基于声发射速率过程理论的岩石声发射特性研究

目前,国内外在建立声发射参数和力学参数间的定量关系的研究相对较少,前人提出的两种理论模型都是基于一定的假设条件给出的,并没有得到充分的试验证明.同时,没有很好的利用两种模型来评价岩石类材料的强度和损伤.本文首先在MTS试验系统上对灰岩进行单轴受压破坏全过程的声发射试验研究,分析了其声发射特征.其次在试验结果的基础上,给出了应用两种模型的拟合结果,从而检验了两种模型的有效性和适用性.最后,应用Dai和Labuz模型计算得到了灰岩的损伤变量值,通过比较计算结果来判断灰岩的强度及损伤程度,说明该模型在材料损伤和强度的评估方面有很好的应用前景.

平板波导光子阱中自发发射特性

本文从腔量子电动力学角度讨论了平板波导光子阱中自发辐射特性与阱厚度之间的依赖关系 ,从而对光学微腔的设计提供了理论依据 .

基于声发射技术的钢纤维混凝土损伤特性研究

煤矿大直径井筒施工,面对深厚冲积层的复杂环境,许多新型矿井正尝试应用高强钢纤维混凝土作为井壁材料。为探讨钢纤维混凝土的损伤特性,基于声发射技术并结合损伤力学理论,开展钢纤维混凝土材料力学特性分析,结果表明:1) 随着钢纤维掺量的增加,钢纤维混凝土的抗压强度、延性、韧性得到明显的改善,破坏类型由受拉破坏转变为剪切破坏。2) 基于声发射参数定义的损伤参量模型,可定量分析单轴和三轴加载条件下钢纤维混凝土在整个加载过程中的损伤特性。3) 拟合后的声发射速率参数a与损伤程度具有很好的相关性;对钢纤维混凝土破坏有预警作用。

基于可见光通信的LED载流子清除电路设计

可见光通信由LED附加高低脉冲驱动电压来发射光信号,随着发射速率增高,LED正偏脉冲电压负跳变瞬间,结电容仍聚集大量的过剩载流子,存在微弱的复合发光,LED也就无法完全熄灭,影响LED的光通信性能。为解决这一问题,提出一种低成本、快速清除载流子的LED驱动改进电路,在LED熄灭瞬间,使之接入短路回路,从而快速释放载流子,进而快速降低LED端电压。实验表明,改进电路使得发射端电压波形下降沿时间从传统电路的约200 ns下降为15 ns,接收端电压下降时间从85 ns下降为约58 ns,系统性能得到提升。

β-NaGdF_4纳米球中Tb^(3+)-Er^(3+)下转换对局域态密度的尺寸效应

以Span 80为模板,采用水热法合成了不同尺寸(4.7～115.5 nm)的β-NaGdF4∶1%Tb3+,1%Er3+纳米晶(NCs)。在Rayleigh限(粒子尺寸小于跃迁波长)下,研究了纳米晶尺寸对局域态密度(Local density of states,LDOS)的影响以及镶嵌在β-NaGdF4纳米球中的Tb3+-Er3+的辐射和无辐射特性,进一步揭示下转换过程的物理机制。基于Tb3+-Er3+处在β-NaGdF4纳米球中的模型,用Green函数方法计算了Tb3+-Er3+发射体的自发发射速率。在介电纳米球内,Tb3+-Er3+发射体的LDOS没有显著的变化。在小尺寸(Rλ)介电纳米球外,按照Chew的理论,发现LDOS有一个类-Gauss分布。如果R>35 nm(在本实验条件下),介电纳米球外则只能观测到LDOS的下降边,LDOS与局域场强的平方E2成正比,因而LDOS的类高斯分布出现的原因应归于小尺寸发射体与局域场相互作用的增强。通过计算纳米晶尺寸与体材料自发辐射速率的比值可直接确定纳米材料中的填充因子。

铷蒸气激光器中的碰撞能量转移效应

为研究高泵浦强度下铷蒸气激光器中的碰撞能量转移效应,建立了考虑碰撞能量转移的铷蒸气激光器速率方程模型。通过计算得到高泵浦强度下(10 kW/cm2),碰撞能量转移不会显著影响激光发射速率。碰撞能量转移强弱与激发态粒子数密度和对应温度下的速率常数有关。随着泵浦强度和激发态粒子数密度提高,碰撞能量转移会减小激光发射速率。但是,在较低泵浦强度、较低粒子数密度条件下,碰撞能量转移对自发辐射的抑制效果更为显著,反而会促使激光发射速率增加。

高射速中口径舰炮层层拦阻射击反导效能分析

为提升中口径舰炮反导能力,提出了高射速下中口径舰炮层层拦阻射击的方法,利用多发炮弹在反舰导弹运动航路上同时空炸,形成若干破片域,经过破片域等效分析计算在120发/min、240发/min、360发/min、480发/min的高发射速率下,对不同运动速率的反舰导弹在该种射击方法下的毁伤概率。计算结果表明:基于舰炮的高发射速率,在层层拦阻射击方式下,全航路对目标的毁伤概率相对于传统的跟踪射击有较大提高。

