“内发原生”模式:中国近代史的开端实为明万历九年

在20世纪的中国近代史研究中,以1840年鸦片战争为开端的“冲击—反应”论的西方模式与“侵略—革命”论的苏联模式占据主要地位,而以明清之际为开端、强调中华民族历史创造活动之主体性的“早期启蒙”模式则长期受到冷落。本文旨在接着侯外庐的“早期启蒙说”往下讲,汲取海内外学术界关于中国资本主义萌芽和早期启蒙思想的大量研究成果,确立中国近代化之路的“内发原生”模式,试图将晚明中国改革开放史上具有重大意义的万历九年(1581年)确定为中国近代史之开端。并认为,这一突破不仅将改变中国近代史的叙事方式,而且有助于突破世界近代史研究领域占统治地位的“一元扩散”的西方话语模式,确立现代性因素“多元发生”的新观念。

玉米植株倒伏的发生原因及防治方法

玉米倒伏是指玉米茎秆节间折断或倾斜。玉米倒伏的方式有3种:茎倒、根倒及茎折。茎倒是茎秆长得细长,植株过高,基部机械组织强度差,遇暴风雨造成茎秆倾斜;根倒是根系发育不良,灌水或雨水过多,遇风导致倾斜度较大而倒伏;茎折主要是抽雄前生长较快,茎秆组织嫩弱或病虫为害,遇风引起茎秆折断。其中,对产量影响最大的是茎折,其次是根倒,茎倒对产量的影响最轻。

浅谈高层建筑发生火灾的原因与消防安全设计

随着我国经济的快速发展,高层建筑层出不穷。如何有效降低高层住宅发生火灾率,成为了一个全新的问题。基于此,本文通过对高层建筑火灾事故中暴露出的问题进行分析,对高层建筑消防安全设计进行了研究,并提出了提升高层建筑的消防安全管理工作策略,以供参考。

Overexpression of connective tissue growth factor WISP-1 in Chinese primary rectal cancer patients

AIM： To clarify the expression change of Wnt-induced secreted protein-1 （WISP-l） in human rectal cancer and to determine whether it is correlated with invasion and metastasis of human rectal cancer.METHODS： Eighty-six paired samples of rectal cancer and surgically resected distant normal rectal tissue were collected and allocated into cancer group and control group respectively. WISP-1 mRNA was detected by relative quantitative real-time RT-PCR and WISP-1 protein was examined by immunohistochemical staining.RESULTS： WISP-1 gene overexpression was found in 65% （56/86） primary rectal cancers, 2-30 times that of the level in normal matched rectal tissues （P = 0.001）. The mRNA expression level was correlated with Duke＇s staging, histological differentiation grade and lymph node status. The WISP-1 protein expression was in accordance with mRNA expression level. The positive degree of immunohistochemical staining in the cancer group （1.40±0.35） was different from that in control group （1.04± 0.08, P 〈 0.001）. Moreover, in cancer group the positive staining degree in high-level mRNA cancers （1.46 ±0.37, n = 56） was higher than that in low-level mRNA （1.28 ± 0.28, n = 30, P = 0.018）.CONCLUSION： Aberrant levels of WISP-1 expression may play a role in rectal tumorigenesis. WISP-1 may be used as a specific clinical diagnosis and prognosis marker in rectal cancer.

Statistical analysis of causes and countermeasures to the accidents in coal mines

Statistics and analysis was made in causes, places and proportions about all kinds of disasters and accidents in coal mines of China in resent 50 years. The analysis indicates the emphasis reason that result in the accidents in coal mines are artificial cause explosion of mash gas and coal dust, water flood, fire hazard. The accidents mostly happened on stope which is more often than other places, following by the driving work face. This not only supplies the managers with basic reference about safe administration, but also suggests the countermeasures in reducing accidents： improve the disposition of person, perfect all kinds of rules and regulations, severely investigate, analyze and deal with the accidents.

