Hepatitis C virus （HCV） is a major cause of chronic liver disease, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC）. In man, the pathobiological changes associated with HCV infection have been attributed to both the i...Hepatitis C virus （HCV） is a major cause of chronic liver disease, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC）. In man, the pathobiological changes associated with HCV infection have been attributed to both the immune system and direct viral cytopathic effects. Until now, the lack of simple culture systems to infect and propagate the virus has hampered progress in understanding the viral life cycle and pathogenesis of HCV infection, including the molecular mechanisms implicated in HCV-induced HCC. This clearly demonstrates the need to develop small animal models for the study of HCV-associated pathogenesis. This review describes and discusses the development of new HCV animal models to study viral infection and investigate the direct effects of viral protein expression on liver disease.展开更多
This research deals with an evaluation of the sink of greenhouse gas CO2 in a eutrophic area of the Venetian lagoon where fish is farmed （＂Valle da pesca＂）. Following CDM UNFCCC （Clean Development Mechanism Unite...This research deals with an evaluation of the sink of greenhouse gas CO2 in a eutrophic area of the Venetian lagoon where fish is farmed （＂Valle da pesca＂）. Following CDM UNFCCC （Clean Development Mechanism United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change） criteria, this can be considered relevant to the international standard for the voluntary evaluation of carbon credits on the basis of Annex a of Kyoto Protocol. To identify the ＂Valle da pesca＂ brackish lagoon properties regulating the carbon dioxide （CO2）, a survey has been performed during three seasons in one year and in four different locations. These places are located in the Italian Venetian Lagoon and in the Grado Lagoon in North Italy, Europe. To identify the CO2 sink capacity, a special index is calculated. The CO2 concentrations and sink are regulated by the balance of autotrophic and heterotrophic activities, and the sediment anoxic denitrification and macro algae are crucial tank of CO2 in the valley shallow waters. The ponds potential-CO2 yield of 80-124 kg/m2 per year and the value are related and proportional to the correct human environmental control （water flux control）.展开更多
Based on the nonlinear continuum damage model （CDM） developed by Chaboehe, a modified model for high cycle fatigue of TC4 alloy was proposed. Unsymmetrical cycle fatigue tests were conducted on rod specimens at room...Based on the nonlinear continuum damage model （CDM） developed by Chaboehe, a modified model for high cycle fatigue of TC4 alloy was proposed. Unsymmetrical cycle fatigue tests were conducted on rod specimens at room temperature. Then the material parameters needed in the CDM were obtained by the fatigue tests, and the stress distribution of the specimen was calculated by FE method. Compared with the linear damage model （LDM）, the dam- age results and the life prediction of the CDM show a better agreement with the test and they are more precise than the LDM. By applying the CDM developed in this study to the life prediction of aeroengine blades, it is concluded that the root is the most dangerous region of the whole blade and the shortest life is 58 211 cycles. Finally, the Cox propor- tional hazard model of survival analysis was applied to the analysis of the fatigue reliability. The Cox model takes the covariates into consideration, which include diameter, weight, mean stress and tensile strength. The result shows that the mean stress is the only factor that accelerates the fracture process.展开更多
Foeused on the lack of proper organization for patterns in the development of pattern based software, a POMSDP model with layered tree structure for organizing patterns during the process of development was put torwar...Foeused on the lack of proper organization for patterns in the development of pattern based software, a POMSDP model with layered tree structure for organizing patterns during the process of development was put torward. The model and its interrelated eoneepts were strictly defined and introduced by applying the theory of set, symbolie logic and pattern, which ensures the correctness, maturity and expansibility of the model. The expansibility of the model was discussed mainly. The basic realization and the application in the automatic query system were presented. Based on the existing software development methods, the POMSDP model resolves the problem of chaos in the application of patterns, strengthens the controllability of the system, and facilitates the improvement, maintenance, expansion, and especially the reengineering of the software system.展开更多
With the Kyoto Protocol entering into effect in many countries one after another,carbon trading has come into being and developed quickly.China is the main supplier of carbon emissions rights in the world,but such tra...With the Kyoto Protocol entering into effect in many countries one after another,carbon trading has come into being and developed quickly.China is the main supplier of carbon emissions rights in the world,but such transactions are still in the stage of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects without its own trading system,which is not conducive for China to win the rights of carbon pricing in the international market.Low-carbon and emissions reduction is the international trend nowadays,and therefore,it is particularly necessary and urgent to investigate the issue of carbon trading in China.In this paper,the authors have reviewed Putty-Clay Vintage,which is a model of production function for carbon trading,revealing the main points,contributions and shortcomings of the model.Combined with China's national conditions,the authors have investigated the application of this model in China's carbon trading from four different angles,including enterprise production optimization,financial market development,national macro-economy,and the allocation of emission quota.This study aims to provide China's enterprises with an analytical framework when participating in carbon trading in the future and it is beneficial for them to make optimal production planning when considering the cost of carbon emissions reduction.展开更多