Neutron yields and emission rates in the forward direction for 50 MeV/u ^(18)O-ion on thick Be,Cu,Au targets

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对几个力学问题求解的商榷

对下面几个力学问题,有的大学物理教材或参考书的求解是值得商榷的。 例一有两个质量均为M的小车,以相同的速度_v沿水平直线运动,前车上站着一个人,质量为m_人,他以相对于前车的水平速度_u,将质量为m的砂袋抛到后车,砂袋落至后车时将与后车共同前进,不计地面摩擦力,试求两车的末速度。

Experimental and numerical simulation of loading rate effects on failure and strain energy characteristics of coal-rock composite samples

The deformation and failure of coal and rock is energy-driving results according to thermodynamics.It is important to study the strain energy characteristics of coal-rock composite samples to better understand the deformation and failure mechanism of of coal-rock composite structures.In this research,laboratory tests and numerical simulation of uniaxial compressions of coal-rock composite samples were carried out with five different loading rates.The test results show that strength,deformation,acoustic emission(AE)and energy evolution of coal-rock composite sample all have obvious loading rate effects.The uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus increase with the increase of loading rate.And with the increase of loading rate,the AE energy at the peak strength of coal-rock composites increases first,then decreases,and then increases.With the increase of loading rate,the AE cumulative count first decreases and then increases.And the total absorption energy and dissipation energy of coal-rock composite samples show non-linear increasing trends,while release elastic strain energy increases first and then decreases.The laboratory experiments conducted on coal-rock composite samples were simulated numerically using the particle flow code(PFC).With careful selection of suitable material constitutive models for coal and rock,and accurate estimation and calibration of mechanical parameters of coal-rock composite sample,it was possible to obtain a good agreement between the laboratory experimental and numerical results.This research can provide references for understanding failure of underground coalrock composite structure by using energy related measuring methods.

Monitoring damage evolution of steel strand using acoustic emission technique and rate process theory

Utilizing the acoustic emission(AE) technique, an experimental investigation into the damage evolution for steel strand under axial tension was described. The damage evolution model for steel stand relating the damage evolution to acoustic emission parameters was proposed by incorporating the AE rate process theory. The AE monitoring results indicate that damages occur in both elastic and plastic phases of steel strand. In elastic phase, AE signals are mainly sent out from the micro damage due to the surface friction among the wires of steel strand, while in plastic phase, AE signals emitted from the plastic deformation of wires. In addition, the AE cumulative parameters curves closely resemble the loading curve. The AE cumulative parameters curves can well describe the damage evolution process including the damage occurrence and damage development for steel strands. It is concluded that the AE technique is an effective and useful nondestructive technique for evaluating the damage characteristics of steel strand.

On the Secrecy Rate of Limited Feedback Beamforming over Multiple-Input Single-Output Wiretap Channels

The secrecy rate of limited feedback beamforming is studied for a Multiple-Input Single-Output(MISO) wiretap channel with a multi-antenna eavesdropper.We first obtain the secrecy rate of limited feedback beamforming achieved at the legitimate receiver.We then derive a lower bound for the asymptotic secrecy rate in the large system limit.From this bound,we observe a threshold for the ratio of eavesdrop antennas to transmit antennas to obtain a positive secrecy rate.We further show that the secrecy rate loss due to limited feedback decays with the number of feedback bits per transmit antenna.

Effect of loading rate on fracture behaviors of shale under mode I loading

In this study,the effect of loading rate on shale fracture behaviors was investigated under dynamic and static loading conditions.Cracked straight through Brazilian disc(CSTBD)shale specimens were tested with a split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)setup and INSTRON1346 servo-testing machine under pure mode I loading conditions.During the test,the crack propagation process was recorded by high-speed(HS)camera,and the acoustic emission(AE)signal generated by the fracture was collected by acoustic emission(AE)system.At the same time,crack propagation gauge(CPG)was used to measure the crack propagation velocity of the specimen.The results show that the crack propagation velocity and fracture toughness of shale have a positive correlation with the loading rate.The relationship among the crack propagation velocity,the fracture toughness and the loading rate is established under the static loading condition.In addition,the characteristics of AE signals with different loading rates are analyzed.It is found that the AE signals generated by microcrack growth decrease with the increase of loading rates.Meanwhile,the turning point of cumulative counting moves forward as the loading rate increases,which shows that the AE signal generated by shale fracture at low loading rate mainly comes from the initiation and propagation of microcracks,while at high loading rate it mainly comes from the formation of macro large-scale cracks.The fracture mechanism that causes shale fracture toughness and crack propagation velocity to vary with loading rate is also discussed based on the analysis results of AE signals.