Molecular phylogeny of oligotrich genera Omegastrombidium and Novistrombidium(Protozoa,Ciliophora) for the systematical relationships within Family Strombidiidae

The phylogeny of the oligotrich ciliates is currently a hot debate despite the availability of both morphological and molecular data.In the present paper,further small subunit rRNA(SS rRNA) genes were analyzed from the Genera Omegastrombidium and Novistrombidium,as well as from Strombidium,and combined with three new SS rRNA sequences from Strombidium basimorphum,S.sulcatum population QD-1,and Novistrombidium testaceum population GD.The phylogenetic positions of these organisms were inferred using Bayesian inference,Maximum Likelihood,and Maximum Parsimony methods.The main results are:(1) the SS rRNA gene sequence analyses match the recent findings about the molecular evolution of oligotrichs,indicating that the family Strombidiidae is paraphyletic;(2) the Genus Omegastrombidium is separated from the Genus Strombidium,as shown in recent cladistic analyses;(3) morphospecies in Genus Novistrombidium,based on similarity of somatic ciliature,are separated from each other in all topological trees,indicating that this genus could be a paraphyletic group;(4) the molecular data indicate a possibility of paraphyly for the genus Strombidium;and(5) the similarities of the SS rRNA gene of specimens identified as S.sulcatum and S.inclinatum are 99.8%-100%.However,present knowledge on the oligotrichs sensu stricto is still insufficient and further studies based on both molecular and other technologies are required.

Molecular Phylogenetic Lineage of Plagiopogon and Askenasia(Protozoa, Ciliophora) Revealed by Their Gene Sequences

Prostomates and haptorians are two basal groups of ciliates with limited morphological characteristics available for tax- onomy. Morphologically, the structures used to identify prostomates and haptorians are similar or even identical, which generate heavy taxonomic and phylogenetic confusion. In present work, phylogenetic positions lineage of two rare genera, Plagiopogon and Askenasia, were investigated. Three genes including small subunit ribosomal RNA gene （hereafter SSU rDNA）, internal transcribed spacer region （ITS region）, and large subunit ribosomal RNA gene （LSU rDNA） were analyzed, 10 new sequences five species each. Our findings included 1） class Prostomatea and order Haptorida are multiphyletic; 2） it may not be appropriate to place order Cyclotriehiida in subclass Haptoria, and the systematic lineage of order Cyclotrichiida needs to be verified further; 3） genus Plagio- pogon branches consistently within a clade covering most prostomes and is basal of clade Colepidae, implying its close lineage to Prostomatea; and 4） Askenasia is phylogenetically distant from the subclass Haptoria but close to classes Prostomatea, Plagiopylea and Oligohymenophorea. We supposed that the toxicyst of Askenasia may be close to taxa of prostomes instead of haptorians, and the dorsal brush is a more typical morphological characteristics of haptorians than toxicysts.

Causes and consequences of the Cambrian explosion

The Cambrian explosion has long been a basic research frontier that concerns many scientific fields. Here we discuss the cause-effect links of the Cambrian explosion on the basis of first appearances of animal phyla in the fossil record, divergence time, environmental changes, Gene Regulatory Networks, and ecological feedbacks. The first appearances of phyla in the fos- sil record are obviously diachronous but relatively abrupt, concentrated in the first three stages of the Cambrian period （541- 514 Ma）. The actual divergence time may be deep or shallow. Since the gene regulatory networks （GRNs） that control the de- velopment of metazoans were in place before the divergence, the establishment of GRNs is necessary but insufficient for the Cambrian explosion. Thus the Cambrian explosion required environmental triggers. Nutrient availability, oxygenation, and change of seawater composition were potential environmental triggers. The nutrient input, e.g., the phosphorus enrichment in the environment, would cause excess primary production, but it is not directly linked with diversity or disparity. Further in- crease of oxygen level and change of seawater composition during the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition were probably crucial environmental factors that caused the Cambrian explosion, but more detailed geochemical data are required. Many researchers prefer that the Cambrian explosion is an ecological phenomenon, that is, the unprecedented ecological success of ruetazoans during the Early Cambrian, but ecological effects need diverse and abundant animals. Therefore, the establishment of the eco- logical complexity among animals, and between animals and environments, is a consequence rather than a cause of the Cam- brian explosion. It is no doubt that positive ecological feedbacks could facilitate the increase of biodiversity. In a word, the Cambrian explosion happened when environmental changes crossed critical thresholds, led to the initial formation of the meta- zoan-doruinated ecosystem through a series of knock-on ecological processes, i.e., ＂ecological snowball＂ effects.

