开更多
AIM:To formulate a noninvasive index predictive of se-verity of liver f ibrosis and activity in chronic hepatitis C.METHODS:This cross sectional study was conducted on polymerase chain reaction positive,treatment nave...AIM:To formulate a noninvasive index predictive of se-verity of liver f ibrosis and activity in chronic hepatitis C.METHODS:This cross sectional study was conducted on polymerase chain reaction positive,treatment nave patients.Fibrosis was staged on a f ive point scale from F0-F4 and activity was graded on a four point scale from A0-A3,according to the METAVIR system.Patients were divided into two overall severity groups,minimal disease(< F2 and < A2)and signif icant disease(≥ F2 or ≥ A2).Eleven markers were measured in blood.Sta-tistically,the primary outcome variable was identif ica-tion of minimal and signif icant overall disease.Indices were formulated using β regression values of different combinations of nine statistically significant factors.Diagnostic performance of these indices was assessed through receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis.RESULTS:A total of 98 patients were included and of these 46 had an overall clinically significant disease.Our f inal six marker index,Liverscore for Hepatitis C,consisted of age,alanine transaminase,gamma-gluta-myl transpeptidase,apolipoprotein A-1,alpha-2 macro-globulin and hyaluronic acid.The area under the curve was found to be 0.813.On a 0-1 scale,negative predic-tive value at a cutoff level of ≤ 0.40 was 83%,while positive predictive value at ≥ 0.80 remained 89%.Al-together,61% of the patients had these discriminative scores.CONCLUSION:This index is discriminative of minimal and significant overall liver disease in a majority of chronic hepatitis C patients and can help in clinical de-cision making.展开更多
采用晶界添加的方法制备了添加Tb_(65)Cu_(35)的烧结Nd-Fe-B磁体,研究了回火温度对晶界添加磁体微结构演变规律及磁性能的影响,并对其性能提升机制进行了分析。结果表明:经910℃一级回火2 h,460℃二级回火2 h的磁体性能最佳,获得了B_(r)...采用晶界添加的方法制备了添加Tb_(65)Cu_(35)的烧结Nd-Fe-B磁体,研究了回火温度对晶界添加磁体微结构演变规律及磁性能的影响,并对其性能提升机制进行了分析。结果表明:经910℃一级回火2 h,460℃二级回火2 h的磁体性能最佳,获得了B_(r)=14.14 k Gs,H_(cj)=12.31 k Oe,(BH)_(max)=47.89 MGOe的磁性能,回火后的磁体的矫顽力从10.21 k Oe提升到12.31 k Oe,增加了约20%,剩磁基本保持不变。矫顽力的提升主要归因于硬磁的(Nd,Tb)-Fe-B壳层以及连续晶界层的形成。通过一阶反转曲线(FORC)对不同回火条件下样品的磁化反转过程进行了分析,可以发现最差回火态晶界添加磁体中有两个峰,然而,最佳回火态的晶界添加磁体只有一个明显的峰,表现出明显的相互作用的单畴晶粒特性,表明最佳回火态磁体内核壳之间具有强的耦合相互作用。展开更多
文摘节流过程是热力学的基本过程之一,它描述了实际气体在绝热等焓过程中的温度变化,其变化趋势由反转曲线方程决定。本文首先回顾了反转曲线方程的一般计算方法,并利用实际气体的Onnes状态方程,推导了它的严格形式。进而,利用两种常用的状态方程(van der Waals方程与Dieterici方程),得到了反转曲线方程的近似的具体形式。进而,以氮气为例,将理论结果与实验数据进行了系统的比较,发现由这两种状态方程得到的反转曲线分别在低温区及高温区与实验数据相符。最后,分别对两者产生偏差的区域进行了分析。
基金Supported by Ziauddin University,Karachi and Pakistan Medical Research Council,Islamabad
文摘AIM:To formulate a noninvasive index predictive of se-verity of liver f ibrosis and activity in chronic hepatitis C.METHODS:This cross sectional study was conducted on polymerase chain reaction positive,treatment nave patients.Fibrosis was staged on a f ive point scale from F0-F4 and activity was graded on a four point scale from A0-A3,according to the METAVIR system.Patients were divided into two overall severity groups,minimal disease(< F2 and < A2)and signif icant disease(≥ F2 or ≥ A2).Eleven markers were measured in blood.Sta-tistically,the primary outcome variable was identif ica-tion of minimal and signif icant overall disease.Indices were formulated using β regression values of different combinations of nine statistically significant factors.Diagnostic performance of these indices was assessed through receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis.RESULTS:A total of 98 patients were included and of these 46 had an overall clinically significant disease.Our f inal six marker index,Liverscore for Hepatitis C,consisted of age,alanine transaminase,gamma-gluta-myl transpeptidase,apolipoprotein A-1,alpha-2 macro-globulin and hyaluronic acid.The area under the curve was found to be 0.813.On a 0-1 scale,negative predic-tive value at a cutoff level of ≤ 0.40 was 83%,while positive predictive value at ≥ 0.80 remained 89%.Al-together,61% of the patients had these discriminative scores.CONCLUSION:This index is discriminative of minimal and significant overall liver disease in a majority of chronic hepatitis C patients and can help in clinical de-cision making.
文摘采用晶界添加的方法制备了添加Tb_(65)Cu_(35)的烧结Nd-Fe-B磁体,研究了回火温度对晶界添加磁体微结构演变规律及磁性能的影响,并对其性能提升机制进行了分析。结果表明:经910℃一级回火2 h,460℃二级回火2 h的磁体性能最佳,获得了B_(r)=14.14 k Gs,H_(cj)=12.31 k Oe,(BH)_(max)=47.89 MGOe的磁性能,回火后的磁体的矫顽力从10.21 k Oe提升到12.31 k Oe,增加了约20%,剩磁基本保持不变。矫顽力的提升主要归因于硬磁的(Nd,Tb)-Fe-B壳层以及连续晶界层的形成。通过一阶反转曲线(FORC)对不同回火条件下样品的磁化反转过程进行了分析,可以发现最差回火态晶界添加磁体中有两个峰,然而,最佳回火态的晶界添加磁体只有一个明显的峰,表现出明显的相互作用的单畴晶粒特性,表明最佳回火态磁体内核壳之间具有强的耦合相互作用。