The present work constitutes further explorations on Foreign Direct Investments （FDI） and environmental quality linkages and a starting point in the strategic planning process in the metropolitan area of Bari （the ...The present work constitutes further explorations on Foreign Direct Investments （FDI） and environmental quality linkages and a starting point in the strategic planning process in the metropolitan area of Bari （the main province of the Apulia region in southern Italy） in the context of transfrontier commercial cooperation. A panel data analysis is used to show either the existence of the relationships across FDI, economic and environmental variables or their nature across provinces and time （fixed or random effect model）. Model results suggest that diversification of policies across provinces would be more effective in the strategic planning process of a metropolitan city.展开更多
In this paper, the mechanisms and principles of economic regulation from the classical and modem approaches standpoints were analyzed, the typical for world economic theory trends of the government＇s economic role el...In this paper, the mechanisms and principles of economic regulation from the classical and modem approaches standpoints were analyzed, the typical for world economic theory trends of the government＇s economic role elaboration, of the government regulatory authority, reducing in favor of market self-organization was argued. The transnationalization as a factor of government regulation mechanisms modernization was estimated and the perspectives of government and MNC interactions development in the modem world were evaluated. The recommendations for improving the government economical regulation infrastructure and mechanisms due to the conditions of economy globalizing, transnational business developing, technologies progressing were presented展开更多
A continuum damage mechanics (CDM) meso-model was derived for both intraply and interply progressive failure behaviors of a 2D woven-fabric composite laminate under a transversely low velocity impact.An in-plane aniso...A continuum damage mechanics (CDM) meso-model was derived for both intraply and interply progressive failure behaviors of a 2D woven-fabric composite laminate under a transversely low velocity impact.An in-plane anisotropic damage constitutive model of a 2D woven composite ply was derived based on CDM within a thermodynamic framework,an elastic constitutive model with damage for the fibre directions and an elastic-plastic constitutive model with damage for the shear direction.The progressive failure behavior of a 2D woven composite ply is determined by the damage internal variables in different directions with appropriate damage evolution equations.The interface between two adjacent 2D woven composite plies with different ply orientations was modeled by a traction-separation law based interface element.An isotropic damage constitutive law with CDM properties was used for the interface element,and a damage surface which combines stress and fracture mechanics failure criteria was employed to derive the damage initiation and evolution for the mixed-mode delamination of the interface elements.Numerical analysis and experiments were both carried out on a 2D woven glass fibre/epoxy laminate.The simulation results are in agreement with the experimental counterparts,verifying the progressive failure model of a woven composite laminate.The proposed model will enhance the understanding of dynamic deformation and progressive failure behavior of composite laminate structures in the low velocity impact process.展开更多
文摘Hepatitis C virus （HCV） is a major cause of chronic liver disease, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC）. In man, the pathobiological changes associated with HCV infection have been attributed to both the immune system and direct viral cytopathic effects. Until now, the lack of simple culture systems to infect and propagate the virus has hampered progress in understanding the viral life cycle and pathogenesis of HCV infection, including the molecular mechanisms implicated in HCV-induced HCC. This clearly demonstrates the need to develop small animal models for the study of HCV-associated pathogenesis. This review describes and discusses the development of new HCV animal models to study viral infection and investigate the direct effects of viral protein expression on liver disease.
文摘This research deals with an evaluation of the sink of greenhouse gas CO2 in a eutrophic area of the Venetian lagoon where fish is farmed （＂Valle da pesca＂）. Following CDM UNFCCC （Clean Development Mechanism United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change） criteria, this can be considered relevant to the international standard for the voluntary evaluation of carbon credits on the basis of Annex a of Kyoto Protocol. To identify the ＂Valle da pesca＂ brackish lagoon properties regulating the carbon dioxide （CO2）, a survey has been performed during three seasons in one year and in four different locations. These places are located in the Italian Venetian Lagoon and in the Grado Lagoon in North Italy, Europe. To identify the CO2 sink capacity, a special index is calculated. The CO2 concentrations and sink are regulated by the balance of autotrophic and heterotrophic activities, and the sediment anoxic denitrification and macro algae are crucial tank of CO2 in the valley shallow waters. The ponds potential-CO2 yield of 80-124 kg/m2 per year and the value are related and proportional to the correct human environmental control （water flux control）.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.60879002)Key Technologies R and D Program of Tianjin (No.10ZCKFGX03800)
文摘Based on the nonlinear continuum damage model （CDM） developed by Chaboehe, a modified model for high cycle fatigue of TC4 alloy was proposed. Unsymmetrical cycle fatigue tests were conducted on rod specimens at room temperature. Then the material parameters needed in the CDM were obtained by the fatigue tests, and the stress distribution of the specimen was calculated by FE method. Compared with the linear damage model （LDM）, the dam- age results and the life prediction of the CDM show a better agreement with the test and they are more precise than the LDM. By applying the CDM developed in this study to the life prediction of aeroengine blades, it is concluded that the root is the most dangerous region of the whole blade and the shortest life is 58 211 cycles. Finally, the Cox propor- tional hazard model of survival analysis was applied to the analysis of the fatigue reliability. The Cox model takes the covariates into consideration, which include diameter, weight, mean stress and tensile strength. The result shows that the mean stress is the only factor that accelerates the fracture process.