Effects of different pull-out loading rates on mechanical behaviors and acoustic emission responses of fully grouted bolts

Due to the influence of mining disturbance stress,it is of great significance to better understand the bearing characteristics of fully grouted bolts under different pull-out loading rates.For this purpose,a series of laboratory pull-out tests were conducted to comprehensively investigate the effects of different pull-out loading rates on the mechanical performance and failure characteristics of fully grouted bolts.The results show that the mechanical performance of the anchored specimen presents obvious loading rate dependence and shear enhancement characteristics.With the increase of the pull-out loading rates,the maximum pull-out load increases,the displacement and time corresponding to the maximum pull-out load decrease.The accumulated acoustic emission(AE)counts,AE energy and AE events all decrease with the increase of the pull-out loading rates.The AE peak frequency has obvious divisional distribution characteristics and the amplitude is mainly distributed between 50-80 dB.With the increase of the pull-out loading rates,the local strain of the anchoring interface increases and the failure of the anchoring interface transfers to the interior of the resin grout.The accumulated AE counts are used to evaluate the damage parameter of the anchoring interface during the whole pull-out process.The analytical results are in good agreement with the experimental results.The research results may provide guidance for the support design and performance monitoring of fully grouted bolts.

Feasibility analysis for monitoring fatigue crack in hydraulic turbine blades using acoustic emission technique

In order to investigate the feasibility of monitoring the fatigue cracks in turbine blades using acoustic emission (AE) technique, the AE characteristics of fatigue crack growth were studied in the laboratory. And the characteristics were compared with those of background noise received from a real hydraulic turbine unit. It is found that the AE parameters such as the energy and duration can qualitatively describe the fatigue state of the blades. The correlations of crack propagation rates and acoustic emission count rates vs stress intensity factor (SIF) range are also obtained. At the same time, for the specimens of 20SiMn under the given testing conditions, it is noted that the rise time and duration of events emitted from the fatigue process are lower than those from the background noise; amplitude range is 49-74 dB, which is lower than that of the noise (90-99 dB); frequency range of main energy of crack signals is higher than 60 kHz while that in the noise is lower than 55 kHz. Thus, it is possible to extract the useful crack signals from the noise through appropriate signal processing methods and to represent the crack status of blade materials by AE parameters. As a result, it is feasible to monitor the safety of runners using AE technique.

Analysis Expression of Rate Equation for Vertical Cavity Lasers

An analysis solution of rate equation is derived for vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers. Based on the enhanced spontaneous emission caused by VCSELs and influence of nonradiative recombination, the relation between output properties and structural parameters of multi-quantum wells (MQWs) is obtained. It was found that the characteristic curve of a“thresholdless”laser is strongly nonradiative depopulation-dependent. When the nonradiative depopulation is no zero, the light-current characteristic is not linearly even for an ideal closed microcavity. The light output is increased by the enhanced well number and by the reduced width. In particular, a lower threshold current density for MQW structure in the short cavity is realized by us, meanwhile the sharpness of the variation depends on spontaneous emission factor.

半导体微腔中电偶极子的自发发射

由于反射电场的影响 ,电偶极子在微腔中的自发发射速率不同于自由空间中的自发发射速率。本文采用镜像法计算了理想平面微腔、金属平面镜组成的半导体微腔和由分布布喇格反射镜 (DBR)作为谐振腔的垂直发射激光器 (VCSEL)中电偶极子的自发发射速率。计算结果表明 :由于微腔的调制作用 ,在某些情况下电偶极子自发发射速率增加 。

TiO_2/graphene nanocomposites as anode materials for high rate lithium-ion batteries

A simple strategy to prepare a hybrid of nanocomposites of anatase TiO2/graphene nanosheets （GNS） as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries was reported.The morphology and crystal structure were studied by X-ray diffraction （XRD）,field emission scanning electron microscopy （FE-SEM） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）.The electrochemical performance was evaluated by galvanostatic charge-lischarge tests and alternating current （AC） impedance spectroscopy.The results show that the TiO2/GNS electrode exhibit higher electrochemical performance than that of TiO2 electrode regardless of the rate.Even at 500 mA/g,the capacity of TiO2/GNS is 120.3 mAh/g,which is higher than that of TiO2 61.6 mAh/g.The high performance is attributed to the addition of graphene to improve electrical conductivity and reduce polarization.

驻伊美军120毫米迫击炮开火

在代号"重骑兵"的行动中,驻伊美军第101空中突击师的迫击炮手正使用M120型迫击炮向伊斯坎达里耶的"基地"组织武装进行炮击。M120是美国在"索尔坦"M65型基础上发展的120毫米迫击炮,1991年开始服役,炮重144.8千克,发射速率16发/分,最小射程200米,最大射程7240米,炮班人数为5人。