Ontogeny of expression of basic fibroblast growth factor and its receptors in human fetal skin

To investigate the expression characteristics of basic fibroblast growth factor （ bFGF ） and its receptors, fig （ FGFR1 ） and bek （ FGFR2 ）, in fetal skin at different gestational ages underlying the relevance of these 3 proteins to skin development and the mechanisms underlying the phenotypic transition from scarless to scar- forming healing. Methods ： Eighteen specimens of fetal skin biopsies of human embryo were obtained from spontaneous abortions at different gestational ages of 13-32 weeks. Gene expression of bFGF, bek and fig was examined with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction （ RT-PCR ）. The dynamic expression and distribution of these 3 proteins were detected with streptavidin peroxidase （ SP ） immunohistochemical staining method. Results： In the early gestational fetal skin, genes of bFGF and fig were strongly expressed and more protein contents of these 2 proteins were found as compared with the genes at late gestation fetal skin （2.446 ± 0. 116 and 2.066±0.152 versus 2. 157± 0.101 and 1.818± 0.086, respectively, P 〈 0.05 ）. On the contrary, the levels of gene expression and protein content of bek were not differently expressed in the early gestational fetal skin versus the late ones. Protein particles of bFGF were mainly distributed in the epidermal cells and some fibroblasts. Bek was mainly located in the cell membrane and cytoplasm of epidermal cells while fig protein was principally located in the epidermal cells, endothelial cells and some fibroblasts. Conclusions： The endogenous bFGF and their refeptors might be involved in the cutaneous development at fetal stage. The differently expressing levels of bFGF and fig during gestation may be related to scarless or scarforming repair during gestation.

Epidemiology of traffic crash mortality in west of Iran in a 9 year period

Purpose： In Iran, the most common cause of injuries and the second leading cause of deaths are traffic accidents, and those problems impose a substantial financial burden on the society. This study aims to determine traffic accident mortality trends and their epidemiologic characteristics in the Kermanshah province, west of lran. Methods： In a cross sectional study, road traffic fatality data from 2004 to 2013 were analyzed to determine the epidemiological pattern of traffic accident mortality. Trend assessment was performed to ascertain the decreasing or increasing status. Chi-square and one-way analysis of variance （ANOVA） tests, as well as Poisson regression were used to determine the significance of the data in time. Data were analyzed using Excel and statistical package of SPSS version 19. Results： Out of 5110 people that died in traffic accidents, 4024 （78.7%） were males. The state of accidents indicated that 404 （43.8%） female pedestrians died as a result of car crashes, and 1330 （41.4%） males died because of car collisions. 1554 （31.9%） deaths happened to pedestrians and 1556 （32.1%） to vehicle drivers, and the rest belonged to vehicle passengers. Head trauma was the cause of death for as much as 3400 （69.9%） cases. Fatal crashes in which pedestrians were involved mostly occurred between the hours 13：00 to 15：00, while the time for vehicle drivers was between 16：00 to 18：00. 2882 people （59.1%） died before reaching to health care facilities. Traffic crash mortality trend for pedestrians follows a linear pattern with a gentle downward slope, but the trend shows various swings when it comes to vehicle drivers. Conclusion： The number of traffic crash deaths from 2004 to 2013 indicates a decreasing trend in two groups of road users： vehicle drivers and car occupants. This can be due to some interventions such as modification of traffic rules and enhancement of police control which has been implemented in recent years. Moreover, more attention should be paid to promote the optimal health care services to save the lives of the injured from traffic accidents.