文摘Foeused on the lack of proper organization for patterns in the development of pattern based software, a POMSDP model with layered tree structure for organizing patterns during the process of development was put torward. The model and its interrelated eoneepts were strictly defined and introduced by applying the theory of set, symbolie logic and pattern, which ensures the correctness, maturity and expansibility of the model. The expansibility of the model was discussed mainly. The basic realization and the application in the automatic query system were presented. Based on the existing software development methods, the POMSDP model resolves the problem of chaos in the application of patterns, strengthens the controllability of the system, and facilitates the improvement, maintenance, expansion, and especially the reengineering of the software system.
基金funded by Project of Scientific Research and the Construction of Scientific Research Base of Beijing Municipal Education Commission, "Beijing Carbon Credit Trading Mechanism and Development Strategy"
文摘With the Kyoto Protocol entering into effect in many countries one after another,carbon trading has come into being and developed quickly.China is the main supplier of carbon emissions rights in the world,but such transactions are still in the stage of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects without its own trading system,which is not conducive for China to win the rights of carbon pricing in the international market.Low-carbon and emissions reduction is the international trend nowadays,and therefore,it is particularly necessary and urgent to investigate the issue of carbon trading in China.In this paper,the authors have reviewed Putty-Clay Vintage,which is a model of production function for carbon trading,revealing the main points,contributions and shortcomings of the model.Combined with China's national conditions,the authors have investigated the application of this model in China's carbon trading from four different angles,including enterprise production optimization,financial market development,national macro-economy,and the allocation of emission quota.This study aims to provide China's enterprises with an analytical framework when participating in carbon trading in the future and it is beneficial for them to make optimal production planning when considering the cost of carbon emissions reduction.
文摘The present work constitutes further explorations on Foreign Direct Investments （FDI） and environmental quality linkages and a starting point in the strategic planning process in the metropolitan area of Bari （the main province of the Apulia region in southern Italy） in the context of transfrontier commercial cooperation. A panel data analysis is used to show either the existence of the relationships across FDI, economic and environmental variables or their nature across provinces and time （fixed or random effect model）. Model results suggest that diversification of policies across provinces would be more effective in the strategic planning process of a metropolitan city.
文摘In this paper, the mechanisms and principles of economic regulation from the classical and modem approaches standpoints were analyzed, the typical for world economic theory trends of the government＇s economic role elaboration, of the government regulatory authority, reducing in favor of market self-organization was argued. The transnationalization as a factor of government regulation mechanisms modernization was estimated and the perspectives of government and MNC interactions development in the modem world were evaluated. The recommendations for improving the government economical regulation infrastructure and mechanisms due to the conditions of economy globalizing, transnational business developing, technologies progressing were presented
文摘A continuum damage mechanics (CDM) meso-model was derived for both intraply and interply progressive failure behaviors of a 2D woven-fabric composite laminate under a transversely low velocity impact.An in-plane anisotropic damage constitutive model of a 2D woven composite ply was derived based on CDM within a thermodynamic framework,an elastic constitutive model with damage for the fibre directions and an elastic-plastic constitutive model with damage for the shear direction.The progressive failure behavior of a 2D woven composite ply is determined by the damage internal variables in different directions with appropriate damage evolution equations.The interface between two adjacent 2D woven composite plies with different ply orientations was modeled by a traction-separation law based interface element.An isotropic damage constitutive law with CDM properties was used for the interface element,and a damage surface which combines stress and fracture mechanics failure criteria was employed to derive the damage initiation and evolution for the mixed-mode delamination of the interface elements.Numerical analysis and experiments were both carried out on a 2D woven glass fibre/epoxy laminate.The simulation results are in agreement with the experimental counterparts,verifying the progressive failure model of a woven composite laminate.The proposed model will enhance the understanding of dynamic deformation and progressive failure behavior of composite laminate structures in the low velocity impact process.
